热作用致良性前列腺增生组织对KTP/Nd:YAG激光的吸收和散射特性变化

研究了热作用下的良性前列腺增生(BPH)组织对532 nm的KTP和1064 nm的Nd:YAG激光的吸收和散射特性的变化及其差异,实验采用双积分球测量系统以及反向倍增法获取BPH组织的吸收和散射特性。结果表明:热作用下的BPH组织对532 nm和1064 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数都是随着加热温度的变化而变化的,在20℃到80℃的温度范围内,BPH组织对532 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数都分别显著地较其对1064 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数要大,其对532 nm和1064 nm的吸收系数的最大值都在20℃,其值分别为1.663 mm-1和0.127 mm-1,最小值分别在50℃和70℃,其值分别为0.864 mm-1和0.034 mm-1,其对532 nm和1064 nm的吸收系数的最大差异在70℃,其值为2647%,其对532 nm和1064 nm的约化散射系数的最大值都在80℃,其值分别为2.036 mm-1和1.421 mm-1,最小值分别在50℃和70℃,其值分别为1.499 mm-1和0.246 mm-1,其对532 nm和1064 nm的约化散射系数的最大差异在70℃,其值为555%,在70℃的热作用下BPH组织达到完全热凝固,其对532 nm和1064 nm的吸收和散射特性的差异达到最大值。     

肾组织脱水对组织光学吸收和散射特性的影响

研究肾组织脱水对组织的吸收和散射特性的影响,实验利用带积分球附件的分光光度计和采用反向倍增法获取组织对532 nm和1064 nm波长的吸收和散射特性。结果表明:在37℃下脱水的肾组织对532 nm和1064 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数都是随着脱水率的增大而明显地增大的,在37℃下脱水的肾组织对532 nm和1064 nm的吸收系数均明显地较自然的肾组织对相应波长的吸收系数要大,而在37℃下脱水的肾组织对532 nm和1064 nm的约化散射系数也明显地较自然的肾组织对相应波长的约化散射系数要大,在相同脱水率下的肾组织对于532 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数都明显地较其对1064 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数要大。研究结果提示,组织脱水、脱水的温度和脱水时间是影响肾组织的吸收和散射特性的重要因素。     

自然和热凝固的人肝组织对KTP/YAG激光的光学特性的比较研究

本文采用双积分球测量系统和Inverse Add ing-Doub ling方法,研究了自然和热凝固的人肝组织对532nm的KTP激光和1 064 nm的Nd:YAG激光的光学特性。结果表明:热凝固的人肝组织对532 nm的KTP激光的吸收系数较自然的肝组织的吸收系数增大了23.5%(P<0.05),热凝固的肝组织对1 064 nm的Nd:YAG激光的吸收系数较自然的肝组织的吸收系数减小了34.3%(P<0.05)。热凝固的人肝组织对532 nm的KTP激光的散射系数较自然的肝组织的散射系数增大了4.50倍(P<0.05),热凝固的肝组织对1 064 nm的Nd:YAG激光的散射系数较自然的肝组织的散射系数增大了6.41倍(P<0.05)。热凝固的人肝组织对532 nm的KTP激光的各向异性因子较自然的肝组织的各向异性因子减小了5.47%,热凝固的肝组织对1 064 nm的Nd:YAG激光的各向异性因子较自然的肝组织的各向异性因子减小了1.95%。     

无损光学法测量人胃粘膜/粘膜下层组织的光衰减特性

研究了人正常胃粘膜及粘膜下层组织对640 nm,690 nm,740 nm,790 nm,840 nm和890 nm波长的钛宝石激光的光衰减特性以及光学穿透深度,实验采用激光斜入射式空间分辨反射光和CCD探测器以及非线性拟合确定组织光学特性。结果表明:人正常胃粘膜及粘膜下层组织对六个波长的激光的有效衰减系数和光学穿透深度都是随着激光波长的变化而变化的。其有效衰减系数的最大值在640 nm,其值为1.12 mm-1,最小值在790 nm,其值为0.901 mm-1,最大差异在790 nm和890 nm之间,其值为19.9%,最小差异在690 nm和740nm之间,其值为2.83%。其光学穿透深度的最大值在790 nm,其值为1.11 mm,最小值在640 nm,其值为0.890 mm,最大差异在640 nm和790 nm之间,其值为24.7%,最小差异在690 nm和740 nm之间,其值为2.97%。     

