包囊游仆虫休眠包囊的超微结构研究

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊中,各类纤毛器的纤毛基体上方的大部分纤毛杆退化,或仅保留毛基体,有时部分额腹棘毛的毛基体也瓦解消失。残留纤毛的纤毛杆周围微管和中央微管仍具有“９＋２”结构特征,也有少数纤毛杆出现２套“９＋２”微管共处于一层纤毛膜内的现象。毛基体中周围三联体微管的中央形成微管形结构聚合体,基体附属结构仅存在基体间连接及纤毛器托架的残余物;非纤毛区皮层表膜下未见微管层。纤毛区皮层含纤毛器腔周围微管层     

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫的纤毛器微管骨架由口围带、波动膜、额腹横尾棘毛、左右缘棘毛和背触毛等纤毛器微管和纤毛器基部附属微管等组成,其中口围带基部含小膜托架、小膜后微管、小膜托架微管及小膜托架间的倒"V"形微管连接;波动膜基部形成微管骨架网;额腹横棘毛和左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,但不同位置的棘毛基部微管发达程度不一样;背触毛基部以纤毛基体为中心向前、后皮层发出前纵微管和后纵微管,形成背皮层微管网.     

腹毛目纤毛虫大尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记,显示腹毛目纤毛虫大尾柱虫Urostyla grandis腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左、右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成.其中,口围带小膜托架及其相联系的肋壁微管和波动膜基体托架,额棘毛基部前纵微管束、后纵微管束及横棘毛基部前纵微管束,中腹棘毛及左、右缘棘毛基部前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,是该纤毛虫皮层纤毛器基部的主要附属微管.据结果推测,尽管腹毛目纤毛虫的纤毛器基部微管具有相同的结构成分,但其结构的组成、分化特征、定位和定向、发达程度等均有差异.所得结果为进一步说明纤毛虫细胞皮层纤毛器的形态及其微管建构的多样性提供了新的证据资料.     

魏氏拟尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器的形态及形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记显示,魏氏拟尾柱虫(Paraurostyla weissei)腹面皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成。其中口围带基部微管包括小膜托架、小膜附属微管;额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛基部附属微管包括前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,它们由各自的纤毛器基部向皮层细胞质不同方向发射,形成腹皮层表面下微管网。结果表明,魏氏拟尾柱虫的纤毛器骨架、纤毛器附属结构也是一类以微管蛋白为基本成分的微管胞器,其中缘棘毛基部附属微管具有不同于其他纤毛虫(例如棘尾虫)中所观察到的同种微管胞器的建构特征。形态发生中,前仔虫口围带在老结构位置形成,其结构建成与部分老口围带的更新有关;老缘棘毛的结构物质对新的左、右缘棘毛的发生可能具有定位作用及物质贡献,但此后新的左、右缘棘毛列分别在老缘棘毛的右侧形成,而并非是在老缘棘毛位置分化的。在有些细胞中,新的左缘棘毛左侧另有一列棘毛,这可能是形态发生中老的左缘棘毛退化不完全产生的。     

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊的超微结构研究

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊中,各类纤毛器的纤毛基体上方的大部分纤毛杆退化,或仅保留毛基体,有时部分额腹棘毛的毛基体也瓦解消失。残留纤毛的纤毛杆周围微管和中央微管仍具有“9 2”结构特征,也有少数纤毛杆出现2套“9 2”微管共处于一层纤毛膜内的现象。毛基体中周围三联体微管的中央形成微管形结构聚合体,基体附属结构仅存在基体间连接及纤毛器托架的残余物;非纤毛区皮层表膜下未见微管层。纤毛区皮层含纤毛器腔周围微管层(相当于表膜下微管层)、纤毛器深部及附近的微管束和分散的微管群。并且,纤毛区皮层囊泡内含有呈不同形态的纤毛杆结构;大核核孔明显变大,核孔数目减少,核孔内膜附着染色质。     

