石刁柏核质体DNA的生物信息学分析及染色体定位

在植物基因组中, 叶绿体DNA (cpDNA)序列可以向核基因组转移成为核质体DNA (NUPT)。NUPTs在植物染色体(包括性染色体)的演化过程中具有重要作用, 但目前相关研究比较缺乏。以雌雄异株植物石刁柏(Asparagus officinalis)为材料, 采用生物信息学方法对其核基因组NUPTs进行注释及分析, 并选取叶绿体基因组反向重复区(IR) 2个片段进行染色体定位。结果表明, 石刁柏核基因组中有2 239个NUPTs序列的插入, 总长度为565 970 bp, 占核基因组的0.047%。不同染色体上插入的NUPTs数量存在较大差异, Y染色体上的NUPTs数量、密度及总长度均高于其它染色体, 表明NUPTs在石刁柏性(Y)染色体上累积的更多。石刁柏叶绿体基因组中的IR区、大单拷贝区(LSC)和小单拷贝区(SSC)序列均能够向核基因组转移, 但IR区序列转移频率更高。此外, 对2个IR区的叶绿体序列进行荧光原位杂交, 其中AocpIR1主要分布在所有染色体的着丝粒部位, 而AocpIR2特异性分布在Y染色体上。研究结果为深入揭示石刁柏基因组的结构及其性染色体的演化奠定了坚实的基础。     

石刁柏核质体DNA的生物信息学分析及染色体定位

在植物基因组中, 叶绿体DNA (cpDNA)序列可以向核基因组转移成为核质体DNA (NUPT)。NUPTs在植物染色体(包括性染色体)的演化过程中具有重要作用, 但目前相关研究比较缺乏。以雌雄异株植物石刁柏(Asparagus officinalis)为材料, 采用生物信息学方法对其核基因组NUPTs进行注释及分析, 并选取叶绿体基因组反向重复区(IR) 2个片段进行染色体定位。结果表明, 石刁柏核基因组中有2 239个NUPTs序列的插入, 总长度为565 970 bp, 占核基因组的0.047%。不同染色体上插入的NUPTs数量存在较大差异, Y染色体上的NUPTs数量、密度及总长度均高于其它染色体, 表明NUPTs在石刁柏性(Y)染色体上累积的更多。石刁柏叶绿体基因组中的IR区、大单拷贝区(LSC)和小单拷贝区(SSC)序列均能够向核基因组转移, 但IR区序列转移频率更高。此外, 对2个IR区的叶绿体序列进行荧光原位杂交, 其中AocpIR1主要分布在所有染色体的着丝粒部位, 而AocpIR2特异性分布在Y染色体上。研究结果为深入揭示石刁柏基因组的结构及其性染色体的演化奠定了坚实的基础。     

多花海棠叶绿体基因组分析

多花海棠（Malus floribunda Siebold.）是世界范围内广泛栽培的苹果属物种,具有较高的观赏价值和育种意义。对其进行叶绿体基因组比较分析,有利于完善苹果属系统进化以及种质利用的研究内容。基于全基因组测序数据,组装获得一个完整的具有四分体结构的多花海棠叶绿体基因组。该基因组包括大单拷贝区（88 142 bp）、反向重复区B （26 353 bp）、小单拷贝区（19 189 bp）与反向重复区A （26 353 bp）,共计160 037 bp。多花海棠叶绿体全基因组共注释到111个基因,包括78个蛋白编码基因、29个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因。此外,在其基因组中识别到大量的重复序列,与三叶海棠和变叶海棠略有差异。通过计算相对同义密码子使用度,发现其高频密码子共30种,并且密码子具有偏向A/T结尾的使用模式。种间序列比对、边界分析的结果表明,大单拷贝区序列变异较大,8种苹果属植物SC区与IR区扩张收缩情况整体上较为相似。基于叶绿体基因组序列的系统进化分析,将多花海棠、湖北海棠和变叶海棠聚为一类。多花海棠叶绿体基因组的研究可为今后遗传标记开发与种质资源利用等提供数据支持。     

