DNA 的电荷转移

在双链DNA分子中,电荷常出现远距离的迁移现象,这与很多生物学功能有密切的关系,本文说明了DNA电荷转移的形成机制,分析了误配、绞联、三股螺旋及DNA结合蛋白对DNA电荷转移效率的影响,同时论述了DNA电荷转移的生物学意义。     

检疫性疫霉DNA条形码标准分子构建

质粒标准分子是指含有外源基因和内源标准基因特异性片段的重组质粒分子.DNA条形码技术是通过对标准目的基因的DNA序列进行分析从而进行物种鉴定的技术.构建基于DNA条形码的质粒标准分子是DNA条形码技术应用于检测实践的要求.本研究将这两种检测鉴定技术相结合应用于检疫性疫霉的检测,构建了11种检疫性疫霉的DNA条形码标准分子,进行了测序验证,均匀性,稳定性和特异性验证.结果表明,构建的质粒标准分子准确度,均匀性,稳定性和特异性均良好,对实际口岸检验检疫工作具有实践应用价值.     

棉酚对鱼精DNA作用的量子生物学研究

紫外吸收光谱显示棉酚与DNA相互作用没有共价键形成.也不生成电荷迁移络台物.量子化学计算棉酚与胸腺嘧啶分子中的净电荷分布,发现沿两者结构式粗线上各原子的电荷恰好符号相反(图2).这表示棉酚很可能以共轭平面平行地插入到DNA分子双螺旋结构的碱基片层之间,与其中的胸腺嘧啶碱基以弱相互作用的极性键形成复合物.这种结合是可逆的,不影响DNA的一级结构.     

DNA损伤检测技术

检测DNA损伤的方法有很多,根据其原理大致可以分为3类：基于损伤DNA理化性质的改变检测DNA损伤、基于分子杂交检测DNA损伤以及基于DNA损伤后形成的产物检测DNA损伤。检测DNA损伤的方法目前还在不断快速发展、完善中。本文就DNA损伤的检测方法及其发展做一综述。     

毛细管电泳在DNA分析中的应用

简要介绍了CE技术原理,综述毛细管电泳在DNA分子微量检测、片段分离、基因突变及高通量DNA分析与测序中的应用和进展。     

分子信标在DNA生物传感器中的应用

DNA传感器是基于DNA分子相互作用原理设计而成的一种新型的检测技术,具有快速,简单等优点,在基因分析及其他应用领域已显示出越来越重要的价值.分子信标是一种具有发卡式结构的寡核苷酸,由于其能够很好地识别单碱基错配序列,基于发卡式DNA的传感器较传统的单链DNA传感器有更好的检测特异性,目前得到广泛的研究.本文介绍了DNA生物传感器及分子信标的有关原理,并着重介绍了发卡式DNA的结构及其在DNA生物传感器中的应用.     

重组DNA技术

重组DNA(recombihant DNA),顾名思义,即将两种不同的DNA分子,经过裁剪并重新组合,创造出一种新的、杂合的DNA分子,然后将它转化或转导至受体细胞并在其中进行复制以及表达。这一技术通常叫作基因工程,广义来讲也称为遗传工程。1972年,美国生物化学家P.Berg等人首先将XDNA上剪切下来的一段基因,成功地拼接到SV_(40)病毒DNA分子上,从而开创了这一崭新的技术。随后,这一技术在现代生物学的研究和     

DNA的化学合成及其应用

通过二十多年的探索和研究,脱氧核糖寡核苷酸(DNA)片段的化学合成得到了突飞猛进的发展。DNA固相合成技术的问世更使DNA化学合成技术达到了精确、高效和自动化。重组DNA技术以及外源DNA分子在异源体系中的表达为DNA结构功能及基因表达调控机制的研究打开了新局面,使得生物学的研究发生了革命性的变化,而DNA分子的化学合成为分子生物学家对特定的基因进行遗传工程的操作,选择性地对DNA分子进行改造提供了崭新的手段。借助于化学合成的DNA片段,人     