冠突伪尾柱虫的腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器及其形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记方法,显示冠突伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成。口围带基部含小膜托架及与托架相联系的肋壁微管,其中领部小膜托架间由"∧"形微管相联接;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束和周围微管束,其微管在不同棘毛基部的发达程度不一,其中两列中腹棘毛基部微管紧密联系成一条粗绳索样结构,且左、右中腹棘毛基部的横微管束定向相反;左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,其中横微管束不发达。与目前已知的腹毛目纤毛虫例如贻贝棘尾虫、魏氏拟尾柱虫的纤毛器基部微管相比较,冠突伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器基部微管除具有腹毛目纤毛虫纤毛器基部微管的基本特征外,也具有一些特殊的组成模式。皮层纤毛器微管形态发生中,前仔虫口围带并非全部是由老口围带更新而来的,其老口围带只有翻领部发生更新,且翻领部与领部接续处有一小段老的翻领部小膜保留,领部的小膜保留,结果其领部小膜、接续处保留的小膜与更新的翻领部小膜三部分共同组成前仔虫的新口围带。在后仔虫口原基发生的位置,其邻近的老横棘毛没有变化,此时老的横棘毛或许能起到"参照点"或定位作用;各类纤毛器发生、分化过程中,处于非原基区的老额棘毛、横棘毛及左右缘棘毛在较长时间内均未见明显的变化。它们可能是在新结构形成时仍然起到运动作用继而逐渐失去功能而退化瓦解的。     

红色角毛虫生理改组过程的研究

红色角毛虫在生理改组时,随着老纤毛器的瓦解,先后出现新的口器,额、腹、横棘毛,左、右缘棘毛和背触毛四个原基区,并发生原基区的分化、新结构的形成和定位。这种新、老结构的更替过程相似于同种纤毛虫正常形态发生时期纤毛器的演化过程,口围带改组时,新口围带原基在左列中腹棘毛左侧的范围形成,后来,随着老口围带的瓦解,它向前方移动并处于老口围带的右侧,并继续朝老口围带位置移动、替换老口围带。这不同于其他常见的腹毛类纤毛虫,生理改组时新口围带原基在瓦解着的老口围带的位置逐渐移动替换老口围带的情况。     

新伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器的形态和形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记法显示,腹毛目纤毛虫新伪尾柱虫(Pseudourostyla nova)腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管及纤毛器基部附属微管组成.口围带基部含小膜托架及与托架相联系的肋壁微管,其中领部小膜托架间由"Λ"形微管相联接;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束和周围微管束,其微管在不同棘毛基部的发达程度不一;缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束.同时,对新伪尾柱虫纤毛器微管胞器的形态发生和生理改组过程进行了详细的追踪研究,并对细胞皮层的额腹棘毛定位及组成特征进行了补充报道.此外,发现形态发生末期新纤毛器微管形成时,残存部分老额棘毛、横棘毛和缘棘毛,此后老结构逐渐被吸收.结果表明,新伪尾柱虫的纤毛器基部微管具有其种的特异性,新纤毛器微管分化过程中老结构可能具有定位和物质贡献作用.     

阔口尖毛虫纤毛器微管的激光共聚焦显微镜观察

应用激光扫描共聚焦显微术显示经荧光紫杉醇标记的阔口尖毛虫(Oxytricha platystoma)口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、左右缘棘毛等纤毛器的微管类细胞骨架.其口围带基部含小膜托架、托架间连接微管和小膜基部微管束,波动膜基部含发达的微管骨架网,口围带和波动膜后端的汇合处含有口底托架及口后微管束,额腹横棘毛和左、右...     

华美游仆虫细胞微管胞器的直接荧光和免疫荧光标记

应用直接荧光和免疫荧光标记显示,腹毛目纤毛虫华美游仆虫(Euplotes elegans)细胞微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、缘棘毛、尾棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器微管以及纤毛器基部附属微管和非纤毛区皮层微管骨架组成.其中,口围带基部含有小膜托架、小膜附属微管,波动膜基部含有波动膜托架,额腹横棘毛基部含有前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束或放射微管柬,左缘棘毛和尾棘毛基部微管束分化不明显,背纤毛基部含有攻瑰花状的基体周围骨架,这些微管结构与细胞背腹面皮层纵微管与横微管网一起组织成该类纤毛虫的主要皮层细胞骨架.结果表明,游仆虫皮层细胞骨架是以微管为主要成分构建而成的,并且其棘毛基部微管的组成具有与其他类纤毛虫不同的特征;游仆虫间期细胞及形态发生时期纤毛基体或纤毛原基中存在中心蛋白,其可能与纤毛基体结构的维持及基体发生过程中微管的组装有关.     

