五福花科花部维管结构的比较研究

首次报道了华福花属华福花 Sinadoxa corydalifolia和东方五福花 Adoxa orientalis花部维管结构,并对五福花科3属4种植物的花部维管系统进行了比较研究。3属4种的花部维管系统表现出不同的对称性和不同的复化、减化以及不同的融合程度。基于花部维管系统的证据,本工作支持四福花属四福花 Tetradoxa omeiensis为科内原始类群代表的看法。     

四福花花部解剖及维管系统的研究

对四福花(Tetradoxa omeiensis)花部进行了详细的解剖观察。其花部整齐,较少特化,维管系统愈合程度较五福花低。其萼与花冠同数,比率始终为1。我们认为四福花应居于科内原始位置。此外,四福花作为一个原始类型,有助于说明五福花”萼与花冠”的本质及演化的可能途径。     

狭义五福花科的分子系统学和物种分化

狭义五福花科(Adoxaceae.s.s)仅含3属4种,但该科的物种分化、系统发育和分类一直存在争议。本文通过测定东方五福花和血满草的ITS(核糖体DNA内转录间隔区)序列,构建了包括狭义五福花科(4种)、广义忍冬科接骨木属、荚属以及其余4属植物在内的系统发育树。研究结果不支持狭义五福花科内根据形态学证据做出的系统发育假设四福花不是该科中最早分化出来的种;该物种与五福花属的两个物种形成一个单系群,与另一分支华福花属相对应。该科中3个物种,四福花、五福花和华福花之间的分化主要是在二倍体水平上的异域分化,而东方五福花则是通过多倍化形成的。粗略的时间估算表明这些物种之间的分化较晚,可能在第三纪末至第四纪早中期,与青池高原近期强烈隆升以及冰期气候反复变化形成的环境变迁密切相关。     

五福花科花部形态的变异式样及其系统学意义

由于四福花Ｔｅｔｒａｄｏｘａ顶花、侧花均为典型的４数花,并被认为是科内最原始的属,因而长期以来关于五福花Ａｄｏｘａ“总苞一萼”还是“萼一花冠”的争议得到了彻底解决。根据本研究,五福花顶花和侧花的变异痃较五福花科另外３个分类群要高得多。五福花顶花和侧花的变异率分别为２０％和３６１％。通过后位雄蕊的退化和两则相邻花瓣的融合,雄蕊和花瓣从６数至３数的减少系列仅存在于五福花中。本文假设五福花科顶花和侧花的     

华福花的解剖学特征及其同五福花的比较

本文记载了华福花的地理分布,生长和繁衍的物理条件,详细描述了营养器官的解剖学特征和花粉形态。从四个方面比较了两种植物的共同点和不同点,强调了华福花和五福花相比处于更高的阶段,并在发展和分化中。     

从ITS序列探讨青藏高原特有植物华福花属的亲缘关系

对青藏高原特有的濒危植物华福花（Ｓｉｎａｄｏｘａ ｃｏｒｙｄａｌｉｆｏｌｉａ Ｃ．Ｙ．Ｗｕ，Ｚ．Ｌ．Ｗｕ ｅｔ Ｒ．Ｆ．Ｈｕａｎｇ）的核糖体ＤＮＡ中的内转录间隔区（ＩＴＳ０序列及５．８ＳｒＲＮＡ基因的序列进行了测定。同川续断目和五加目有关类比较及分支分析表明华福花属与五福花属（Ａｄｏｘａ Ｌ．）近缘，不支持它可能与五加目或败酱科有亲缘关系的假设。尽管形态上它与五福花属分化十分明显，便ＩＴＳ碱基分     

五福花科的另一个新属,兼论本科的科下进化和系统位置

作者写定并付印华福花Sinadoxa一文的过程中,曾因探索五福花Adoxa的分布,就中国科学院植物研究所、四川生物研究所和四川大学所藏五福花科,虎耳草科以及其他形近易混的各科标本做了较彻底的检查,在未鉴定的金腰属Chrysosplenium标本中发现有四川雅安和峨眉山的几号标本(见下)显然和金腰属有异而在雄蕊特征上和五福花属一致。当时(去年八月间)因即将赴日本进行学术交流,故只将标本检出,未来     