苹果叶绿体基因组特征分析

苹果（Malus×domestica）是最重要的温带水果之一。为了能更好的了解本种的分子生物学基础．对已发布的苹果叶绿体全基因组序列进行了结构特征分析。结果显示苹果的叶绿体基因组全长为160068bp,具有典型的被子植物叶绿体基因组的环状四分体结构,包含大单拷贝区（LSC）,小单拷贝区（SSC）和两个反向互补重复区（IRs）,长度分别为88184bp,19180bp和26352bp。基因组共有135个基因（20个基因分布在反向互补重复区,因此整个基因组包含115个不同的基因）。按照功能进行分类,这115个基因包括81个蛋白质编码基因,4个rRNA编码基因和30个tRNA基因。其中,ycf15．ycf68和infA三个基因包含多个终止密码子,推测可能为假基因。苹果的基因组结构．基因顺序．GC含量和密码子使用偏好均与典型的被子植物叶绿体基因组类似。在苹果的叶绿体基因组中,共检测到30个大于30bp的重复序列,其中包括21串联重复,6个正向重复和3个反向重复序列;并检测到237个简单重复序列（SSR）位点,大部分的SSR位点都偏向于A或者T组成。此外,每10000bp非编码区平均分布有24个SSR位点,而编码区平均有5个SSR位点,表明SSRs在叶绿体基因组上的分布是不均匀的。本文对苹果叶绿体基因组序列特征的报道,将有助于促进该种的居群遗传学、系统发育和叶绿体基因工程的研究。     

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)核基因组存在叶绿体psbA基因的同源片段

序列比较说明,重复DNA顺序pRRD9与水稻叶绿体基因组中编码QB蛋白的psbA基因存在高度的同源。用pRRD9亚克隆片段pRRD9R和片段pRRD9L对水稻的叶绿体和核DNA进行Southern杂交分析,揭示了psbA基因同源片段在某个进化时期由叶绿体基因组转移到水稻核基因组,而且两者在水稻进化过程中的变异程度存在明显的差异。利用它们对野生稻和栽培稻总DNA的Southern杂交分析,显示亚洲栽培稻与AA基因组型的野生稻有较近的亲缘关系,以及在部分野生稻产生特异的杂交带谱,说明它可以作为一种分子探针来研究水稻的进化问题。     

喜马红景天叶绿体基因组特征及其系统发育分析

以青藏高原特有药用植物——喜马红景天（Rhodiola himalensis）为试验材料,利用高通量测序技术对喜马红景天进行叶绿体基因组测序、组装和注释,获得完整的叶绿体基因组。结果显示：喜马红景天叶绿体基因组全长为151 074 bp,GC含量为37.8%,具有1个长单拷贝区、1个短单拷贝区和1对反向重复区的典型四分体结构,其序列长度分别为82 309、17 017、25 874 bp;叶绿体基因组共编码130个基因,其中编码蛋白的基因86个、编码tRNA的基因37个、编码rRNA的基因7个;叶绿体基因组共检测出25 513个密码子,其中编码亮氨酸（Leu）的密码子占比最大;喜马红景天IRa和IRb区的rps19和ycf1基因缺失,长单拷贝区的trnH基因收缩;喜马红景天与圣地红景天（R. sacra）亲缘关系最近;短单拷贝区域的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）变异频率最高。本研究报道了喜马红景天的叶绿体基因组,并对其进行了组装、注释和序列分析,为今后开展喜马红景天的遗传多样性研究和合理开发利用提供理论依据。     

PSIIP680 ChlaAP基因在水稻叶绿体基因组中的定位

本实验总结出一套水稻叶绿体DNA的提取方法,并获得清晰的叶绿体DNA限制性内切酶图谱。Southern杂交结果表明,菠菜PSIIP680ChlaAP基因探针与水稻叶绿体DNA的Pst-1,Pst-14,Pvu-2和Sal-1片段的部分顺序有较高的同源性。根据Hirai和赵衍的水稻叶绿体基因组物理图,可以确定该基因位于紧靠RuBPCaseLS基因,距反向重复区约26kb处。高等植物叶绿体基因组中这种基因排列方式还未见报道。     

印度酸桔与飞龙枳属间体细胞杂种的胞质遗传分析

对印度酸桔（Citrus reticulata） 飞龙枳（Poncirus trifoliata）属间体细胞杂种的3棵8年生植株及其融合亲本的胞质基因组进行了CAPS（Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences）和RFLP分析。用5对叶绿体和5对线粒体通用引物对（universal primer pairs）对杂种及亲本的总DNA进行PCR扩增,都没有检测到多态性,但扩增产物分别用11种限制性内切酶酶切后,发现3个有多态性的叶绿体CAPS标记和1个线粒体CAPS标记。结果表明杂种的叶绿体都来源于飞龙枳,而线粒体都来源于印度酸桔。为了证实CAPS分析结果的可靠性,用5种限制性内切酶对总DNA进行单酶切,分别与1个叶绿体探针和5个线粒体探针杂交,结果与CAPS分析一致。初步证实该组合体细胞杂种的胞质遗传组成为“印度酸桔的线粒体 飞龙枳的叶绿体”。结果表明细胞融合确实能导致细胞核、线粒体和叶绿体的重新组合,为柑桔体细胞杂种中线粒体偏向来源于悬浮亲本而叶绿体偏向来源于叶肉亲本的胞质分配现象提供了新的证据,并为通过体细胞融合技术定向转移柑桔胞质基因的品种改良思路提供了重要理论依据。     