古DNA单链测序文库的建立与检测

2005年问世的第二代测序技术在古DNA领域的应用,突破了第一代测序技术在绝灭或死亡生物全基因组获取手段上的局限。借助古基因组信息,研究者能够从更为系统的实时分子证据角度,解读诸如人类起源、大型绝灭哺乳动物迁移演化、动植物家养驯化以及早期人类社会生活模式等古生物学、遗传学与演化生物学问题。引入第二代测序技术之后,传统的古DNA研究方法及流程得以改变,剔除了原有的实验流程中耗时的分子克隆步骤,引入了与第二代测序技术紧密相关的古DNA单链测序文库构建环节。古DNA单链测序文库的构建,是将古DNA双链模板变性成单链后,通过向单链古DNA两端添加人工DNA片段,将古DNA分子转变成能被测序仪识别的文库分子。针对古DNA分子微量、高度片段化以及普遍存在碱基损伤的特点,古DNA单链测序文库,能够高效获取古DNA材料中的遗传信息。本文系统介绍古DNA单链测序文库建立流程,以及对文库质量进行检测的方法,为研究者运用第二代测序技术测定绝灭或死亡生物全基因组提供方法借鉴。     

DNA限制性片段长度多态性

限制性内切酶的发现和应用,给生命科学研究带来了深刻变化。通过测定DNA分子中核苷酸排列顺序,研究基因的结构与功能,从而揭示生命现象的本质,是一个具有十分重要意义的课题。其中利用DNA重组和分子探针技术在基因水平上进行限制性酶切图谱分析,确定DNA结构中具有多态性的核苷酸位点,进行基因定位和异常基因的检测,是近年来分子遗传学研究中颇受重视的一个新领域。Kan和Dozy 1978年首先在β-球蛋白基因中发现第一个DNA多态性位点以来,人们已将注意力从基因表达产物——酶和蛋白质水平的多态性研究     

A nicking enzyme from trypanosomatids which specifically affects the topological linking of duplex DNA circles. Purification and characterization

Newly replicated duplex DNA minicircles of trypanosomal kinetoplast DNA are nicked in both their monomeric and catenated topological states, whereas mature ones are covalently sealed. The possibility that nicking may play a role during kinetoplast DNA replication by affecting the topological interconversions of monomeric DNA minicircles and catenane networks was studied here in vitro using Crithidia fasciculata DNA topoisomerase. An enzyme that catalyzes the nicking of duplex DNA circles has been purified to apparent homogeneity from C. fasciculata cell extracts. The native enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 S and was found to be a dimer with a protomer Mr = 60,000. Nicking of kinetoplast DNA networks by the purified enzyme inhibits their decatenation by the Crithidia DNA topoisomerase but has no effect on the catenation of monomeric DNA minicircles into networks. This differential effect on decatenation versus catenation is specific to the purified nicking enzyme. Random nicking of interlocked DNA minicircles has no detectable effect on the reversibility of the topological reaction. The potential role of Crithidia nicking enzyme in the replication of kinetoplast DNA networks in trypanosomatids is discussed.     

DNA methylation in plants: relationship to small RNAs and histone modifications, and functions in transposon inactivation

DNA methylation is a type of epigenetic marking that strongly influences chromatin structure and gene expression in plants and mammals. Over the past decade, DNA methylation has been intensively investigated in order to elucidate its control mechanisms. These studies have shown that small RNAs are involved in the induction of DNA methylation, that there is a relationship between DNA methylation and histone methylation, and that the base excision repair pathway has an important role in DNA demethylation. Some aspects of DNA methylation have also been shown to be shared with mammals, suggesting that the regulatory pathways are, in part at least, evolutionarily conserved. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms that control DNA methylation; however, many aspects of the mechanisms that read the information encoded by DNA methylation and mediate this into downstream regulation remain uncertain, although some candidate proteins have been identified. DNA methylation has a vital role in the inactivation of transposons, suggesting that DNA methylation is a key factor in the evolution and adaptation of plants.     

Video light microscopy of 670-kb DNA in a hanging drop: shape of the envelope of DNA.

Although its conformation has not been observed directly, double-stranded DNA in solution is usually assumed to be randomly coiled at the level of the DNA double helix. By video light microscopy of ethidium-stained DNA at equilibrium in a nonturbulent hanging drop, in the present study, the 670 kb linear bacteriophage G DNA is found to form a flexible filament that has on average 17 double helical segments across its width. This flexible filament 1) has both asymmetry and dimensions expected of a random coil and 2) has ends that move according to the statistics expected of a random walk. After unraveling the flexible filament-associated DNA double helix near the surface of a hanging drop, recompaction occurs without perceptible rotation of the DNA. Both conformational change and intermolecular tangling of the DNA are observed when G DNA undergoes nondiffusive motion in a hanging drop. The characteristics of the G DNA flexible filament are explained by the assumption that the flexible filament is a random coil of double helical segments that are unperturbed by motion of the suspending medium.     