四福花染色体核型的分析

四福花[Tetradoxa ometensis (Hara)C.Y.Wu]体细胞具有36个染色体。其核型组成为2n=36=6m+14sm+4st+12t,即具有3对中部着丝点染色体,7对亚中部着丝点染色体,2对亚端部着丝点染色体和6对端部着丝点染色体。 四福花染色体核型分析表明,与传统对五福花科植物染色体具9基数的认识不同,其基数应为X=18。与Noguchi所发现的具18基数的三倍体五福花的核型相比较,二者在核型组成及染色体结构上都有明显差异。     

论三白草科的系统演化和地理分布

根据细胞学、孢粉学、花器官发生和发育、花部维管结构、胚胎学、比较形态及解剖学等方面的证据,对三白草科４属６种的系统演化关系进行了详细论证。并联系古地理、古气候和古植物的有关史料对三白草科分布区的起源作了据理推论。三白草科大约起源于早白垩纪古北大陆东南部。它的原始类型可能与现代三白草属的形态大体相似,为一种多年生具根状茎的草本,花小、无被、具苞片。白垩纪末期三白草的原始类群已完成它在古北大陆的迁移和     

海南凤仙花与龙州凤仙花花的形态补充描述

凤仙花属植物的花部形态历来是该属的属下划分及种间界定的关键性状,基于大量的有花标本及野外实地调查,并参照了模式标本对海南凤仙花和龙州凤仙花的花部形态进行了补充描述。     

Molecular Phylogeny and Species Speciation of Adoxaceae. s. s

It remains unclear about the speciation and phylogeny of Adoxaceae s. s ., a small family with 3 genera and 4 species . In this paper , ITS ( nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer) regions of Adoxa orientalis and Sambucus adnata were firstly sequenced . Phylogenetic trees were constructed for all species of Adoxaceae (four species ) , Sambucus, Viburnum and four genera of Caprifoliaceae . The divergences among four species of this family were further calculated based on the calibration of the fossil records of the Caprifoliaceae and the general evolutionary rate of herbs for ITS . The phylogenetic analyses did not support the previous assumptions on the phylogeny and species divergence of Adoxaceae s. s . based on the morphological evidence : Tetradoxa is not the firstly diverged and it clustered with two species of Adoxa as a monophylogenetic group , paralleling to the other lineage comprising of monotypic Sinadoxa . The allopatric speciation at the diploid level might have contributed to the differentiation among Sinadoxa corydalifolia, Tetradoxa omeiensis and Adoxa moschatellina and the polyploidy to the origin of A. orientalis . The crude timing based on ITS sequence differentiation suggested a recent divergence among all four species probably between the late Miocene and the Tertiary and this speciation process might be closely correlated with habitat fragmentation and change due to the extensive uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and climatic oscillation during the glacial and interglacial ages occurred at this stage .     

同域分布的紫堇属三种植物的繁育系统和传粉差异

为研究近缘物种之间繁育系统分化对传粉环境的适应性意义,本文针对湖北地区的3种紫堇属植物（紫堇Corydalis edulis Maxim.、尖距紫堇C.shearer S.Moore.和小花黄堇C.racemosa（Thunb.） Pers.）进行了传粉生态学研究,对比分析了它们在花部特征、分布模式、花期、交配系统、传粉系统等方面的差异。3种紫堇属植物常见伴生现象,花期有一定重叠;花色、距长、花蜜量等方面均有显著差异;尖距紫堇交配系统为自交不亲和、依靠传粉者异花授粉;而紫堇和小花黄堇交配系统为自交亲和,兼有自交和异交的混合交配系统。3个物种均由蜂类传粉,且花部性器官与传粉者的接触部位一致,但访花频率差异较大。在混合群落中,传粉者访花具有较高的忠实性,花部特征差异可能是传粉者选择性访花的原因。对于紫堇属3个物种,花部特征和交配系统的分化有助于其避免传粉过程的相互干扰,交配系统与传粉环境具有一定相关性,混合交配系统可能有利于提高植物对不同生境和气候的适应性。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA primers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinadoxa corydalifolia</Emphasis> (Adoxaceae)

