胡杨木质部水分传导对盐胁迫的响应与适应北大核心CSCD

解析植物木质部导水率对逆境的响应和适应对促进植物抗逆性机理研究和受损植被恢复具有重要意义。该文以荒漠河岸林建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,系统分析了胡杨幼株根、茎、叶水分传输通道对不同浓度盐胁迫的响应和适应。结果表明:(1)胡杨幼株根系对盐胁迫的敏感性高于茎和叶,盐胁迫下根系生长和根尖数显著受到抑制,根木质部易于发生栓塞,导水率明显降低。(2)胡杨幼株茎木质部导水率对盐胁迫的响应依盐浓度而定,轻度(0.05 mol·L–1 Na Cl)和中度(0.15 mol·L–1 Na Cl)盐胁迫下,胡杨可以通过协调导管输水的有效性和安全性来调节木质部的导水率,维持植物正常生长;重度(0.30 mol·L–1 Na Cl)盐胁迫下,胡杨茎木质部导管输水有效性和安全性均明显降低,木质部导水率显著下降,并伴随叶片气孔导度的显著降低,从而严重抑制了胡杨的光合和生长。     

胡杨木质部水分传导对盐胁迫的响应与适应

解析植物木质部导水率对逆境的响应和适应对促进植物抗逆性机理研究和受损植被恢复具有重要意义。该文以荒漠河岸林建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象, 系统分析了胡杨幼株根、茎、叶水分传输通道对不同浓度盐胁迫的响应和适应。结果表明: (1)胡杨幼株根系对盐胁迫的敏感性高于茎和叶, 盐胁迫下根系生长和根尖数显著受到抑制, 根木质部易于发生栓塞, 导水率明显降低。(2)胡杨幼株茎木质部导水率对盐胁迫的响应依盐浓度而定, 轻度(0.05 mol·L^-1 NaCl)和中度(0.15 mol·L^-1 NaCl)盐胁迫下, 胡杨可以通过协调导管输水的有效性和安全性来调节木质部的导水率, 维持植物正常生长; 重度(0.30 mol·L^-1 NaCl)盐胁迫下, 胡杨茎木质部导管输水有效性和安全性均明显降低, 木质部导水率显著下降, 并伴随叶片气孔导度的显著降低, 从而严重抑制了胡杨的光合和生长。     

干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对疏叶骆驼刺和多枝柽柳生长及生理的影响

多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)与疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)是塔里木河下游优势种,也是重要的丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)共生植物,二者常相伴而生且均受水分严重限制。研究采用盆栽试验法,以疏叶骆驼刺和多枝柽柳幼苗为试验材料,设定正常水分[土壤相对含水量(70±5)%,D0]、中度水分胁迫[土壤相对含水量(40±5)%,D1]和重度水分胁迫[土壤相对含水量(20±5)%,D2]3个水分梯度,设置接种(AMF+)和不接种(AMF-)2种处理,以及供体植物疏叶骆驼刺和受体植物多枝柽柳之间2种菌丝传递距离(长菌丝传递距离30 cm, L;短菌丝传递距离15 cm, S),探究了干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌菌丝传递距离对2种不同生活型的植物生长和生理的影响。结果表明,(1)供体植物接种AMF后在供、受体间形成丛枝菌根菌丝网络(arbuscular mycorrhizal networks, AMNs),其中与正常水分(D0)处理下的侵染率相比,重度水分(D2)处理下长距离处理受体侵染率的降幅为73.22%。(...     

塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子

利用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动测定仪监测塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落土壤呼吸的日变化动态,分析其土壤呼吸与环境因子的关系,比较二者的差异。结果表明：（1）胡杨和柽柳群落土壤呼吸的日变化过程相同,最大值出现时间一致,呈单峰值曲线,但是不同月份最大值出现时间不同;（2）胡杨群落的土壤呼吸速率大于柽柳群落的;（3）胡杨和柽柳群落的土壤呼吸速率与距地表2cm处气温之间存在显著的指数关系,但是不同植物类型的土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性有所不同;（4）胡杨和柽柳群落的土壤呼吸速率与土壤水分都存在显著的线性关系;（5）通过多元回归分析表明,塔里木河下游76％～93％左右的荒漠河岸林群落土壤呼吸速率受温度和水分的共同控制。     