A TEM study on pre—excystment cellular structures of Euplotes encysticus

Right before the excystment of an Euplotes encysticus sawtooth-like folds appeared among the pellicle plasmalemma,the inner and outer alveolar membranes were still sticking together,and were not distinguishable.Microtubular layers already formed at the sites beneath the dorsal cortical pellicle corresponding to vegetative cells,but they still proceed to be organized on the ventral structures.Cristae,highly-tangled with tubular-type structures,appeared on the mitochondria,and were morphologically similar to that of vegetative cells.In the cortical ciliatures,such as ciliary shafts,kinetosomes,surrounding fibrillar cirral baskets,and attached structures of ciliatures,etc.,they are different from those in resting cysts which are degenerated or lost.All the ciliature microtubules of ciliary shafts are of the 9 2 pattern,but the microtubule-like structure aggregates at tripletmicrotubule centers of many kinetosmes,are still under various stages of differentiation.Microtubules beneath the kinetosomal rows are of a developmentally elongated stage;crowded chromatins of various shapes and sizes are found in macronucleus,but there are no nuclear pores (formed by nuclear membrane as in resting cysts) on the nuclear membrane where these chromatins attached.     

草丛土毛虫皮层纤毛器的微管胞器研究

本文应用FLUTAX直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记．显示了土壤纤毛虫草丛土毛虫（Territricha stramenticola）的皮层纤毛器微管胞器．其中纤毛器基部微管按口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、左右缘棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器图式分布和定位,口围带和波动膜基部含小膜微管托架、小膜附属微管和波动膜微管骨架网;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束：左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束及后微管芽;背触毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管柬。横棘毛基部含有较发达的横微管束,缘棘毛基部含后微管芽及其横微管束的定位可能具有本种纤毛虫细胞的特异性。纤毛器微管胞器在细胞表膜下分化形成的基部微管及其微管层使细胞的运动纤毛器与强固的微管骨架结构网相联系．其微管胞器的建构可能是细胞对土壤生存环境的一种适应．是细胞运动胞器的功能活动与环境相互作用的结果。形态发生中,老口围带微管是逐步进行更新的：老棘毛微管胞器对新结构的发生和形成具有定位和物质贡献的作用．并且老结构在新结构分化和成熟期间也经历了行使相应的生理功能及逐渐退化和失去功能的过程．     

阔口尖毛虫无性生殖和生理改组过程的比较

阔口尖毛虫无性生殖中先后发生后口围带原基,前、后的波动膜原基,额腹横棘毛原基和左、右缘棘毛原基,老口围带也在此期间更新,结果形成2套新纤毛结构,原老结构瓦解消失;生理改组时按同样顺序产生口围带原基等几类腹面纤毛原基,结果形成1套新纤毛结构,替换老结构。在这两个截然不同的过程中,新纤毛结构的分化和老纤毛结构退化时也表现出某些相似的特征。作者据此推测,这种纤毛虫无性生殖和生理改组中,纤毛原基的发生、发育和定位在细胞控制机理上可能是相同的。     

包囊游仆虫包囊形成和解脱过程中大、小核的研究

包囊游仆虫形成包囊时大核除经历形态大小的变化外,大核DNA含量也低于正常大核水平;细胞脱包囊前,在大核一端或两端发生染色质粗浓集,是大核DNA复制的结果;染色质粒在整个大核内浓集时,大核DNA含量已达到正常大核水平,此时DNA复制结束,细胞脱包囊。小核在游仆虫形成包囊和脱包囊过程中,其形态大小、DNA含量等无明显变化。     