采用不同的光传输模型比较研究结肠的散射和吸收特性:离体结肠肿瘤的光学诊断

测定和比较研究了离体的正常的和腺癌的人结肠粘膜/粘膜下层以及正常的和腺癌的人结肠肌层/浆膜组织对630 nm,680 nm,720 nm,780 nm,810 nm,850 nm和890 nm波长的钛宝石激光的散射和吸收系数。采用双积分球测量系统测量组织样品对七个不同波长的激光的准直透射、漫反射和漫透射,从实验所测结果以及分别采用反向倍增法和反演蒙特卡罗技术这两个光学模型计算出组织的散射和吸收系数。研究结果表明,无论是用反向倍增法还是用反演蒙特卡罗法,每一种类型的正常的和腺癌的人结肠组织对同一波长的激光的吸收系数和散射系数有显著性的差异(P<0.01),正常的和腺癌的结肠组织的散射和吸收系数有大的差异,这些结果提示每种类型的正常和腺癌的结肠组织的组份和结构之间有大的差异。四种类型的结肠组织对七个不同波长的激光的散射系数较其吸收系数至少要大三个数量级,而四种类型的结肠组织对七个不同波长的激光的散射系数有相同的数量级。     

两点法测量组织光学特性中有效时间的选择

在改进两点法的基础上,对不同约化散射系数与吸收系数之比（μｓ’／μａ）的生物组织进行了模拟测量。结果表明有效时间决定于生物组织的光学特性和探测位置,μｓ’／μａ值一定时,有效时间随光源和探测点间的距离增大而增大;光源和探测点的距离一定是,有效时间随μｓ’／μａ值的减小而增大,反之亦然。     

用组织光学特性鉴别诊断人离体的正常膀胱和膀胱癌组织

研究正常人膀胱和膀胱癌组织在Kube lka-Munk二流模型下对476.5 nm,514.5 nm和808 nm波长的激光的光学特性的差异。采用双积分球系统和Kube lka-Munk二流模型进行测量研究。实验结果表明,正常膀胱和膀胱癌组织在Kube lka-Munk二流模型下对476.5 nm,514.5 nm和808 nm波长的每一个波长的激光的吸收、散射、总衰减、有效衰减系数都有非常显著性的差异(P<0.01)。膀胱癌组织对476.5 nm,514.5 nm和808nm波长的激光的吸收系数明显地较正常膀胱组织对相应波长的激光的吸收系数要大(P<0.01),膀胱癌组织对476.5 nm和514.5 nm波长的激光的散射系数明显地较正常膀胱组织对相应波长的激光的散射系数要小(P<0.01),而膀胱癌组织对808 nm波长的激光的散射系数明显地较正常膀胱组织对同一波长的激光的散射系数要大(P<0.01)。膀胱癌组织对476.5 nm,514.5 nm和808 nm波长的激光的总衰减系数明显地较正常膀胱组织对相应波长的激光的总衰减系数要大(P<0.01),膀胱癌组织对476.5 nm,514.5 nm和808 nm波长的激光的有效衰减系数明显地较正常膀胱组织对相应波长的激光的有效衰减系数要大(P<0.01)。提示使用双积分球系统和Kube lka-Munk二流模型来确定离体的正常膀胱组织和膀胱癌组织对476.5 nm,514.5 nm和808nm波长的激光的光学特性的差异鉴别诊断病变的膀胱组织是一个有效的方法。     