塔里木河沿岸不同生境下胡杨(Populus euphratica)群落的空间分布格局及关联性

以塔里木河河岸边、过渡带、沙漠边缘样地调查数据为基础,采用成对相关函数g(r)分析了3个生境胡杨群落的空间分布格局及关联性。结果表明:不同生境下胡杨种群的结构特征存在差异。胡杨种群年龄结构在河岸边样地呈反"J"型,属于增长型种群;过渡带样地呈偏正态分布,属于稳定型种群;沙漠边缘样地呈典型的反"L",属于衰退型种群。不同生境下胡杨群落的空间分布格局表现也不同。河岸边样地,花花柴(Karelinia caspia)、假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis pseudophragmites)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)分布均呈聚集分布,而罗布麻(Apocynum venetum)主要呈随机分布;过渡带样地,罗布麻和骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)表现为聚集分布,而黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)和胡杨小尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度增加,表现为随机分布;沙漠边缘样地,白茎盐生草(Halogeton arachnoideus)呈聚集分布。不同生境下胡杨群落的空间关联表现也不同。河岸边样地,胡杨与假苇拂子茅、胡杨与大叶白麻(Poacynum hendersonii)、假苇拂子茅与芦苇、芦苇与多枝柽柳的关联性均为正相关;过渡带样地,铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)与黑果枸杞、黑果枸杞与花花柴、黑果枸杞与铃铛刺、铃铛刺与骆驼刺、花花柴与骆驼刺、骆驼刺与花花柴、蓼子朴(Inula salsoloides)与花花柴均呈正相关,而罗布麻与多枝柽柳呈负相关;沙漠边缘样地,刺沙蓬(Salsola ruthenica)与白茎盐生草呈负关联。     

干旱及复水条件下接种AMF和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺根系生长的影响北大核心CSCD

疏叶骆驼刺为塔里木河下游优势草本植物,对下游地区防风固沙,涵养水源具有重要的生态价值。该试验以疏叶骆驼刺为研究对象,设定正常水分(土壤相对含水量70%±5%)、干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量20%±5%)和复水处理(干旱胁迫60 d后恢复至正常水分)3个水分梯度,以及单接种丛枝菌根真菌、单接种根瘤菌、双接种丛枝菌根真菌+根瘤菌和不接种4组接种处理,分析不同水分条件下各接种处理对疏叶骆驼刺根系生长的影响。结果表明:(1)双接种丛枝菌根真菌+根瘤菌处理的疏叶骆驼刺根系AMF侵染率在干旱胁迫、复水条件下均显著降低,且低于单接种AMF处理。(2)随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化,双接种处理疏叶骆驼刺根系根瘤数量先降低后增加,复水后显著高于单接种根瘤菌处理。(3)双接种处理扩大了疏叶骆驼刺的根系吸收范围,提高了根系的吸收能力,并随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化,呈现先降低后增加的变化趋势。(4)双接种处理显著提高了疏叶骆驼刺根系SOD和POD活性,并随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化而逐渐升高。研究发现,双接种AMF+根瘤菌处理可以显著促进疏叶骆驼刺根系的生长,增强其抗逆性,而干旱胁迫会降低AMF和根瘤菌的协同促进作用,复水后双接种AMF+根瘤菌处理的疏叶骆驼刺能及早地做出响应,对其根系生长表现出一定的补偿效应。     

塔里木河下游干旱胁迫下的胡杨生理特点分析

本运用塔里木河下游地下水位变化资料和塔里木河下游主要植物胡杨脯氨酸和脱落酸(ABA)的分析实验数据,结合野外调查,对地下水位变化与胡杨体内脯氨酸和脱落酸积累的关系进行了分析。研究表明,在塔里木河下游,塔里木河下游胡杨体内的脯氨酸和脱落酸含量与地下水位变化密切相关．以胡杨为主的天然植物受干旱胁迫程度愈大,退化愈严重,而反映在胡杨体内脯氨酸和脱落酸含量上．则随着地下水位的下降、水分胁迫程度的增加呈现出明显增加态势。在不同地下水位埋深条件下,胡杨体内脯氨酸和脱落酸累积过程的变化和差异表达了胡杨受干旱的程度;塔里木河下游胡杨的生长发育已受到严重的十旱胁迫。     

