超氧阴离子诱导的叶绿素荧光猝灭

分别通过黄嘌呤(X)与黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)反应和甲基紫金(MV)的作用,观察了O·-2诱导莴苣叶绿体的叶绿素荧光猝灭过程.结果表明,O-·2的产生明显使光化学猝灭(qP)和非光化学猝灭(qN)增加.叶绿体内SOD被DDC抑制后,X+XO诱导的叶绿素荧光猝灭过程中,qP下降,qN上升;MV诱导的叶绿素荧光猝灭过程中,qP上升幅度不大,qN增加不明显.当碳代谢被碘乙酰胺(JAA)抑制后, qP下降,qN上升.解偶联剂NH4Cl增加质子跨类囊体膜的通透性,导致qP增加和qN降低,加入MV后qP和qN增加不明显.分析认为,-·2的产生和及时被清除对保持光合电子传递和增加跨膜ΔpH有很重要的作用,有利于叶绿体吸收的光能得到转化和耗散,在一定程度上减轻过量光能引起的光抑制损伤.     

高山植物唐古特山莨菪和唐古特大黄对强太阳辐射光能的利用和耗散特性

以西宁地区人工栽培的唐古特山莨菪(Anisodus tanguticus)和唐古特大黄(Rheum tanguticum)为材料,比较研究了两典型高山植物对青藏高原强太阳辐射光能的利用和耗散特性。PSⅡ反应中心的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和光合功能的相对限制(L_(PDF))的分析表明,强太阳辐射会导致光合作用的光抑制,但并不造成PSⅡ反应中心的不可逆破坏。猝灭分析表明,唐古特山莨菪的光化学猝灭系数(q_P)显著小于唐古特大黄,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)和(q_N)则相反(p<0.05),意味着唐古特山莨菪将PSⅡ反应中心吸收的过剩光能以热耗散等非光化学过程消耗的能力大于唐古特大黄,因而降低了用于光化学反应的份额。q_N的3组分中,q_Nf所占比例较大;尽管相对份额很小,中午强光下两高山植物的q_Nm都有增大趋势,表明它在过剩光能的非光化学耗散中也起重要作用。NPQ_S和q_Ns的日变化趋势很相似;同样,NPQ_F为NPQ的主要组分,且唐古特山莨菪的NPQ_F和q_Nf都显著大于唐古特大黄(p<0.05)。唐古特山莨菪PSⅡ天线色素吸收光能中分配于光化学反应的相对份额(P)始终低于唐古特大黄,而用于天线热能耗散的相对份额(D)则大于唐古特大黄,两者都具有极显著差异(p<0.01)。以上结果表明,唐古特山莨菪的Φ_PSⅡ较唐古特大黄小是因为PSⅡ天线色素吸收的光能中分配于光化学反应的相对份额或光化学猝灭的比例较小,而分配于天线热耗散的相对份额或非光化学过程的比例较大的缘故。唐古特山莨菪的NPQ和q_N较大,与NPQ_F和q_Nf以及NPQ_S和q_Ns都显著大于唐古特大黄有关(p<0.05)。     

白榆-刺槐互作条件下叶片养分与光合生理特性

以一年生实生苗白榆(Ulmus pumila.)和刺槐(Robinia pseudocacia.)为供试材料,采用盆栽法,研究了白榆-刺槐在互作条件下其叶片的养分特性与光合生理特性.分别测定在单作及互作条件下,白榆和刺槐植物叶片的氮、磷含量、氮磷比值及叶绿素相对含量(Chl)、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,白榆-刺槐互作较单作提高了叶片的N含量,而两种不同栽植方式对白榆或刺槐的叶P含量影响较小;互作处理中,白榆叶片的Chl和净光合速率(P_n)大于刺槐且均高于其相应的单作;白榆的PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和可变荧光与初始荧光之比(Fv/Fo)均高于刺槐,且互作高于其单作处理,说明互作较单作提高了叶片PSⅡ的潜在活性,增加了PSⅡ的光能转化效率;两种植物不同的栽植方式对光化学猝灭系数(q_p)的变化影响较小,而互作刺槐非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著高于其单作,这表明互作刺槐叶片PSⅡ的潜在热耗散能力较强,这是一种叶片为免受光破坏的保护机制,它可有效地避免过剩光能对光合机构的损伤.     