激光低损伤加热疗法的理论分析

激光低损伤加热疗法将激光照射与表面冷却相结合,能实现只让病变组织细胞凝固,而体表健康组织则不受损伤,它是治疗靠近体表肿瘤的一种有希望的方法。为了进一步认识这种治疗方法,本文提出了一个适用于激光低损伤加热疗法的数值计算模型,模拟了热疗过程中的光传输和热传递,得到组织内部的瞬态温度分布。在此基础上,详细讨论了散射系数、吸收系数、各向异性系数等光学参数,激光加热功率、照射半径、表面对流换热系数等热学参数。以及血液灌注率和新陈代谢等生理参数对这种低损伤加热疗法的影响。结果发现,只要通过适当调节吸收系数、散射系数和照射功率等参数就可实现对加热区域位置和范围的控制。     

大亚湾两种重要经济虾类热效应

中国第1座大型核电站位于广东省大亚湾西侧,第1期工程于1994年初并网发电,第2期工程于2003年5月正式投产,总装机容量为4000MW,经冷却系统排人大亚湾的热废水达200m^3／s。核电站温排水的生态热效应问题引起人们普遍关注。针对这一问题进行了大亚湾海区斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)和近缘新对虾(Metapenaeus affinis)两种重要经济虾类的高温热效应试验研究,测试了多项重要温度指标基准值。结果表明,斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的适宜生长温度范围均为29～35℃,最适生长温度(OGT)均为33℃;在不同的驯化温度下,斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的起始致死温度(ILT50)分别为37．5～38．1℃和38．9～39．3℃;最高起始致死温度(UILT50)分别为38．1℃和39．3℃;临界热最大值(CTM)分别为42．72～43．60℃和41．58～43．90℃;生长的最高周平均温度(MWAT)分别为34．7℃和35．1℃;短期暴露最高温度(MTSTE)分别为37．12和37．89℃;在不同驯化温度下,斑节对虾主动趋向选择的最适温度为26．4～32．5℃,近缘新对虾为30．7～33．1℃;起始致死温度、临界热最大值和选择的最适温度等与驯化温度呈正相关关系。随着驯化温度提高,其数值也增大,并逐渐趋向某一恒定的温度值。根据斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的热效应研究结果,结合这两种虾类的生态习性和大亚湾核电站温排水温度场的卫星遥感监测资料,探讨了大亚湾核电站温排水对2种虾类资源的热效应问题。研究结果显示,核电站温排水形成的温度场绝大部分的温升不超过4℃,温度场水域的温度变化基本上都低于这2种对虾的生存安全温度。处于它们的最适生长温度范围内,温排水对大亚湾海区的斑节对虾和近缘新对虾资源热影响甚微。     

不同载体固定化胰蛋白酶酶学特性的研究

目的:研究以壳聚糖、复合硅胶、阴离子交换树脂为载体固定化胰蛋白酶的酶学特性。方法:通过测定不同载体固定化胰蛋白酶的活力得其最适反应温度值、最适反应pH值和米氏常数(Km)值。结果:以壳聚糖、复合硅胶、阴离子交换树脂为载体制备固定化胰蛋白酶的最适反应温度分别为70℃、60℃、60℃;最适反应pH值分别为7.5、8.0、8.0;表观米氏常数K’m分别为22.72mg/ml、25.12mg/ml、29.04mg/ml。结论:与游离酶相比,固定化胰蛋白酶均表现出一定的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性,利于工业化生产。     

林肯链霉菌丙氨酸脱氢酶的纯化和性质

采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-纤维素52柱层析、亲和蓝柱层析和琼脂糖凝胶Sepharose6B柱层析的方法,分离纯化了林肯链霉菌丙氨酸脱氢酶,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定为单一组分。以凝胶过滤和聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳测得该酶的分子量为170000,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得其亚基分子量为42500,表明林肯链霉菌丙氨酸脱氢酶由四个相同的亚基组成。该酶加氨反应最适pH为9．0,脱氨反应最适pH为9．5,加氨反应和脱氨反应的最适温度均为50℃。加氨反应丙氨酸脱氢酶的表现米氏常数km值为：丙酮酸2．08×10－4mol／L,NH4+2．00×10-2mol／L,NADH2．38×10-5mol／L;脱氨反应的Km为：L-Ala1．43×10-2mol／L;NAD+6．67×10-5mol／L。     