背联体贻贝棘尾虫的形态,形态发生及其调节现象

背联体贻贝棘尾虫的每一虫腹面含有相当于正常棘尾虫的腹面纤毛系统,背联两虫任意一侧属于一虫的背面有4列背触毛,它们的排列分布相似于正常棘昆虫的第1—4列背触毛,另一虫背面打2列背触毛,它们相似于正常棘尾虫的第5、6列背触毛。结果表明,背联体棘尾虫是其中两虫各以背面第4列和第5列背触毛之间的皮层区相联接形成的。也有的背联体中背部皮层联接区有变化。无性分裂中背联两虫皮层纤毛结构的形态发生相似于正常棘尾虫,并且两者其皮层纤毛器如口围带、额腹横棘毛、左、右缘棘毛和背触毛等相应结构的发育是同步进行的,推测背联两虫的皮层发育既是相对独立的,又有某种机制控制着相互间的协调。背联体棘昆虫在无性生殖周期中总是经历着一个调节成单体的过程,认为这于背联两虫都具有一套结构功能正常的运动胞器(特别是口围带),而产生向不同方向运动的“不协调”的力有关。     

Morphological Study of the Encystment and Excystment of Vermamoeba vermiformis Revealed Original Traits

Free‐living amoebae are ubiquitous protozoa commonly found in water. Among them, Acanthamoeba and Vermamoeba (formerly Hartmannella) are the most represented genera. In case of stress, such as nutrient deprivation or osmotic stress, these amoebae initiate a differentiation process, named encystment. It leads to the cyst form, which is a resistant form enabling amoebae to survive in harsh conditions and resist disinfection treatments. Encystment has been thoroughly described in Acanthamoeba but poorly in Vermamoeba. Our study was aimed to follow the encystment/excystment processes by microscopic observations. We show that encystment is quite rapid, as mature cysts were obtained in 9 h, and that cyst wall is composed of two layers. A video shows that a locomotive form is likely involved in clustering cysts together during encystment. As for Acanthamoeba, autophagy is likely active during this process. Specific vesicles, possibly involved in ribophagy, were observed within the cytoplasm. Remarkably, mitochondria rearranged around the nucleus within the cyst, suggesting high needs in energy. Unlike Acanthamoeba and Naegleria, no ostioles were observed in the cyst wall suggesting that excystment is original. During excystment, large vesicles, likely filled with hydrolases, were found in close proximity to cyst wall and digest it. Trophozoite moves inside its cyst wall before exiting during excystment. In conclusion, Vermamoeba encystment/excystment displays original trends as compare to Acanthamoeba.     

冠突伪尾柱虫营养期和形成包囊期间细胞的超微结构

冠突伪尾柱虫营养细胞中含有轴杆样结构。细胞形成包囊期间,胞质内发生自噬作用,并产生由这聚集在一起组成的高尔基体,在高尔基体内其分泌物质聚集成高电子密度的嗜锇晶体。细胞分化的结果形成含膜粒层,内层壁和外层壁的“尾柱虫类包囊”。     

Intraclonal Dimorphism of Caudal Cirri in Euplotes vannus: Cortical Determination*

SYNOPSIS. Intraclonal variation in number of right caudal cirri (RCC) occurs within some species of the hypotrichous genus Euplotes. Euplotes vannus, a marine species, may have either 2 or 3 RCC. A single clone always contains individuals of both types. The frequency of individuals of each type within a clone was found to be 0.5. This fact suggested that during division each parental cell gives rise to one daughter having 3 RCC and one having 2. Formation of RCC during division was studied in E. vannus and in E. plumipes, a fresh-water form which always has 2 RCC. The studies were made on living animals and on fixed animals stained with protargol or by the Chatton-Lwoff method. In both species, the new RCC first appear in the right dorsal kineties and later migrate to the ventral surface. The RCC for the proter develop near the parental equator while those for the opisthe form near the posterior end of the parent cell, both sets developing in close proximity to kinetosomes of the kineties. In both species the 2 dorsal kineties furthest to the right each give rise to 2 RCC, one for the proter and one for the opisthe. In E. vannus, however, the third-from-the-right dorsal kinety also produces one right caudal cirrus for the proter. Therefore, in E. vannus it is the proter which always receives 3 caudal cirri and the opisthe which gets only 2. The role of the cortex in determining these events is discussed. Two cases of abnormal caudal cirrus formation are also described. Other aspects of morphogenesis during division, not previously reported, are also presented and discussed.