白介素18的受体和结合蛋白

１９９５年,日本学者首次鉴定了白介素１８（ＩＬ－１８）。它具有多种生物学功能,在宿主防御及致病过程中起着重要作用,这些作用是通过它与细胞表面的ＩＬ－１８受体（ＩＬ－１８Ｒ）相互作用实现的。近两年来,ＩＬ－１８Ｒ的研究进展迅速,已鉴定了ＩＬ－１８Ｒ的α链（ＩＬ－１８Ｒα）和β链（ＩＬ－１８Ｒβ）及ＩＬ－１８结合蛋白（ＩＬ－１８ＢＰ）,从而对ＩＬ－１８Ｒ的信号转导通路有了进一步的理解。１．ＩＬ－１８ＲαＩＬ－１８Ｒα为ＩＬ－１８的主要结合亚基,属于Ｉｇ超家族成员。ｈＩＬ－１８Ｒα与ｍＩＬ－１８Ｒα前…     

白细胞介素2的中枢作用

白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）不仅是重要的免疫调节因子,而且具有重要的中枢调节作用。业已证实,脑内存在着ＩＬ－２和ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）,ＩＬ－２能明显地影响神经元和神经胶质细胞的生长,并能作用于下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴而影响内分泌,还能对电生理、行为等产生影响。本文简述了ＩＬ－２的中枢作用。     

雌激素受体α在大鼠垂体的表达及其调控的初步探讨

目的：观察雌激素受体α（ＥＲα）免疫反应阳性细胞在大鼠垂体的分布,并初步探讨其空因素。方法：应用免疫组织化学和原代细胞培养方法结合图像分析。结果：①正常大鼠垂体前叶和后 有丰富的ＥＲα阳必细胞,ＥＲα在出生３ｄ即有表达,一月龄大鼠已达到成年大鼠水平;②卵巢毁除大鼠ＥＲα表达减少,补充雌激素后其表达有所增高,但仍末达到正常水平;③动情期大鼠垂体前叶ＥＲα表达最高,动情后期逐渐减少,动情间期达最低值;     

白细胞介素—2对大鼠离体垂体前叶细胞增殖的影响

本工作采用大鼠垂体前叶（ＡＰ）细胞原代培养方法,以＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入率反映细胞增殖水平,研究了ＩＬ－２对ＡＰ细胞增殖的影响。结果表明：（１）ＩＬ－２（１０￣５００Ｕ／ｍｌ）明显促进性大鼠包括妊娠大鼠的ＡＰ细胞的增殖,而抑制雄性大鼠ＡＰ细胞的增殖。（２）雄性大鼠行卵巢切除（ＯＶＸ）二周后,ＩＬ－２对其ＡＰ细胞增殖的影响反转为抑制效应;若在卵巢切除二周内,每日给予ＯＶＸ大鼠皮下注射５μｇ苯甲酸雌二醇,     

白细胞介素对大鼠离体垂体前叶细胞增殖的影响

本工作采用大鼠垂体前叶（ＡＰ）细胞原代培养方法,以３ＨＴｄＲ掺入率反映细胞增殖水平,研究了ＩＬ１和ＩＬ６对ＡＰ细胞增殖的影响。结果表明：（１）ＩＬ１（１－１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ）促进雄性大鼠和雌性大鼠ＡＰ细胞的增殖。（２）低浓度的ＩＬ６（０．１ｎｇ／ｍｌ）抑制雄性大鼠的ＡＰ细胞的增殖,而较高浓度的ＩＬ６（１－１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ）则表现为刺激作用。（３）ＩＬ６（０．１－１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ）促进雌性大鼠ＡＰ细胞的增殖。上述结果说明ＩＬ１和ＩＬ６除直接调控ＡＰ细胞的分泌外,也参与调节ＡＰ细胞增殖活动。     