Replication of the Parvovirus MVM II. Isolation and Characterization of Intermediates in the Replication of the Viral Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The time course of the appearance of intracellular viral DNA has been studied in mouse L cells infected with the single-stranded DNA virus MVM (minute virus of mice) by using a selective extraction procedure. Approximately half of this DNA elutes from hydroxyapatite as single-stranded DNA. It is sensitive to Escherichia coli exonuclease I and shows a sedimentation profile similar to DNA from the virus, suggesting that it is progeny viral DNA. The remainder of the selectively extracted DNA elutes from hydroxyapatite in the position of double-stranded DNA and is resistant to exonuclease I. Most of this DNA has a sedimentation coefficient of 14 to 16S, indicating that its molecular weight is twice that of the viral DNA. Denaturation renders the majority of the double-stranded DNA sensitive to exonuclease I, but a significant fraction renatures spontaneously in a monomolecular fashion, indicating that it has a cross-linked or hairpin structure. Chromatography of the double-stranded DNA on benzoylated diethylaminoethyl cellulose resolves two components, one with duplex structure and one which contains single-stranded regions. A short pulse label late in infection predominantly labels the latter class of DNA, suggesting that it contains replicating intermediates. The possible roles of these various forms of DNA in the replication of the viral genome are discussed.     

Identification of a beta-like DNA polymerase activity in bovine heart mitochondria

A new DNA polymerase activity, distinct from DNA polymerase gamma, has been identified in bovine heart mitochondria. First detected among proteins isolated in a complex with mitochondrial DNA, the DNA polymerase activity has been partially purified 47,000-fold. Enzyme activity separates from DNA polymerase gamma on several chromatographic columns and appears to copurify with a 38 +/- 2-kDa polypeptide. Unlike DNA polymerase gamma, this enzyme is relatively resistant to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide and dideoxynucleotides, has moderately low monovalent and high divalent cation requirements, and possesses 20-fold-higher apparent K(m) values for deoxynucleotides. The enzyme polymerizes deoxynucleotides onto a primed template DNA in a relatively nonprocessive fashion and lacks a detectable 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. Many of these characteristics resemble a beta-like mitochondrial DNA polymerase previously identified in, and considered unique to, trypanosomes. We propose that the bovine and trypanosomal enzymes are related and represent a new class of ubiquitous mitochondrial DNA polymerases.     

Evidence for structural deformation of the DNA helix by a psoralen diadduct but not by a monoadduct.

We have investigated the structural change in a double-stranded DNA helix caused by covalent addition of a psoralen. A synthetic double-stranded DNA was constructed to contain either a psoralen furan-side monoadduct or an interstrand diadduct at a specific site. When the unmodified and psoralen modified DNAs were examined by electron microscopy in the presence of distamycin, which stiffens the DNA helix, the DNA containing the psoralen interstrand diadduct appeared bent (or kinked), whereas the furan-side monoadducted DNA appeared similar to the unmodified DNA. RecA protein from E. coli has been shown to preferentially bind UV (ultra violet) irradiated DNA presumably due to alterations in the normal DNA helical structure. Using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay, we have found that the psoralen interstrand diadduct enhances the binding of recA protein to the double-stranded DNA, whereas a furan-side monoadduct has little effect. Thus both the recA protein binding and the electron microscopic data suggest that a psoralen diadduct causes deformation of a DNA helix, most likely by kinking the helix, and that a monoadduct has little effect on the DNA helix structure.     

Isolation and characterization of a gene coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene has been isolated from a collection of Escherichia coli transformants containing randomly sheared segments of yeast genomic DNA. Complementary DNA, synthesized from partially purified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA, was used as a hybridization probe for cloning this gene. The isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been mapped with restriction endonucleases and the location of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene within the cloned segment of yeast DNA has been established. There are approximately 4.5 kilobase pairs of DNA sequence flanking either side of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in the cloned segment of yeast DNA. The isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been used to selectively hybridize glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA from unfractionated yeast poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger RNA. The nucleotide sequence of a portion of the isolated hybrid plasmid DNA has been determined. This nucleotide sequence encodes 29 amino acids which are at the COOH terminus of the known amino acid sequence of yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.     