棉花苞叶光呼吸和PSII热耗散对土壤水分的响应

在新疆气候生态条件下, 采用膜下滴灌植棉技术, 设置不同滴灌水分处理, 研究了不同滴灌量条件下棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)苞叶和叶片碳同化、光呼吸作用、光系统II (PSII)热耗散作用及其光破坏防御机制的差异, 以揭示滴灌节水条件下棉花苞叶缓解光抑制的机理及与棉花抗旱特性的关系。结果表明: 棉花开花后苞叶及叶片在高温强光下实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)显著降低, 发生明显的光抑制现象, 但苞叶的光抑制程度较叶片轻; 与正常滴灌量处理相比, 节水滴灌条件下棉花水分亏缺, 叶片净光合速率(P_n)、Φ_PSII、光呼吸(P_r)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)降低, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)升高, 叶片光抑制程度加重, 而苞叶P_n、Φ_PSII、P_r、q_P、NPQ变化不大, 与正常滴灌量处理相比, 光抑制程度无显著差异。苞叶光呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(P_r/P_n)显著高于叶片; 滴灌节水条件下棉花适度水分亏缺对苞叶光呼吸及P_r/P_n无显著影响。高温强光下, 棉花节水滴灌对叶片PSII量子产量的转化与分配影响显著, 但对苞叶的影响不显著; 苞叶非调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y(NPQ))高于叶片, 因此能有效地将PSII的过剩光能以热的形式耗散。综上所述, 与叶片相比, 苞叶对轻度水分亏缺不敏感, 是棉花适应干旱逆境较强的器官, 苞叶光呼吸和热耗散作用对光破坏防御具有重要意义。     

塔里木河下游地下水位对柽柳叶绿素荧光特性的影响

选取塔里木河下游3处地下水埋深6m的监测井位作为研究点,结合典型生态监测断面的地下水位监测数据,分析不同地下水埋深处柽柳的叶绿素荧光特性和光系统的光合活性.结果表明:随着地下水埋深加大和干旱胁迫加剧,柽柳叶片的实际光化学效率、电子传输速率和光化学猝灭等参数普遍下降;非光化学猝灭和调节性能量耗散量子产量等参数显著升高,而最大光量子产量总体处于相对适宜状态.干旱胁迫下柽柳的PSII光合活性随地下水埋深增大而下降,捕获光能的过剩程度加剧,发生光抑制的几率增大,其自身良好的抗旱性和自我调节机制,使光系统II尚未发生显著光损伤.     

UV-B对设施桃叶片光合功能及叶绿体超微结构的影响

对温室栽培的油桃中油5号(Prunus persica var. nectarina cv. ‘Zhongyou5’)适量补充UV-B, 分析其对桃叶片光合功能及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明, UV-B处理下各色素含量均有不同程度的增加, 其中叶绿素b的含量和净光合速率(P_n)提升幅度较大。相较于未补充UV-B的桃树(对照), UV-B处理的F_v/F_m无显著变化, F_v'/F_m'比值、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)以及PSII实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSII)均有显著或极显著升高。透射电镜结果显示, UV-B处理下叶绿体基质片层空隙小, 堆叠紧密, 叶绿体外膜边缘清晰。可见, 温室内适量补充UV-B可快速改善叶片叶绿体的超微结构, 提升叶绿素分子捕获光能及向PSII传递的能力, 增大PSII反应中心的开放程度, 提高实际光能转化效率和PSII电子传递量子效率, 提高叶片的光合功能。该研究为设施果树光合性能改善和UV-B合理利用提供了理论依据。     

不同光强对两种桤木幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

通过搭建荫棚设置3种不同的光强, 模拟森林幼苗生长的旷地(砍伐迹地)、林窗和林下光照环境(分别为100%、56.2%和12.5%的全光照), 比较研究了外来种台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)和乡土种桤木(A. cremastogyne)幼苗的叶形态、光合能力、热耗散和抗氧化酶的活性, 探讨了两树种幼苗对光强的适应及光保护策略。结果表明: 在3种光强下, 一定光强范围内随着光强的增加, 两种桤木幼苗的比叶重(LMA)、类胡萝卜素(Cars)、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素(Cars/Chl)和抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX))活性升高, 最大净光合速率(P_max)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)具有升高的趋势; Chl含量和瞬时光能利用效率(LUE)降低; 净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值(L_s)升高, 胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)降低, 推测P_n降低的主要因素是非气孔限制, 表明两种桤木幼苗均能适应不同的生长光强。生长在相同光强下, 桤木幼苗光抑制现象比台湾桤木幼苗严重, 台湾桤木幼苗对光强适应能力较强。随着光照强度的增加, 台湾桤木幼苗NPQ增加不显著, 热耗散较少, 相同光强下P_max和抗氧化酶活性显著高于桤木幼苗, 而桤木幼苗随着光强的增加热耗散显著, 表明在光抑制时, 台湾桤木幼苗主要是通过提高P_max利用光能和抗氧化酶系统进行保护性调节, 桤木幼苗则通过天线系统非辐射耗散将过剩的光能以热能的形式消耗掉。     

渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

用叶绿素荧光诱导动力学技术,研究模拟干旱条件对小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数,即原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、qP(光化学猝灭)、qNP(非光化学猝灭)、ETR(表观光合量子传递效率)的影响.结果表明,渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数影响较大.随着渗透胁迫的加剧,F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o都表现出现降低-增加-降低的趋势,在渗透胁迫2 h以前,小麦叶片内部没有发生光抑制,但随着胁迫的加剧,F_v/F_m值增加,使得小麦幼苗叶内发生光抑,导致ΦPSⅡ和ETR的下降;在渗透胁迫过程中,小麦叶片吸收光能的光化学猝灭(qP)的下降和光化学猝灭(qNP)呈现先降低后增加的趋势,说明小麦在受到干旱胁迫前期,PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例降低;在胁迫2h后,随着胁迫的加剧,qP和qNP增加有利于提高PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递,提高了光合电子传递能力,同时非光化学能量耗散的提高,有助于耗散过剩的激发能,以保护光合机构,缓解环境胁迫对光合作用的影响,体现了小麦叶片的自我保护机制.两个品种相比,长武13的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度比陕253小,具有更强的抵御干旱胁迫的能力.     

玉米冠层内不同层次对光能利用的差异性

将玉米冠层分为上、中、下3个层次,分析其不同层次对光能利用的规律.结果表明:整个冠层吸收的光合有效辐射(RAR)占总入射的87.7%,其冠层的中、上层吸收比例达到75%;冠层不同层次在可见光范围内的吸收率是上层＞中层＞下层;上、中、下3层叶温日变化规律一致,不同层次的差异主要是与冠层内的小气候有关;非光化学猝灭系数(qN)与叶温、光化学猝灭系数(qp)与光合速率(Pn)的变化趋势一致;用于光化学反应的能量与用于热能转化的能量呈此消彼长的趋势.     

半干旱区膜上覆土穴播对春小麦旗叶光合作用和水分利用的影响

在甘肃定西大田定位试验的基础上,2012—2013年连续2年比较了全膜覆土穴播(PMS)、覆膜穴播(PM)和露地穴播(CK)春小麦旗叶的SPAD值、叶绿素荧光参数、光合气体交换参数以及叶面积指数(LAI)、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率.结果表明: PMS提高了小麦旗叶SPAD值,扬花后显著高于PM,增加了10.0%～21.5%,较CK增加了3.2%～21.6%.PMS的旗叶最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数高于PM和CK,较PM最高分别提高了6.1%、9.6%和30.9%,并在灌浆期达到显著差异;而PMS的非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)值最低,并在抽穗期与PM达显著差异水平,2012和2013年分别降低了23.8%和15.4%.PMS的气孔导度(g_s)较PM和CK高,在灌浆期与PM达到显著差异,2012和2013年分别提高了17.1%和21.1%;PMS的蒸腾速率(T_r)较PM提高了5.4%～16.7%,光合速率(P_n)增加了11.2%～23.7%,旗叶瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_i)提高了5.6%～7.2%(除2013年抽穗期外),并在2012年扬花期达到显著差异.PMS的LAI高于PM和CK,尤其在季节性干旱的2013年达到显著差异.因此,PMS提高了叶片SPAD值,增强了旗叶对光合能量的同化能力和气体交换强度,使更多的光合能量进入光化学同化方向,降低了热耗散,使P_n增加,提高了旗叶WUE_i,基于较高的光合速率和群体LAI,最终提高小麦产量和水分利用效率.     