桃儿七叶绿体比较基因组学分析

为探究桃儿七（Sinopodophyllum hexandrum）不同叶绿体基因组特征,本研究以桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组为研究对象,借助生物信息学工具进行基因组图谱构建、重复序列分析、密码子偏好分析、反向重复序列区（inverted repeat,IR）/单拷贝区（single-copy,SC）边界分析、基因组序列比较分析及系统发育分析。结果表明：桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组全长为157 203–157 940 bp,为典型的叶绿体四分体结构,共注释出133–137个基因,说明桃儿七叶绿体基因组具有多样性。桃儿七不同叶绿体基因组简单重复序列（simple sequence repeat,SSR）位点不同,单核苷酸A/T占主要优势,散在重复序列包括正向重复、回文重复和反向重复3类。密码子偏好分析显示有效密码子（effective number of codon,ENc）值为51.14–51.17,密码子偏好性弱,GC与GC3s所占比例小于50%,密码子偏向使用A和U碱基并且以A和U碱基结尾。桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组IR/SC边界和基因组序列均比较保守。系统发育分析结果表明桃儿七和北美桃儿七亲缘关系最近。本研究获取了桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组信息与进化关系,为桃儿七资源开发利用与保护、品种鉴定和遗传进化研究奠定了科学基础。     

薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣叶绿体基因组及特异性DNA条形码鉴定序列筛选研究

前期研究表明,目前常用的DNA条形码序列对薯蓣属物种的鉴定效率低.本研究利用高通量测序技术测定了薯蓣(Dioscorea opposita)和叉蕊薯蓣(D.collettii)叶绿体基因组,完成了其物理图谱绘制,基因组结构特征解析,特异性DNA条形码序列的筛选.薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣叶绿体基因组总长度分别为152963和153870 bp,均包含两个反向重复区(IRs)、一个大单拷贝区(LSC)和一个小单拷贝区(SSC)4部分.薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣均含有125个基因,其中包含87个蛋白编码基因、30个t RNA和8个r RNA.薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣的GC含量分别为37.04%和37.17%,经多序列比对发现薯蓣属叶绿体基因组中非编码区变异高于保守的蛋白编码区域,LSC区、SSC区变异大于IR区,筛选出了10个潜在的适合作为鉴定薯蓣属植物的特异性DNA条形码序列,其中包括5个蛋白编码基因和5个基因间隔区.系统进化树显示,叶绿体全基因组序列也可作为薯蓣属物种鉴定的超级条形码.本研究为薯蓣属系统进化以及物种鉴定等领域的研究提供依据.     

Patterns of Genomic Integration of Nuclear Chloroplast DNA Fragments in Plant Species

The transfer of organelle DNA fragments to the nuclear genome is frequently observed in eukaryotes. These transfers are thought to play an important role in gene and genome evolution of eukaryotes. In plants, such transfers occur from plastid to nuclear [nuclear plastid DNAs (NUPTs)] and mitochondrial to nuclear (nuclear mitochondrial DNAs) genomes. The amount and genomic organization of organelle DNA fragments have been studied in model plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. At present, publicly available genomic data can be used to conduct such studies in non-model plants. In this study, we analysed the amount and genomic organization of NUPTs in 17 plant species for which genome sequences are available. The amount and distribution of NUPTs varied among the species. We also estimated the distribution of NUPTs according to the time of integration (relative age) by conducting sequence similarity analysis between NUPTs and the plastid genome. The age distributions suggested that the present genomic constitutions of NUPTs could be explained by the combination of the rapidly eliminated deleterious parts and few but constantly existing less deleterious parts.     