胡杨液流对地下水埋深变化的响应

以塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林主要建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象, 结合中下游不同断面地下水埋深和胡杨液流变化的监测数据, 分析了胡杨茎干液流与地下水埋深变化的关系, 探讨荒漠环境下天然胡杨生长的合理生态水位。研究表明, 胡杨液流通量密度随地下水埋深即干旱胁迫程度的加大而减小, 两者呈极显著负相关, 相关系数达-0.887; 胡杨液流通量在地下水埋深位于4.5-5 m时出现异常变化, 表明此时胡杨的正常生长受到胁迫, 胡杨通过自身调节降低蒸腾耗水以适应环境; 土壤盐分不是影响塔里木河中下游各断面胡杨液流变化的主要因子; 对植物样地调查结果分析显示, 胡杨盖度、密度和频度均在地下水埋深在4-6 m梯度下开始表现为降低趋势。综合分析认为维系塔里木河中下游天然胡杨正常生长的生态水位为地下水埋深4.5 m以内。     

塔里木河流域荒漠河岸植物对应急输水的生理响应

选择塔里木河沿岸典型样地,以乔木树种胡杨(Populuseuphratica)、灌木柽柳(Tamarixspp.)和草本植物罗布麻(Apo-cynumvenetum)为研究材料,垂直距离输水河道500m范围内,间隔100m设置一个采样断面。监测并分析塔里木河下游应急输水前后5个断面地下水位、地下水含盐量及3种植物叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、内源植物激素脱落酸(ABA)和细胞分裂素(CTK)含量的变化。研究3种荒漠植物对水盐双重胁迫环境的生理响应及适应策略。结果表明:盐胁迫显著增加3种植物叶片或同化枝的可溶性糖浓度,断面间不同植物叶片或同化枝可溶性糖积累存在差异;输水后断面间随地下水位不同程度的抬升,胡杨和柽柳叶片或同化枝脯氨酸含量出现了成比例的下降;柽柳同化枝可溶性糖与脯氨酸积累相关性最小,发展了不同于另外两种植物的通过有机溶剂积累适应胁迫环境的策略,即同化枝可溶性糖与脯氨酸作为响应于地下水位变化的功能物质独立地起作用,可溶性糖积累对盐胁迫的响应明显,而脯氨酸积累对干旱胁迫的响应更为明显;对与胁迫抗性有关的植物内源激素ABA、CTK浓度及浓度增长量变化进行分析,发现胡杨具有不同于其他两种植物的内源ABA、CTK浓度增量变化趋势;胡杨和罗布麻叶片ABA积累量与脯氨酸积累百分量(△[脯氨酸])而柽柳中ABA积累量与可溶性糖积累百分量(△[可溶性糖])显著相关。     

极端干旱环境下的胡杨木质部水力特征

胡杨作为我国西北干旱区重要的乔木树种,研究其木质部水力特征对了解此树种适应极端干旱环境的生物学背景具有较重要的意义。本研究以塔里木河下游的胡杨成株和2年生胡杨幼苗为研究材料,对其木质部最大导水能力（ks(max)）和自然栓塞程度（PLC）等木质部水力特征及其水力特征有关的木质部导管(或管饱)数量特征进行研究。结果表明,成株胡杨多年生枝条和侧根（2≤d<5 mm）木质部自然栓塞程度均较高,PLC均值高于50%,其中多年生枝条栓塞程度具有一定的日变化规律,清晨的PLC均值（58%）小于正午的（67%）;河道边上成株胡杨侧根的均ks(max)和PLC均值都小于距河道200 m处的。随着土壤干旱程度的加剧,幼苗胡杨侧根的自然栓塞程度随之增加,而叶片气孔导度随之降低,土壤含水率与侧根自然栓塞程度,叶片气孔导度之间分别存在显著负相关关系（R =-0.9、R =-0.811）。在统一直径范围内(2≤d<5 mm),成株胡杨侧根均导管直径（dmean）和水力直径均大于（d95%、dh）胡杨幼苗,而导管密度胡杨幼苗高于成株胡杨;胡杨侧根木质部最大导水能力与均导管直径、水力直径之间具有显著正相关关系（R>0.9）.     