Degradation of trehalose by rhizobia and characteristics of a trehalose-degrading enzyme isolated from Rhizobium species NGR234

AIMS: This study was designed to examine the breakdown of trehalose by rhizobia and to characterize the trehalose-degrading enzyme isolated from Rhizobium sp. NGR234. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rhizobium sp. NGR234, Rhizobium fredii USDA257, R. phaseoli RCR3622, R. tropici CIAT899 and R. etli CE3 showed good growth in the presence of carbohydrate. Validamycin A did not prevent the growth of NGR234 on trehalose. The expression of a trehalose-degrading enzyme by NGR234 was intracellular and inducible by trehalose. The isolated enzyme digested other disaccharides, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside and the substrate. The enzyme showed optimum activities at pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C. Its pI was 4.75 and the V(max) of the enzyme occurred at 35.7 micromol s(-1) mg(-1) protein with the K(m) of 23 mmol when trehalose was hydrolysed. CONCLUSIONS: An enzyme capable of breaking down trehalose was produced. Some of the properties of the trehalose-degrading enzyme are similar to those isolated from other organisms but, this enzyme was validamycin resistant. These rhizobia like other trehalose-degrading microbes use trehalose by enzymatic catabolic action. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Trehalose which accumulates during legume-rhizobia symbiosis is toxic to plants. Detoxification by trehalose-degrading enzymes is important for the progress of symbiosis.     

免耕对农牧交错带农田休闲期土壤风蚀及其相关土壤理化性状的影响

以北方农牧交错带为研究对象,分析了免耕对农田土壤风蚀的影响,评价了不同耕作方式下与土壤风蚀相关的土壤物理、化学和生物学特性的差异。研究结果表明:翻耕农田土壤风蚀量是免耕地的3~8倍,翻耕地和免耕地的地表粗糙度分别为0.032和0.417;与翻耕地相比,免耕地表层0~10cm土壤粘粒和粉粒含量较多;免耕地土层0~5cm和5~10cm的土壤容重、坚实度和土壤水分都大于翻耕地,其中0~5cm、5~10cm和10~20cm土层土壤坚实度分别是翻耕地的4.7、2.8倍和3.8倍。经过3年的免耕,0~5cm土层土壤全氮、有机质、有效磷和有效钾含量均高于翻耕土壤,有效钾含量比翻耕地增加了77%。所有测定土层的土壤有机质含量免耕地均高于翻耕地,在0~5cm和5~10cm土层达到5%显著水平。免耕地表层0~10cm土壤微生物量碳是翻耕地的2.1倍。     

Importance of S-layer proteins in probiotic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus M92

AIMS: To investigate the functional role of surface layer proteins (S-layer) in probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92, especially its influence on adhesiveness to mouse ileal epithelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell surface proteins revealed the presence of potential surface layer (S-layer) proteins, ca at 45 kDa in L. acidophilus M92. Southern blot with pBK1 plasmid, containing slpA gene, gave a positive signal, suggesting that L. acidophilus M92 has a slpA gene coding for the S-layer proteins. S-layer proteins of this strain are present during all phases of growth. The S-layer proteins appeared when cells treated with 5 mol l(-1) LiCl were allowed to grow again. Removal of the S-layer proteins reduced adhesion of L. acidophilus M92 to mouse ileal epithelial cells. Furthermore, the viability of cells without S-layer were reduced in simulated gastric juice at low pH range (2, 2.5, 3) and simulated pancreatic juice with bile salts (1.5 and 3 g l(-1)). S-layer proteins of L. acidophilus M92 were resistant to pepsin and pancreatin, in contrast, the treatment with proteinase K led to a significant proteolysis of the S-layer proteins. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated functional role of S-layer; it is responsible for adhesiveness of Lactobacillus acidophilus M92 to mouse ileal epithelial cells and has a protective role for this strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: S-layer proteins have an important role in the establishment of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92 in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Relevance of lipid polar headgroups on boron-mediated changes in membrane physical properties