Sinadoxa corydalifolia is the only species of Sinadoxa (Adoxaceae) with the aberrant morphology. This species has become extremely endangered in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. To provide a population-level genetic profile for investigation and conservation of genetic diversity of this species, we developed 10 new microsatellite loci for this species by the combining biotin capture method. About 31 microsatellites were screened from the library, 10 of the screened microsatellites are polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus in 18 individuals ranged from 3 to 11, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.3071 to 0.6243 and from 0.1675 to 0.4357, respectively. We further performed cross-priming tests of these primers in another species of the Adoxaceae: Adoxa moschatellina and found 9 of 10 successfully amplified the targeted sequences. These newly developed loci provide a useful tool to investigate the genetic diversity and design the conversation measures of S. corydalifolia and study the genetic divergence and the initial speciation pattern between it and the related species in the Adoxaceae.     

Towards a comprehensive integration of morphological and genetic studies of floral development

Floral developmental genetics has exploded as a discipline. In addition to the rich genetic database for well-established models (Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum, Zea), numerous species have become the focus of floral genomic and genetic initiatives. Extensive documentation of the developmental morphology of Arabidopsis flowers has facilitated the linkage of genes and morphology. Complete developmental series also need to be assembled for emerging systems of molecular studies of floral genes. We address issues of homology assessment in floral structures, emphasize the need for assembling a complete floral developmental series for each species studied molecularly and genetically, stress the importance of a common set of terminology, and suggest a set of 'landmarks' to designate major events in floral development. We compare the floral developmental series of three species with different floral morphologies and propose a consensus of developmental stages to facilitate comparison of gene expression patterns. Taxa occupying key phylogenetic positions offer great potential for generating hypotheses about the regulation of floral development.     

Covariance of floral and vegetative traits in four species of Ranunculaceae: a comparison between specialized and generalized pollination systems

Theory predicts that tighter correlation between floral traits and weaker relationship between floral and vegetative traits more likely occur in specialized flowers than generalized flowers,favoring by precise fit with pollinators.However,traits and trait correlations frequently vary under different environments.Through detecting spatiotemporal variation in phenotypic traits (floral organ size and vegetative size) and trait correlations in four Ranunculaceae species,we examined four predictions.Overall,our results supported these predictions to a certain degree.The mean coefficient of variation (CV) of floral traits in two specialized species (Delphinium kamaonense and Aconitum gymnandrum) was marginally significantly lower than that of another two generalized species (Trollius ranunculoides and Anemone obtusiloba).The two specialized species also showed marginally significantly smaller CV in floral traits than vegetative size across the two species.The absolute mean correlation between floral and vegetative traits,or that between floral traits in species with specialized flowers was not significantly lower,or higher than that in generalized plants,weakly supporting the predictions.Furthermore,we documented a large variation in trait correlations of four species among different seasons and populations.Study of covariance of floral and vegetative traits will benefit from the contrast of results obtained from generalized and specialized pollination systems.     

Strong conservatism of floral morphology during the rapid diversification of the genus Helianthemum

Premise

Divergence of floral morphology and breeding systems are often expected to be linked to angiosperm diversification and environmental niche divergence. However, available evidence for such relationships is not generalizable due to different taxonomic, geographical and time scales. The Palearctic genus Helianthemum shows the highest diversity of the family Cistaceae in terms of breeding systems, floral traits, and environmental conditions as a result of three recent evolutionary radiations since the Late Miocene. Here, we investigated the tempo and mode of evolution of floral morphology in the genus and its link with species diversification and environmental niche divergence.