创伤后巨噬细胞对T细胞白介素2及白介素2受体α基因表达的直…

以２５μｇ／ｍｌ的丝裂霉素Ｃ处理巨噬细胞３０ｍｉｎ,可阻断巨噬细胞白介素１（ＩＬ－１）、白介素６（ＩＬ－６）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的合成与分泌。创伤小鼠巨噬细胞经丝裂霉素Ｃ处理后,可明显抑制正常Ｔ细胞白介素２（ＩＬ－２）ｍＲＮＡ及ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）α ｍＲＮＡ水平,并增强Ｔｓ细胞的抑制活性。去除Ｔ细胞中Ｔｓ细胞可使巨噬细胞的抑制作用消失。表明创伤后巨噬细胞可通过     

TNF-α、IL-1β及LPS对血管平滑肌细胞一氧化氮合酶基因表达的影响及作用机制研究

通过ＲＮＡ印迹分析和亚硝酸盐含量测定检查ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β和ＬＰＳ对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）诱导型一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）基因表达及ＮＯ生成的影响．结果表明,ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β和ＬＰＳ均能显著诱导ＶＳＭＣｉＮＯＳ基因表达和促进ＮＯ生成,其作用强度与浓度和作用时间有关;双因素（ＴＮＦ－α＋ＬＰＳ,ＬＰＳ＋ＩＬ－１β）对诱导ｉＮＯＳ基因表达及ＮＯ生成产生协同作用．ＰｏｌｙｍｙｘｉｎＢ和地塞米松可部分抑制ＴＮＦ－α对ｉＮＯＳ基因表达的诱导作用及ＮＯ生成     

TNF—α—IL—1β及LPS对血管平滑肌细胞一氧化氮合酶基因表达的…

通过ＲＮＡ印迹分析和亚硝酸盐含量测定检查ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β和ＬＰＳ对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因表达及ＮＯ生成的影响,结果表明,ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β和ＬＰＳ均能显诱导ＶＳＭＣｉＳ基因表达和促进ＮＯ生成,其作用强度与浓度和作用时间有关;双因素（ＴＮＦ－α＋ＬＰＳ,ＬＰＳ＋ＩＬ－１β）对诱导ｉＮＯＳ基因表达及ＮＯ生成产生协同作用,ＰｏｌｙｍｙｘｉｎＢ和地塞米松可部分凶制     

超氧化物歧化酶对创伤小鼠淋巴细胞膜流动性及功能的影响

研究了超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）对创伤小鼠淋巴细胞膜流动性及功能的影响。结果显示,ＳＯＤ体内应用（１００００Ｕ／ｋｇｄ,伤后０－３ｄ）可明显降低创伤小鼠血清、脾脏、胸腺、肠系膜淋巴结组织及Ｔ细胞中丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量,提高淋巴细胞膜及Ｔ细胞质膜、线粒体膜、微粒体膜的流动性,对创伤后Ｔ细胞转化活性降低、白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）生成减少、ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）表达受抑、ＩＬ－２介导的淋巴细胞增殖反应（ＩＬ－２ＭＬＰＲ）降低均具有不同程度的恢复作用。表明ＳＯＤ可保护创伤后淋巴细胞免受氧自由基的损害,并提高淋巴细胞的功能。     

iNOS在不同种属血管细胞中诱导表达差异的比较研究

为了探讨不同种属血管细胞中ｉＮＯＳ基因诱导表达的差异及其分子机制,采用Ｎｏｒｔｈ－ｅｒｎ印迹、电泳迁移率改变分析（ＥＭＳＡ）和细胞转染实验对ｉＮＯＳ基因在人、牛、大鼠血管内皮细胞（ＥＣ）和兔、大鼠平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）中的诱导表达和转录调控机制进行了研究．结果显示,ＩＬ－１β可诱导人、大鼠的ＥＣ和大鼠的ＶＳＭＣ表达ｉＮＯＳ,但对兔ＶＳＭＣ和牛ＥＣ无诱导作用．在ＩＬ－１β＋ＴＮＦ－α＋ＬＰＳ作用下,人和大鼠血管细胞ｉＮＯＳ的表达活性显著高于牛和兔,同一种属动物的ＶＳＭＣ比ＥＣ更易被诱导活化．用含有大鼠ｉＮＯＳ基因上游－１０３７～－４３８片段的报告基因转染这些细胞,经细胞因子和ＬＰＳ处理后,被转染细胞的ＣＡＴ活性变化与细胞的ｉＮＯＳ表达活性相一致．上述结果表明,ｉＮＯＳ表达调节具有种属特异性和细胞特异性．ＥＭＳＡ证实在不同种属的ＥＣ和ＶＳＭＣ中,与ｉＮＯＳ基因表达调控区（－１０３７～－７８７）相互作用的蛋白因子是不均一的．提示不同种属血管细胞内特异转录因子的种类及浓度不同和（或）反式因子与顺式元件相互作用的方式不同可能是这种差异的分子基础．     