Complete nucleotide sequence of the cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) chloroplast genome with a comparative analysis of sequences among 9 dicot plants

Recently, the complete chloroplast genome sequences of many important crop plants were determined, and this can be considered a major step forward toward exploiting the usefulness of chloroplast genetic engineering technology. Economically, cotton is one of the most important crop plants for many countries. To further our understanding of this important crop, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). The chloroplast genome of cotton is 160,317 base pairs (bp) in length, and is composed of a large single copy (LSC) of 88,841 bp, a small single copy (SSC) of 20,294 bp, and two identical inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,591 bp each. The genome contains 114 unique genes, of which 17 genes are duplicated in the IRs. In addition, many open reading frames (ORFs) and hypothetical chloroplast reading frames (ycfs) with unknown functions were deduced. Compared to the chloroplast genomes from 8 other dicot plants, the cotton chloroplast genome showed a high degree of similarity of the overall structure, gene organization, and gene content. Furthermore, the sequences of the genes showed high degrees of identity at the DNA and amino acid levels. The cotton chloroplast genome was somewhat longer than the chloroplast genomes of most of the other dicot plants compared here. However, this elongation of the cotton chloroplast genome was found to be due mainly to expansions of the intergenic regions and introns (non-coding DNA). Moreover, these expansions occurred predominantly in the LSC and SSC regions.     

Complete structure of the chloroplast genome of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome of Arabidopsis thaliana has been determined. The genome as a circular DNA composed of 154,478 bp containing a pair of inverted repeats of 26,264 bp, which are separated by small and large single copy regions of 17,780 bp and 84,170 bp, respectively. A total of 87 potential protein-coding genes including 8 genes duplicated in the inverted repeat regions, 4 ribosomal RNA genes and 37 tRNA genes (30 gene species) representing 20 amino acid species were assigned to the genome on the basis of similarity to the chloroplast genes previously reported for other species. The translated amino acid sequences from respective potential protein-coding genes showed 63.9% to 100% sequence similarity to those of the corresponding genes in the chloroplast genome of Nicotiana tabacum, indicating the occurrence of significant diversity in the chloroplast genes between two dicot plants. The sequence data and gene information are available on the World Wide Web database KAOS (Kazusa Arabidopsis data Opening Site) at http://www.kazusa.or.jp/arabi/.     

Chloroplast DNA insertions into the nuclear genome of rice: the genes,sites and ages of insertion involved

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of three predominant grain crops, and its nuclear and organelle genomes have been sequenced. Following genome analysis revealed many exchanges of DNA sequences between the nuclear and organelle genomes. In this study, a total of 45 chloroplast DNA insertions more than 2 kb in length were detected in rice nuclear genome. A homologous recombination mechanism is expected for those chloroplast insertions with high similarity between their flanking sequences. Only five chloroplast insertions with high sequence similarity between two flanking sequences from an insertion were found in the 45 insertions, suggesting that rice might follow the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair of double-stranded breaks mechanism, which is suggested to be common to all eukaryotes. Our studies indicate that the most chloroplast insertions occurred at a nuclear region characterized by a sharp change of repetitive sequence density. One potential explanation is that regions such as this might be susceptible target sites or “hotspots” of DNA damage. Our results also suggest that the insertion of retrotransposon elements or non-chloroplast DNA into chloroplast DNA insertions may contribute significantly to their fragmentation process. Moreover, based on chloroplast insertions in nuclear genomes of two subspecies (indica and japonica) of cultivated rice, our results strongly suggest that they diverged during 0.06–0.22 million years ago. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

阳春砂叶绿体全基因组解析及系统发育研究

以姜科(Zingiberaceae)豆蔻属(Amomum Roxb.)阳春砂(Amomum villosum)为试材,利用Illumina Hiseq 4000测序平台对阳春砂叶绿体基因组进行测序,通过生物信息学分析方法进行序列组装、注释和特征分析,以揭示阳春砂与其他姜科植物的进化关系及其在系统发育中的地位,为豆蔻属植物的物种鉴定提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)阳春砂叶绿体基因组全长164 069 bp,GC含量为36.1%,包括1对29 959 bp的反向重复区(IR)、一个大单拷贝区(LSC;88 798 bp)和一个小单拷贝区(SSC;15 353 bp);共注释得到133个基因,包括8个rRNA基因、38个tRNA基因和87个蛋白编码基因。(2)在阳春砂基因组中共检测到157个SSR位点,大部分SSR均由A和T组成;豆蔻属物种在基因组大小、IR边界区高度保守,核酸变异主要发生在LSC和SSC区。(3)最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood, ML)聚类分析显示,阳春砂与同属的爪哇白豆蔻(Amomum compactum)和白豆蔻(Amomum kravanh)亲缘关系最近,并且与山姜属(Alpinia Roxb.)也有较近的亲缘关系。