古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮藻类的组成和生态分布研究

通过对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠中9个样地73份生物结皮土样藻类的培养和鉴定,分析了古尔班通古特沙漠中生物结皮藻类的种类组成和生态分布特点。结果表明．该沙漠中有藻类植物49属121种．隶属于蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门和裸藻门。其中监藻83种,绿藻20种,硅藻11种。裸藻7种。蓝藻占总种数的68．60％,其中又以丝状种类为优势．占66．27％;绿藻则以单细胞种类为主。在古尔班通古特沙漠不同地带中,其藻类物种多样性和群落组成均有所不同,中部藻类物种最为丰富,北部和南部次之。而东部和西部则明显减少。在沙垄不同部位的分布中,少数种类对地貌部位的选择性不明显,但有些种类在不同地貌部位分布有差异。藻类在结皮不同层次的分布不同,在结皮层中藻类的种类和数量都较丰富．且以丝状种类较多,而在结皮下层藻类的种类和数量明显减少。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

东海毛颚动物夏季垂直分布

本文材料取自范围为123°—129°E,26°30′—32°30′N的东海。主要在水深超过80米的测站进行垂直分层采集。采集层次为0—50米,50—100米,100—250米,250—500米,500—1000米,1000米—底。网具用附闭锬装置的大型浮游生物网。资料的整理系沿200米等深线划分为两部分(A区和B区)进行计算和分析。经鉴定的毛腭类计4属21种,它他大多数分布子100米上层,数量和种类随着深度的增加而减少。优势种肥胖箭虫分布于0—250米,少数能分布更深,但数量集中于100米上层。2个近似种——海龙箭虫与百陶箭虫的垂直分布有所不同,前者几乎只在A区,主要在50—100米;后者A、B区皆有,50米上层居多。微箭虫的分布有避开表面的趋势。第一次采到大头箭虫、拟漂移箭虫和钩剌真(?)虫等个别标本。钩剌真(?)虫是冷水种,分布深度随纬度而异。     

土壤-根系界面水分调控措施对冬小麦根系和产量的影响

以冬小麦田间试验为基础,研究根-土界面不同水分调控措施,包括不同深度灌水（地面、30cm、50cm、100cm）、同一深度保持不同田间持水量（田持80％、65％、50％）,共计12个水分处理的土壤水分分布对根系和产量影响。研究表明：根长密度分布与灌水方式息息相关,地面灌水的根长密度随土层深度呈指数下降趋势,主要分布于地表层（0-10cm）;不同深度渗灌,根系分布有两个峰值,第1峰值分布在地表以下15cm左右,第2峰值分布在灌水深度处。通过水分调控措施,局部改变根系形态,对节水增产是有利的。耗水量与营养生长（叶面积、根系）成正比关系,与经济产量呈二次多项式（抛物线型）关系,最大产量的耗水量比最大耗水量少约80-100mm。     

西藏工布自然保护区藻类植物区系及分布特点

基于对西藏工布自然保护区藻类植物的调查采集,共鉴定出189种(含变种),隶属5门,28科,50属。其中以硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)种类最多,有9科,18属,109种;绿藻门(Chlorophyta)为亚优势门类,有9科,20属,50种;蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)次之,为8科,10属,28种;红藻门(Rhodophyta)和金藻门(Chrysophyta)最少,各为1科,1属,1种。主要群落类型有7种,即颤藻群落、胶须藻群落、念珠藻群落、水树藻群落、桥弯藻群落、丝藻群落和双星藻-转板藻-水绵群落。指示藻类分析显示,目前该地区水体状况良好,基本未受到严重污染,大部分水体为β-中污带,其余部分为寡污带。该地区藻类植物的分布特点表现为高原冷水山溪急流种类典型、高山源头性种类明显但耐污种类较少。对该地区水体和藻类植物多样性保护提出了建议。     

内蒙古皇甫川流域人工林地苔藓植物结皮层物种组成与微生境形成发育特征

在野外调查基础上研究了内蒙古皇甫川流域4种人工植被中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)灌丛、杨树(Populus simonii)林、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)林、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)林苔藓植物结皮层物种组成及微生境藓类结皮层形成发育特点。发现苔藓植物8科、15属、23种,优势种双色真藓、真藓和土生对齿藓相对盖度和占各样地苔藓植物总盖度的95%以上。真藓、双色真藓和土生对齿藓在4种人工林地最薄结皮层个体高度分别在0~(0.93±0.04)、(0.72±0.03)~(1.82±0.04)和0~(2.82±0.08)mm,种群密度在0~(11.08±0.28)、(2.30±0.23)~(20.08±0.55)和0~(29.56±1.07)株·cm-2;最厚结皮层个体高度分别在(3.23±0.09)~(6.55±0.12)、(5.99±0.08)~(11.64±0.11)和(7.71±0.11)~(22.05±0.23)mm,密度在(64.34±1.54)~(400.12±2.87)、(216.23±3.23)~(356.27±2.19)和(32.27±0.99)~(236.03±2.48)株·cm-2;结皮层厚度、优势种地上部分和地下部分高度在不同样地之间有明显变化;依据物种分布、微生境藓类结皮形成发育特点和各指标相关性分析,提出了人工促进藓类结皮形成的措施。     