不同水分条件下两个树种木质部栓塞对P素添加的响应

 在两种水分供给(干旱胁迫和适宜水分,土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的30%～40%和70%～80%)下,研究了耐旱树种元宝枫(Acer truncatum)和 中生树种女贞(Ligustrum lucidum )木质部栓塞(以导水率(Percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity, PLC)损失程度衡量)对P素添加的 响应。结果发现,两个树种PLC的日变化均呈现出先上升后降低的规律,表明木质部栓塞的形成与恢复是植物体的一种平常事件;除适宜水分条 件的女贞外,P素可以显著提高元宝枫和遭受干旱胁迫时女贞的PLC;两种水分条件下,干旱胁迫时元宝枫木质部栓塞明显高于适宜水分供给时 。女贞的PLC在两种水分状况下无显著差异;树种间,干旱胁迫促进了元宝枫木质部的栓塞形成,明显高于同等水分条件下的女贞。该研究结果 证实了“木质部限流耐旱假设”。     

木本植物木质部栓塞脆弱性研究新进展

木质部空穴化和栓塞是木本植物在干旱等条件下遭受水分胁迫时产生的木质部输水功能障碍, 在全球气候变化的大背景下, 栓塞脆弱性对干旱响应的研究已成为热点和重要内容。近年来有关木质部栓塞脆弱性与植物输水结构和耐旱性的关系已有大量研究并取得一定成果, 但是, 不同学者在不同地区对不同材料的研究结果存在很大不同。该文就近年来这一研究领域取得的成果及争议问题进行了概括和总结, 主要涉及木质部栓塞脆弱性(P₅₀)及脆弱曲线的建立方法、木质部栓塞脆弱性与木质部结构(导管直径、导管长度、纹孔膜、木质部密度、纤维及纤维管胞)间的关系和木质部栓塞脆弱性与耐旱性的关系, 并对未来工作进行展望, 提出在未来的工作中应对同一树种使用Cochard Cavitron离心机法、Sperry离心机技术与传统方法建立的脆弱曲线进行比较验证、计算P₅₀值、分析植物个体器官水平差异(根、茎、叶)、测定树种生理生态指标, 探索植物栓塞脆弱性与输水结构和耐旱性的关系, 从而评估不同类型植物在未来气候变化下的耐旱能力。     

A review of new research progress on the vulnerability of xylem embolism of woody plants

Xylem cavitation/embolism is the blockage of xylem conduits when woody plants suffer from water stress under drought and other environmental conditions, the study of embolism has become a hot and key topic under global climate change. Recent researches on the relationship between the vulnerability of xylem embolism and hydraulic architecture/drought tolerance have made some progress, however, scholars reached different conclusions based on results from different regions or different materials. This paper reviews the current achievements and controversial viewpoints, which includes indicator of xylem embolism vulnerability (P₅₀), method of vulnerability curve establishment, the relationship between embolism vulnerability and hydraulic architecture (vessel diameter, vessel length, pit area, wood density, fiber and fiber tracheid) and the relationship between embolism vulnerability and drought tolerance of woody plants. Future studies should use Cochard Cavitron centrifuge and Sperry centrifuge coupled with traditional methods to establish vulnerability curves, calculate P₅₀, analyze the difference among different organisms (root, stem, leaf), and measure physiological and ecological indexes. Future studies should be aimed to explore the relationship between the vulnerability of xylem embolism and hydraulic architecture/drought tolerance and to assess drought tolerance ability of different species under future climate change.     

Interpretation of seasonal changes of xylem embolism and plant hydraulic resistance in Fagus sylvatica

The annual course of xylem embolism in twigs of adult beech trees was monitored, and compared to concurrent changes of tree water status and hydraulic resistances. Xylem embolism was quantified in 1-year-old apical twigs by the hydraulic conductivity as a percentage of the maximum measured after removal of air emboli. Tree and root hydraulic resistances were estimated from water potential differences and sap flux measurements. The considerable degree of twig embolism found in winter (up to 90% loss of hydraulic conductivity) may be attributed to the effect of freeze-thaw cycles in the xylem. A partial recovery from winter embolism occurred in spring, probably because of the production of new functional xylem. Xylem embolism fluctuated around 50% throughout the summer, without significant changes. Almost complete refilling of apical twigs was observed early in autumn. A significant negative correlation was found between xylem embolism and precipitation; thus, an active role of rainfall in embolism reversion is hypothesized. Tree and root hydraulic resistances were found to change throughout the growing period. A marked decrease of hydraulic resistance preceded the refilling of apical twigs in the autumn. Most of the decrease in total tree resistance was estimated to be located in the root compartment.     