早熟桃夏季叶色转红过程中的光化学响应特征

比较研究了‘早美’和‘春蕾’2个早熟桃品种夏季叶色转红对太阳光能的利用和光系统Ⅱ的叶绿素荧光特征的影响。结果表明：早熟桃叶片色素组成的变化会显著影响其光合和叶绿素荧光特性。叶色转红后,早熟桃净光合速率（Pn）日均值、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII实际光化学效率（ФPSII）均上升,无显著光抑制,而绿叶对照‘红花碧桃’的电子传递速率（ETR）、Fv／Fm和ФPSII值均显著下降,7月光合明显受抑制。叶色转红程度较深的‘早美’在夏季高温强光下表现优于‘春蕾’和对照。淬灭分析表明：叶片花色素苷的积累能在短时间内增加PSII天线色素吸收的光能用于光化学反应的份额（P）与用于反应中心热耗散的相对份额（D）。转红后的叶片光化学淬灭系数（qp）显著高于绿叶,PSII光化学效率较高,但耗散过剩激发能的能力显著低于绿叶对照。     

Chlorophyll fluorescence in the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring during high-light and desiccation stress,and evidence for zeaxanthin-associated photoprotection

The function of photosystem (PS)II during desiccation and exposure to high photon flux density (PFD) was investigated via analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence in the desert resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. and Grev.) Spring. Exposure of hydrated, physiologically competent stems to 2000 mol · m^–2 · s^–1 PFD caused significant reductions in both intrinsic fluorescence yield (F_O) and photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_V/F_M) but recovery to pre-exposure values was rapid under low PFD. Desiccation under low PFD also affected fluorescence characteristics. Both F_V/F_M and photochemical fluorescence quenching remained high until about 40% relative water content and both then decreased rapidly as plants approached 0% relative water content. In contrast, the maximum fluorescence yield (F_M) decreased and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching increased early during desiccation. In plants dried at high PFD, the decrease in F_V/F_M was accentuated and F_O was reduced, however, fluorescence characteristics returned to near pre-exposure values after 24-h of rehydration and recovery at low PFD. Pretreatment of stems with dithiothreitol, an inhibitor of zeaxanthin synthesis, accelerated the decline in F_V/F_M and significantly increased F_O relative to controls at 925 mol · m^–2 · s^–1 PFD, and the differences persisted over a 3-h low-PFD recovery period. Pretreatment with dithiothreitol also significantly decreased non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, increased the reduction state of Q_A, the primary electron acceptor of PSII, and prevented the synthesis of zeaxanthin relative to controls when stems were exposed to PFDs in excess of 250 mol · m^–2 · s^–1. These results indicate that a zeaxanthin-associated mechanism of photoprotection exists in this desert pteridophyte that may help to prevent photoinhibitory damage in the fully hydrated state and which may play an additional role in protecting PSII as thylakoid membranes undergo water loss.Abbreviations and Symbols DTT dithiothreitol - EPS epoxidation state - F_O yield of instantaneous fluorescence at open PSII centers - F_M maximum yield of fluorescence at closed PSII centers induced by saturating light - F_M F_M determined during actinic illumination - F_V yield of variable fluorescence (F_M-F_O) - F_V/F_M photochemical efficiency of PSII - q_P photochemical fluorescence quenching - q_NP non-photochemical fluorescence quenching of Schreiber et al. (1986) - NPQ non-photochemical fluorescence quenching from the Stern-Volmer equation - PFD photon flux density - RWC relative water content This paper is based on research done while W.G.E. was on leave of absence at Duke University during the fall of 1990. We would like to thank Dan Yakir, John Skillman, Steve Grace, and Suchandra Balachandran and many others at Duke University for their help and input with this research. Dr. Barbara Demmig-Adams provided zeaxanthin for standard-curve purposes.     

硝酸根胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率及光能分配的影响

研究了不同浓度NO₃^-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率及光能分配的影响.结果表明,当NO₃^-浓度较低时（14～98 mmol·L^-1）,适当增加NO₃^-浓度,可增强黄瓜幼苗叶片对光的捕获能力,促进光合作用.随着NO₃^-浓度的进一步增加（140～182 mmol·L^-1）,PSⅡ光化学效率降低,电子传递受到抑制,净光合速率降低;吸收的光能中,通过天线色素的热耗散增加,用于光化学反应的能量降低,光化学效率下降.140和182 mmol·L^-1 NO₃^-处理黄瓜幼苗叶片6 d后净光合速率(P_n)极显著下降,分别比对照降低了35%和78%;PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、天线转化效率(F_v’/F_m’)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均低于对照,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)高于对照,激发能在两个光系统间的分配不平衡性(β/α-1)增大.高浓度NO₃^-处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片各荧光参数变化幅度比低浓度大.当光照增强时,高浓度NO₃^-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片吸收的光能中应用于光化学反应的份额(P) 显著降低,天线热耗散的份额(D)显著增加. 天线热耗散是耗散过剩能量的主要途径.     