Using liposomes composed of either brain phosphatidylcholine (PC), or binary mixtures of PC and phosphatidylserine (PS), galactolipids (GL), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidic acid (PA), or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), we investigated the effects of graded amounts of boric acid (B, 0.5-1000 microM) on the following membrane physical properties: (a) surface potential, (b) lipid rearrangement through lateral phase separation, (c) fluidity, and (d) hydration. Incubation of the different populations of vesicles with B was associated with a small, but statistically significant, increase in membrane surface potential in PC, PC:PS, PC:GL, PC:PI, PC:PA, and PC:PE liposomes. B-induced lipid lateral rearrangement through lateral phase separation in PC, PC:PA, and PC:PE liposomes; but had no effects on PC:PS, PC:GL, and PC:PI liposomes. In PC liposomes B affected membrane fluidity at the water-lipid interface without affecting the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. In all the other binary liposomes studied, B increased membrane fluidity in both, the hydrophobic portion of the membrane and in the anionic domains. The above was associated with a decrease in the fluidity of the cationic domains. B (10-1000 microM) decreased membrane hydration regardless the composition of the liposomes. The obtained results demonstrate the ability of B to interact with membranes, and induce changes in membrane physical properties. Importantly, the extent of B-membrane interactions and the consequent effects were dependent on the nature of the lipid molecule; as such, B had greater affinity with lipids containing polyhydroxylated moieties such as GL and PI. These differential interactions may result in different B-induced modulations of membrane-associated processes in cells.     

Polarimetric assessment of healthy and radiofrequency ablated porcine myocardial tissue

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation offers a potential treatment for cardiac arrhythmia, where properly titrated energy delivered at critical sites can destroy arrhythmogenic foci. The resulting ablation lesion typically consists of a core (coagulative necrosis) surrounded by a rim of mixed viable and non‐viable cells. The extent of the RF lesion is difficult to delineate with current imaging techniques. Here, we explore polarization signatures of ten ex‐vivo samples from untreated (n = 5) and RF ablated porcine hearts (n = 5), in backscattered geometry through Mueller matrix polarimetry. Significant differences (p < 0.01) in depolarization, Δ_T, were observed between the healthy, RF ablated and rim regions. Linear retardance, δ, was significantly lower in the core and rim regions compared to healthy regions (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate a novel application of polarimetry, namely the characterization of RF ablation extent in myocardium, including the visualization of the important lesion rim region.

White light photo (top) of porcine myocardium tissue with radiofrequency ablation lesion and corresponding depolarization map (bottom). Depolarization is useful for visualizing the lesion core and rim.     

Antioxidant and Sensorial Properties of Linden Honey with Dried Apricots

The total phenol (TPh) and flavonoid contents (TFd), and antioxidant and sensorial properties of linden honey (LH) with dried apricots (20, 30, and 40%) were evaluated. TPh increased 4.3 times for LH40 (from 23.96 to 102.87 mg gallic acid equiv./100 g honey), while increase of TFd was slightly lower, ca. 2.9‐fold for LH40 (from 18.11 to 51.72 mg rutin equiv./100 g honey). Based on HPLC analysis, the most dominant phenolic compound was gallic acid (11.14 mg/100 g honey in LH and 42.65 mg/100 g honey in LH40). In three different assays, the antioxidant activity increased with increasing concentration of apricots in honey. The values varied from 13.36 for LH to 7.06 mg/ml for LH40; the values ranged from 189.83 for LH to 11.23 mg/ml for LH40; the RP_0.5 (reducing power) values ranged from 169.00 for LH to 27.60 mg/ml for LH40. Based on the correlation analysis, it is obvious that TPh and TFd were associated with the antioxidant activities of honey samples. A high degree of correlation existed between antioxidant activities of honey samples and TPh (R from 0.945 to 0.996) and TFd (R from 0.805 to 0.934). Obtained scores for individual sensory properties indicated very good quality of honey with dried apricots.     