Influence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on the interaction between sparfloxacin and calf thymus DNA

Cr(III) and Cr(VI) have different binding capacity with sparfloxacin, and have different combination modes with calf thymus DNA. Selecting these two different metal ions, the influence of them on the binding constants between sparfloxacin (SPFX) and calf thymus DNA, as well as the related mechanism has been studied by using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The result shows that Cr(III) has weaker binding capacity to SPFX in the SPFX-Cr(III) binary system, but influences the binding between SPFX and DNA obviously in SPFX-DNA-Cr(III) ternary system. However, although Cr(VI) has a stronger binding capacity to SPFX, it has no effect on the binding between SPFX and DNA. Referring to the different modes of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding to DNA, the mechanism of the influence of metal ions on the binding between SPFX and DNA has been proposed. SPFX can directly bind to DNA by chelating DNA base sites. If a metal ion at certain concentration binds mainly to DNA bases, it can decrease the binding constants between SPFX and DNA through competing with SPFX. While if a metal ion at certain concentration mainly binds to phosphate groups of DNA, it can increase the binding constants by building a bridge between SPFX and DNA. If a metal ion at certain concentrations binds neither to bases nor phosphate groups in DNA, it will have no effect on the binding constant between SPFX and DNA. Our result supports Palumbo's conclusion that the binding between SPFX and the phosphata groups is the precondition for the combination between SPFX and DNA, which is stabilized through stacking interactions between the condensed rings of SPFX and DNA bases.     

Recognition of cisplatin-DNA interstrand cross-links by replication protein A

Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric protein that is required for DNA replication and most DNA repair pathways. RPA has previously been shown to play a role in recognizing and binding damaged DNA during nucleotide excision repair (NER). RPA has also been suggested to play a role in psoralen DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, but a clear biochemical activity has yet to be identified in the ICL DNA repair pathways. Using HeLa cell extracts and DNA affinity chromatography, we demonstrate that RPA is preferentially retained on a cisplatin interstrand cross-link (ICL) DNA column compared with undamaged DNA. The retention of RPA on cisplatin intrastrand and ICL containing DNA affinity columns is comparable. In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) using synthetic DNA substrates and purified RPA demonstrate higher affinity for cisplatin ICL DNA binding compared with undamaged DNA. The enhanced binding of RPA to the cisplatin ICL is dependent on the DNA length. As the DNA flanking the cisplatin ICL is increased from 7 to 21 bases, preferential RPA binding is observed. Fluorescence anisotropy reveals greater than 200-fold higher affinity to a cisplatin ICL containing 42-mer DNA compared with an undamaged DNA and a 3-4-fold higher affinity when compared with a cisplatin intrastrand damaged DNA. As the DNA length and stringency of the binding reaction increase, greater preferential binding of RPA to cisplatin ICL DNA is observed. These data are consistent with a role for RPA in the initial recognition and initiation of cisplatin ICL DNA repair.     

Identification of individual sex-factor DNA strands and their replication during conjugation in thermosensitive DNA mutants of Escherichia coli

Covalent circular sex-factor DNA has been isolated from donor and recipient cells during the conjugation of normal and temperature-sensitive DNA mutants of Escherichia coli. Single strands of sex-factor DNA were centrifuged in cesium chloride-poly(U,G) gradients to give two components that have been identified by annealing experiments as the separated complementary strands. When matings are performed with either DNA temperature-sensitive donor or recipient cells, the inhibition of vegetative DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature does not interfere with transfer and circularization of the sex-factor DNA. If DNA is isolated from temperature-sensitive donor cells mated at the restrictive temperature, a specific stimulation of sex-factor DNA synthesis can be demonstrated. By separating the complementary strands of the sex-factor in a cesium chloride-poly (U,G) gradient, this DNA synthesis has been found to be asymmetric. The sex-factor DNA strand which is synthesized in the donor has the same polarity as the strand which is transferred to the recipient.