Spatial-temporal variations in rose leaves under water stress conditions studied by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.

Spatial-temporal changes were examined by imaging chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence in four leaf areas, two central and two external of rose plants (Rosa x hybrida) cv. Grand Gala for 9 days, under progressive water stress. New fluorescence parameters based on the lake model have recently been used to determine Q(A) redox state and excitation energy fluxes in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that occur under drought stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence images showed a spatial variation in the leaves. The lower values for F(o), F(M), phi(2), q(P) and q(L) were found in the internal leaf area while higher values of non-photochemical quenching calculated from Stern-Volmer quenching (NPQ) and phi(NPQ). phi(Po) were more homogeneous throughout leaf. Temporal changes were also observed during the experiment, a 10% decrease in relative water content (RWC) (between day 1 and 2), led to a decrease in photochemical quenching and an increase in non-photochemical processes. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were more or less constant till day 8. At the end of the experiment (day 9), energy dissipation by downregulation, electron transport and Q(A) redox state, decreased and phi(NO) increased to compensate the change. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters based on the lake model q(L), phi(NPQ) and phi(NO) have been found more appropriate for estimating the fraction of open centres, the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation in photosystem II (PSII) and the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII, respectively. The F(s)/F(o) ratio is strongly correlated with NPQ and phi(NPQ) up to a RWC of 20%. This coincides with a greater decrease in photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching and an increase in phi(NO).     

Reversible photoinactivation of photosystem II during desiccation of barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L. cv. Albori) leaves in the light

We investigated the inherent protective mechanisms against stress and damage to photosystem II (PSII) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Albori). Leaves were desiccated at 30% relative humidity, under either low or high light (photon flux densities of 100 or 300 μmol m^-2 s^-1, respectively). During the treatment period, relative water content dropped to 35 to 45%, depending on light intensity. However, the photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased only about 10%. This relatively stable response was due to the rapid, reversible increase in Fm (maximum fluorescence) during 20 min of dark-adaptation. During desiccation in the light, however, PSII was photo-inactivated by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), with the excess excitation energy absorbed by the chlorophyll being dissipated as heat energy. This decline in NPQ in the first 2 min of treatment was caused by a relaxation in the energy-dependent quenching during dark-adaptation, but could be delayed significantly by a phosphatase inhibitor, NaF. In addition, the relaxation of other NPQ components related to state transition and phosphorylation of thylakoid phosphoproteins were blocked by NaF.     

氯化胆碱对低温弱光下黄瓜幼苗叶片细胞膜和光合机构的保护作用

1.07mmol／L氯化胆碱处理降低了低温弱光（6℃．PFD100μmol m^-2s^-1）下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂组分中主要是磷脂酰甘油（PG）的饱和脂肪酸含量,增加了膜脂不饱和度：减缓了膜透性的下降、MDA的产生速率、叶绿素的降解及PSII最大量子效率（Fv/Fm）、捕光效率（Fv＇／Fm＇）、光化学猝灭系数（qp）、实际光化学效率（ФPSII）和抗氧化酶POD、APX及CAT活性的下降;提高了非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）和脯氨酸的含量。以上结果表明氯化胆碱处理保护了低温弱光对黄瓜叶片细胞膜和光合机构的伤害。     

Comparative study on energy partitioning in photosystem II of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> mutants with reduced non-photochemical quenching capacity

Lhcb1-2 and PsbS proteins of photosystem II (PSII) have important roles in photoprotective thermal energy dissipation of the absorbed excess light energy. The light responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were analyzed to examine how the absence of Lhcb1-2 or PsbS proteins can modify the energy allocation patterns of absorbed light energy in PSII using an antisense construct of lhcb2 and a psbS deletion (npq4-1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Both mutants exhibit reduced Stern–Volmer non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ). Here, we have adopted an approach, presented by Hendrickson et al. (Photosynth Res 82:73–81, 2004), to gain a better insight into the mechanism of the NPQ in these mutants. We have found no significant differences in the quantum yields of photochemical energy conversion (Φ_PSII) between the mutants and the wild type. Nevertheless, as it was expected, the fraction of the energy, which is dissipated as heat via regulated pathways in PSII (Φ_NPQ) for both mutants, were reduced as compared to the wild type. In a complementary way, the extent of non-regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII (Φ_NO) for both mutants was significantly higher than that in the wild type. This reflects, together with the lower Φ_NPQ (or NPQ) values, suboptimal capacity of photoprotective reactions at higher light intensities.     