柠条细根的空间分布特征及其季节动态

以晋西北黄土区30年生柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)人工林为研究对象,2007年应用Minirhizotron技术,分别在距茎干水平距离0、50、100 cm处设点,对林地0-100 cm土层深度范围内的柠条细根空间分布及其生长季的动态进行了研究。结果表明:(1)生长季柠条细根根长密度(RLD)总平均值为1.3423 mm/cm²。在水平方向上,距茎干水平距离50 cm处分布最多(1.5369 mm/cm²),其次为0 cm处(1.3855 mm/cm²), 100cm处分布最少(1.1044 mm/cm²)。在垂直深度上,各土层RLD平均值大小顺序为40-60 cm>60-80 cm>20-40 cm>0-20 cm>80-100 cm;(2)在0-100 cm土层范围内,月平均RLD在生长季的波动范围为0.4405 2.1040 mm/cm²,其中9月份最多,4月份最少;RLD在5个土层深度3个水平距离处随季节变化均表现先增加后减少的趋势,且不同空间位置RLD峰值变化均在秋季(8 10月份)波动。细根的这种时空分布差异,可能主要受林下土壤资源空间异质性及其季节性变化的影响,但也不排除其它因素的影响(如真菌,植食性昆虫)。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮中微生物分布特征

为探明半干旱沙区生物结皮中微生物分布特征,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮中微生物数量进行了测定。结果表明:微生物总数从丘顶到丘间地呈递增趋势,除丘顶与迎风坡、迎风坡与背风坡结皮层微生物总数差异不显著外,其他各地貌部位结皮层微生物数量之间差异显著。同一地貌部位结皮层、0～5和5～10cm土层微生物垂直分布有变化,其变化规律为:除迎风坡放线菌数量呈先增加后递减、迎风坡微生物总数、细菌、真菌和丘顶真菌数量随剖面的加深呈递减外,其他各地貌部位微生物数量均呈先降低,后增加的趋势。微生物类群的组成表现为细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少。在丘间地细菌所占微生物总数的比例与丘顶相比有所增加,而放线菌和真菌的比例有所减少。结皮下0～5和5～10cm土层微生物分布与土壤含水量的变化同步,说明土壤水分可能是影响微生物垂直分布的重要因子。     

吉林省白城、松原地区部分湖泡藻类植物的初步研究

2008年6～7月间对吉林省白城及松原地区4个大型湖泡中的藻类植物进行了调查,共鉴定藻类植物86个分类单位,包括76种10变种,分别隶属于5门7纲12目20科37属,初步分析了白城及松原地区4个大型湖泡中藻类植物群落的种类组成及生态类型,在该区域出现的大部分藻类属于普生种类,同时出现了一些碱水种类,此外还有少量的污染指示种出现。根据种类组成及分布初步推断,夏季白城、松原地区部分湖泡的藻类植物群落组成主要为硅藻—绿藻类型。     

生长发育过程中金黄仓鼠视皮层中Cholecystokinin(CCK)阳性神经元的变化及CCK睁眼效应观察

利用免疫组织化学方法对生后发育过程中金黄仓鼠视皮层中ＣＣＫ阳性神经元的出现时间和分布层次的变化进行了观察。利用多功能图象分析仪（ＭＰＶ）对生后不同年龄段动物视皮层阳性神经元的数量和胞体大小进行定量测定。ＣＣＫ阳性神经元在动物生后第７天开始出现,主要分布在第Ｖ,ＶＩ层;神经元的相对数量为３．９％,阳性胞体的平均面积为１９．９μｍ２生后第１２天动物开始睁眼时,其神经元的分布层次、胞体数量及胞体大小均达到成年动物的水平,其阳性神经元主要分布在第ＩＩ－ＩＶ层,神经元相对数量为８．０％,其胞体面积为７３．２μｍ２。根据ＣＣＫ阳性神经元在睁眼期的出现率、分布层次及胞体大小都达到成年动物水平这一特点,给新生鼠施加ＣＣＫ,证明视皮层中ＣＣＫ与动物生后睁眼的迟早有一定相关性     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.