Methods

We quantified 18 floral traits from 83 taxa and applied phylogenetic comparative methods using a robust phylogenetic framework based on genotyping-by-sequencing data.

Results

We found three different floral morphologies, putatively related to three different breeding systems: type I, characterized by small flowers without herkogamy and low pollen to ovule ratio; type II, represented by large flowers with approach herkogamy and intermediate pollen to ovule ratio; and type III, featured by small flowers with reverse herkogamy and the highest pollen to ovule ratio. Each morphology has been highly conserved across each radiation and has evolved independently of species diversification and ecological niche divergence.

Conclusions

The combined results of trait, niche, and species diversification ultimately recovered a pattern of potentially non-adaptive radiations in Helianthemum and highlight the idea that evolutionary radiations can be decoupled from floral morphology evolution even in lineages that diversified in heterogeneous environments as the Mediterranean Basin.     

An investigation of temporal flowering segregation in species-rich grasslands

Processes such as competition and facilitation are believed to be important in defining pollination niches in species-rich plant communities. Species with similar floral phenotypes are expected to flower together where this facilitates pollination, while differences in floral phenology are expected if such flowers compete for pollinators. These expectations were tested at seven sites by comparing the observed co-flowering of plants with similar floral phenotypes with null model outcomes. Phenotypic classifications were evaluated using observations of plant–pollinator interactions. Pollinator guilds differed in the number of visits made to flowers in different floral colour and shape categories, indicating that such categories were ecologically relevant. For species with complex flowers, each floral category contained few species, so that the observed low occurrence of co-flowering could be explained by chance. In contrast, within phenotypic categories species with simple flowers bloomed together more than expected at three sites, but these overlaps could be explained by family membership. Most species with complex flowers could be segregated into unique pollination niches by broad floral colour and shape categories, so that there was little opportunity for competition between flowers within such categories. Species with simple floral phenotypes were less well defined by floral phenotype and phenology. Historical sorting may explain differences between complex flowers, while co-flowering between species with simple flowers requires further investigation. Differences found between species with simple and complex flowers suggest that levels of phenotypic specialisation should be taken into account in community level studies of pollination systems.     

Covariance and decoupling of floral and vegetative traits in nine Neotropical plants: a re-evaluation of Berg's correlation-pleiades concept

Nearly forty years ago R. L. Berg proposed that plants with specialized pollination ecology evolve genetic and developmental systems that decouple floral morphology from phenotypic variation in vegetative traits. These species evolve separate floral and vegetative trait clusters, or as she termed them, "correlation pleiades." The predictions of this hypothesis have been generally supported, but only a small sample of temperate-zone herb and grass species has been tested. To further evaluate this hypothesis, especially its applicability to plants of other growth forms, we examined the patterns of phenotypic variation and covariation of floral and vegetative traits in nine species of Neotropical plants. We recognized seven specific predictions of Berg's hypothesis. Our results supported some predictions but not others. Species with specialized pollination systems usually had floral traits decoupled (weak correlation; Canna and Eichornia) or buffered (relationship with shallow proportional slope; Calathea and Canna) from variation in vegetative traits. However, the same trend was also observed in three species with unspecialized pollination systems (Echinodorus, Muntingia, and Wedelia). One species with unspecialized pollination (Croton) and one wind-pollinated species (Cyperus) showed no decoupling or buffering, as predicted. While species with specialized pollination usually showed lower coefficients of variation for floral traits than vegetative traits (as predicted), the same was also true of species with unspecialized or wind pollination (unlike our prediction). Species with specialized pollination showed less variation in floral traits than did species with unspecialized or wind pollination, as predicted. However, the same was true of the corresponding vegetative traits, which was unexpected. Also in contrast to our prediction, plants with specialized pollination systems did not exhibit tighter phenotypic integration of floral characters than did species with generalized pollination systems. We conclude that the patterns of morphological integration among floral traits and between floral and vegetative traits tend to be species specific, not easily predicted from pollination ecology, and generally more complicated than R. L. Berg envisaged.