Isolation of linoleic acid as an estrogenic compound from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste-berry).

A methanol extract of chaste-tree berry (Vitex agnus-castus L.) was tested for its ability to displace radiolabeled estradiol from the binding site of estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta). The extract at 46 +/- 3 microg/ml displaced 50% of estradiol from ERalpha and 64 +/- 4 microg/ml from ERbeta. Treatment of the ER+ hormone-dependent T47D:A18 breast cancer cell line with the extract induced up-regulation of ERbeta mRNA. Progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA was upregulated in the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line. However, chaste-tree berry extract did not induce estrogen-dependent alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in Ishikawa cells. Bioassay-guided isolation, utilizing ER binding as a monitor, resulted in the isolation of linoleic acid as one possible estrogenic component of the extract. The use of pulsed ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, which is an affinity-based screening technique, also identified linoleic acid as an ER ligand based on its selective affinity, molecular weight, and retention time. Linoleic acid also stimulated mRNA ERbeta expression in T47D:A18 cells, PR expression in Ishikawa cells, but not AP activity in Ishikawa cells. These data suggest that linoleic acid from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus can bind to estrogen receptors and induce certain estrogen inducible genes.     

Differential expression of estradiol receptors alpha and beta by gonadotropes during the estrous cycle.

This study focused on expression of estradiol receptors (ER) during the estrous cycle. Labeling for ERalpha or beta antigens and luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta-subunits was done on freshly dispersed pituitary cells. The lowest expression of ERalpha and beta was seen in estrus (23% and 12%, respectively). Expression increased to 42-54% of pituitary cells by diestrus. In males, cells with ERalpha or beta were 37% or 20% of the population, respectively. ERalpha or beta and gonadotropin antigens were in 6-9% of pituitary cells from male rats. Early in the cycle (estrus and metestrus), less than 5% of pituitary cells expressed ERalpha or beta with gonadotropins. These values doubled to reach a peak of 10% during proestrus (just before ovulation). These data show that a rise in expression of both ERalpha and ERbeta is a part of preovulatory differentiation of pituitary gonadotropes.(J Histochem Cytochem 49:665-666, 2001)     

Gene expression profile of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in the ovaries of Zi geese (Anser cygnoides)

The profile of ERalpha and ERbeta gene expression in the ovaries of Zi geese at 1 day and 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 months of age (n=8, respectively) was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the expression of ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA was greater at 1 to 5 and 8 months compared with that observed at 1 day. In particular, the level of expression of ERalpha and ERbeta at 8 months was greater, 2.47 +/- 0.23 fold and 29.07 +/- 1.25 fold, respectively, compared with that at 1 day (P<0.05). The expression of ERalpha mRNA was not significantly different at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months (P>0.05). The level of expression of ERalpha mRNA at 5 months was 1.86 +/- 0.17 fold higher than at 1 day (P<0.05). The level of expression of ERbeta mRNA at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 months (1.96 +/- 0.13, 2.58 +/- 0.08, 2.08 +/- 0.05, 3.25 +/- 0.11 and 29.07 +/- 1.25 fold, respectively, P<0.05) was significantly higher than at 1 day. In summary, the expression of ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA in the ovaries of geese was increased between newborn and the laying stage. These results suggest that ERalpha and ERbeta mediate the process of ovarian development and egg laying in geese. In addition, ERbeta may play a more important role in regulating the response of the ovary to estrogen during the developmental and egg-laying stages.     