Biochemical,molecular and anti-tumor characterization of L-methionine gamma lyase produced by local Pseudomonas sp. in Egypt

A soil inhabiting Pseudomonas sp. has been examined for producing L- methionine gamma-lyase enzyme. The identity of the tested bacteria was verified by VITEK2, and MALDI-TOF analysis in addition to molecular confirmation by 16S rDNA sequence and submitted in Genbank under accession number ON993898.1. Production of the targeted enzyme was done using a commercial medium including L-methionine, as the main substrate. This obtained enzyme was precipitated using acetone (1:1v/v) followed by purification with Sephadex G100 and sepharose columns. The specific activity of the purified enzyme (105.8 µmol/ mg/min) increased by 1.89 folds after the purification steps. The peptide fingerprint of the native MGL was verified from the proteomics analysis, with identical conserved active site domains with database-deposited MGLs. The molecular mass of the pure MGL denatured subunit was (>40 kDa) and that of the native enzyme was (>150 kDa) ensuring their homotetrameric identity. The purified enzyme showed absorption spectra at 280 nm and 420 nm for the apo-MGL and PLP coenzyme, respectively. Amino acids suicide analogues analysis by DTNB, hydroxylamine, iodoacetate, MBTH, mercaptoethanol and guanidine thiocyanate reduced the relative activity of purified MGL. From the kinetic properties, the catalytic effectiveness (K_cat/k_m) of Pseudomonas sp. MGL was 10.8 mM ^-1 S^-1 for methionine and 5.51 mM ^-1 S^-1 for cysteine, respectively. The purified MGL showed highly significant antiproliferative activity towards the liver carcinoma cell line (HEPG-2) and breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) with half inhibitory concentration values (IC₅₀) 7.23 U/ml and 21.14 U/ml, respectively. No obvious signs of toxicity on liver and kidney functions in the examined animal models were observed.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区纯林土壤腐殖质异化特征及与其他性质的关系

纯林长期生长或多代连栽必然会导致土壤腐殖质含量和构成发生异化,探究这种异化特征及其与土壤其他性质的关系可以为纯林管理或混交改造提供科学依据。通过对半干旱黄土丘陵区南泥湾林场8种典型纯林土壤腐殖质及其他性质进行系统检测,结果表明:(1)侧柏林土壤腐殖质含量最高(34.61 g/kg),腐殖化程度和稳定性一般;白榆和白桦林土壤的腐殖质含量中等(19.69—23.58 g/kg)、腐殖化程度和稳定性最佳;茶条槭和小叶杨林土壤的腐殖质含量(20.59—22.53 g/kg)和构成均为中等水平;油松、沙棘和刺槐林土壤的腐殖质质量较低(11.77—13.81 g/kg),且腐殖化程度较低,稳定性相对最差;(2)与胡敏酸含量存在显著相互促进作用(P0.05)的土壤性质为CEC、N、微生物量和蛋白酶活性(相关系数0.769—0.926,下同),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.793);与富啡酸存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(0.836—0.955),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.822);与胡敏素存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、磷酸酶活性和有效Zn(0.766—0.951),存在显著相互抑制作用的为脱氢酶活性(-0.784)。(3)腐殖质构成与其他性质的相关性均不显著(P0.05),其中相对有利于提高胡敏酸/腐殖酸含量之比的土壤性质为蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性;相对有利于提高胡敏酸/富啡酸含量之比的为速效K、CEC和脲酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性。(4)总体而言土壤腐殖质含量较之腐殖质构成与其他性质之间具有更大的相关性;向土壤增施N肥可以促进腐殖质的形成,增加K肥则有利于腐殖质构成的改善,而通过混交改造或增加林下植被是促进纯林土壤腐殖质化过程和解决土壤退化的根本措施。