Enhancement of cyclic electron flow around PSI at high light and its contribution to the induction of non-photochemical quenching of chl fluorescence in intact leaves of tobacco plants

Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Chl fluorescence is a mechanism for dissipating excess photon energy and is dependent on the formation of a DeltapH across the thylakoid membranes. The role of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (PSI) (CEF-PSI) in the formation of this DeltapH was elucidated by studying the relationships between O2-evolution rate [V(O2)], quantum yield of both PSII and PSI [Phi(PSII) and Phi(PSI)], and Chl fluorescence parameters measured simultaneously in intact leaves of tobacco plants in CO2-saturated air. Although increases in light intensity raised V(O2) and the relative electron fluxes through both PSII and PSI [Phi(PSII) x PFD and Phi(PSI) x PFD] only Phi(PSI) x PFD continued to increase after V(O2) and Phi(PSII) x PFD became light saturated. These results revealed the activity of an electron transport reaction in PSI not related to photosynthetic linear electron flow (LEF), namely CEF-PSI. NPQ of Chl fluorescence drastically increased after Phi(PSII) x PFD became light saturated and the values of NPQ correlated positively with the relative activity of CEF-PSI. At low temperatures, the light-saturation point of Phi(PSII) x PFD was lower than that of Phi(PSI) x PFD and NPQ was high. On the other hand, at high temperatures, the light-dependence curves of Phi(PSII) x PFD and Phi(PSI) x PFD corresponded completely and NPQ was not induced. These results indicate that limitation of LEF induced CEF-PSI, which, in turn, helped to dissipate excess photon energy by driving NPQ of Chl fluorescence.     

The function of chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in tobacco during chilling stress under low irradiance

The function of chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) was examined by comparing a tobacco transformant (DeltandhB) in which the ndhB gene had been disrupted with its wild type, upon exposure to chilling temperature (4 degrees C) under low irradiance (100 micro mol m(-2) s(-1) PFD). During the chilling stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F(v)/F(m)) decreased markedly in both the wild type and DeltandhB. However, both F(v)/F(m) and P700(+), as well as the PSII-driven electron transport rate (ETR), in DeltandhB were lower than that in the wild type, implying that NDH-dependent cyclic electron flow around PSI functioned to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from chilling stress under low irradiance. Under the stress, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), particularly the fast relaxing NPQ component (qf) and the de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments, (A+Z)/(V+A+Z), were distinguishable in DeltandhB from those in the wild type. The lower NPQ in DeltandhB might be related to an inefficient proton gradient across thylakoid membranes (DeltapH) because of lacking an NDH-dependent cyclic electron flow around PSI at chilling temperature under low irradiance.     

田间条件下海岛棉和陆地棉花铃期叶片光保护的机制

研究海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)和陆地棉(G. hirsutum)两个棉花栽培种的光合作用特性, 探讨两个栽培种光合机构的光抑制以及防御保护机制, 以期为新疆棉花高光效品种选育和高产高效栽培实践提供理论基础。在新疆生态气候条件下, 系统测定了海岛棉和陆地棉的叶片运动、叶片接受光量子通量密度(PFD)、叶片温度、叶绿素荧光参数、气体交换参数和光呼吸速率的日变化。研究结果表明: 陆地棉叶片的“横向日性”较强而海岛棉较弱, 导致海岛棉叶片接受PFD较低, 但其叶片温度较高。海岛棉叶片的光合速率和气孔导度均显著低于陆地棉。在8:00-10:00 (北京时间, 下同)海岛棉叶片的光呼吸速率略低于陆地棉, 其余时间段海岛棉和陆地棉叶片的光呼吸速率相似。不同栽培种间, 叶片的最大光化学效率和实际光化学效率的日变化均无明显差异。除14:00-16:00以外, 海岛棉叶片的表观电子传递速率和光化学猝灭系数均显著低于陆地棉。8:00以后, 海岛棉叶片的非光化学猝灭显著高于陆地棉。因此, 在新疆生态气候条件下, 海岛棉和陆地棉叶片“横向日性”运动能力和气孔导度的差异导致叶片所处的光温环境不同, 同时造成海岛棉叶片的碳同化能力较低。为阻止光合电子传递链的过度还原, 减轻光合机构的光抑制, 陆地棉叶片主要通过光合机构的电子流途径耗散激发能, 而海岛棉叶片通过热耗散途径和相对较高的光呼吸能力来耗散激发能。