Morphological effects of oestradiol-17beta, and selective oestrogen receptor alpha and beta agonists on luteinising hormone-secreting cells in tamoxifen-treated ovariectomised rats

To investigate the role played by the different rat gonadotroph oestrogen receptor (ER) pools in the effects of oestradiol-17beta (E2) on gonadectomy cells, two-week ovariectomised (OVX) rats were used. The basic experimental group of rats was injected with 3 mg of the selective ER modulator tamoxifen (TX) on days 15-20 after OVX. Groups of TX-treated OVX rats were additionally injected on days 18-20 after OVX with 10 microg oestradiol benzoate (EB), 1 mg of the selective ERalpha agonist propylpyrazole triol (PPT), or 1 mg of the selective ERbeta diarylpropionitrile (DPN). Negative and positive control groups were OVX rats injected over six days after OVX with 0.2 ml oil and EB, respectively. On day 21 after OVX, anterior pituitary glands were dissected out and divided into halves. One hemipituitary was processed for light microscopy and immunocytochemistry for betaLH subunit and progesterone receptor (PR), and the other hemipituitary for ultrastructural evaluation. Results showed that: gonadotrophs were the only pituitary cell type expressing PR; treatment with TX alone shrunk gonadectomy cells and induced both reorganization of membrane-enclosed intracellular organelles and PR expression, and treatment with DPN or EB, but not PPT, reduced the agonistic morphological effects of TX. Considering that TX activates nuclear ERalpha, the results indicate that activation of nuclear ERalpha is determinant for the reversal effects of E2 on gonadotrope morphology and PR expression, and the simultaneous activation of ERbeta modulates the action of ERalpha in an inhibitory fashion.     

Cloning of the novel isoform of the estrogen receptor beta cDNA (ERbeta isoform M cDNA) from the human testicular cDNA library

Our recent report has revealed the existence of the progesterone receptor (PR) isoform S, which consists of the novel PR exon S and exons 4-8 of the PR gene in the human testicular cDNA library. More recently, we have cloned the human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) isoform S cDNA from the library. The ERalpha isoform S cDNA also contains the novel ERalpha exon S and exons 4-8 of the ERalpha cDNA. Based on these findings, we assumed that the novel isoform of cDNA like the PR- and ERalpha isoforms might exist in the human ER beta (ERbeta). In order to investigate this possibility, we have screened the human testicular cDNA library using the exons 4-8 corresponding sequence of the human ERbeta cDNA. Consequently, we have cloned a novel isoform of the ERbeta cDNA that consists of a previously unidentified 5'-sequence and the exons 5-8 of the ERbeta gene. We termed this isoform cDNA the "ERbeta isoform M cDNA". The 5'-sequence of the ERbeta isoform M cDNA was confirmed to be derived from a novel exon (termed the "exon M") by analysis of the genomic DNA. Moreover, we have analyzed the molecular size of the ERbeta isoform M encoded by the ERbeta isoform M mRNA by transient expression of the ERbeta isoform M cDNA in the 293T cell. The approximately 28 kDa protein, which was recognized by the anti-rat ERbeta antibody against the carboxyl-terminal region, was synthesized in the cells. Thus, we concluded that the ATG in the exon M could be used as the translation initiation codon. This report revealed for the first time the existence of the ERbeta mRNA isoform that is not caused by the skipping of one or more exons, by the alternative usage of the multiple exon 8s, nor by the alternative utilization of the untranslated 5'-exons located on the upstream region of the exon 1.     

Estrogen receptor alpha and beta expression in the porcine ovary

In order to investigate the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) in the porcine ovary, in situ hybridization was applied. Specific ovine ERalpha and bovine ERbeta cDNA probes were labeled with [-32S]dCTP. In the porcine ovary, positive signals for ERbeta were found in both granulosa and theca cells of all types of antral follicles as well as in the corpora lutea at all stages of regression. ERalpha mRNA was limited exclusively to the granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles and was present in a few cells of early corpora lutea. Thus, we showed differential expression of ERalpha and ERbeta at the mRNA level. Large antral follicles and early corpora lutea are the site, where both forms of estrogen receptor are expressed.