4种荒漠植物气体交换特征的研究

 在自然条件下我们对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲边缘4种主要荒漠植物胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)、沙拐枣(Calligonum caput_medusae Schrenk.)、骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia B.Keller et Shap)和柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Lbd.)的气体交换、水势及其δ13C的季节变化特征进行了比较研究。结果表明胡杨和沙拐枣气体交换日变化为单峰曲线,骆驼刺和柽柳为双峰曲线;其中骆驼刺属低光合低蒸腾型,WUEph最低,     

Wood allocation trade-offs between fiber wall,fiber lumen,and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees

Functional relationships between wood density and measures of xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are ambiguous, especially in wet tropical forests. In this meta-analysis, we move beyond wood density per se and identify relationships between xylem allocated to fibers, parenchyma, and vessels and measures of hydraulic safety and efficiency. We analyzed published data of xylem traits, hydraulic properties and measures of drought resistance from neotropical tree species retrieved from 346 sources. We found that xylem volume allocation to fiber walls increases embolism resistance, but at the expense of specific conductivity and sapwood capacitance. Xylem volume investment in fiber lumen increases capacitance, while investment in axial parenchyma is associated with higher specific conductivity. Dominant tree taxa from wet forests prioritize xylem allocation to axial parenchyma at the expense of fiber walls, resulting in a low embolism resistance for a given wood density and a high vulnerability to drought-induced mortality. We conclude that strong trade-offs between xylem allocation to fiber walls, fiber lumen, and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees. Moreover, the benefits of xylem allocation to axial parenchyma in wet tropical trees might not outweigh the consequential low embolism resistance under more frequent and severe droughts in a changing climate.     

Xylem network connectivity and embolism spread in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)

Xylem networks are vulnerable to the formation and spread of gas embolisms that reduce water transport. Embolisms spread through interconduit pits, but the three-dimensional (3D) complexity and scale of xylem networks means that the functional implications of intervessel connections are not well understood. Here, xylem networks of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were reconstructed from 3D high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) images. Xylem network performance was then modeled to simulate loss of hydraulic conductivity under increasingly negative xylem sap pressure simulating drought stress conditions. We also considered the sensitivity of xylem network performance to changes in key network parameters. We found that the mean pit area per intervessel connection was constant across 10 networks from three, 1.5-m stem segments, but short (0.5 cm) segments fail to capture complete network connectivity. Simulations showed that network organization imparted additional resistance to embolism spread beyond the air-seeding threshold of pit membranes. Xylem network vulnerability to embolism spread was most sensitive to variation in the number and location of vessels that were initially embolized and pit membrane vulnerability. Our results show that xylem network organization can increase stem resistance to embolism spread by 40% (0.66 MPa) and challenge the notion that a single embolism can spread rapidly throughout an entire xylem network.

A complete digital reconstruction of a grapevine xylem network reveals that network connectivity imparts greater resistance to drought-induced embolism spread than pit membrane properties suggest.     

Wood structure and function change with maturity: Age of the vascular cambium is associated with xylem changes in current‐year growth

Xylem vessel structure changes as trees grow and mature. Age‐ and development‐related changes in xylem structure are likely related to changes in hydraulic function. We examined whether hydraulic function, including hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to water‐stress‐induced xylem embolism, changed over the course of cambial development in the stems of 17 tree species. We compared current‐year growth of young (1–4 years), intermediate (2–7 years), and older (3–10 years) stems occurring in series along branches. Diffuse and ring porous species were examined, but nearly all species produced only diffuse porous xylem in the distal branches that were examined irrespective of their mature xylem porosity type. Vessel diameter and length increased with cambial age. Xylem became both more conductive and more cavitation resistant with cambial age. Ring porous species had longer and wider vessels and xylem that had higher conductivity and was more vulnerable to cavitation; however, these differences between porosity types were not present in young stem samples. Understanding plant hydraulic function and architecture requires the sampling of multiple‐aged tissues because plants may vary considerably in their xylem structural and functional traits throughout the plant body, even over relatively short distances and closely aged tissues.     

Rapid hydraulic recovery in Eucalyptus pauciflora after drought: linkages between stem hydraulics and leaf gas exchange

In woody plants, photosynthetic capacity is closely linked to rates at which the plant hydraulic system can supply water to the leaf surface. Drought‐induced embolism can cause sharp declines in xylem hydraulic conductivity that coincide with stomatal closure and reduced photosynthesis. Recovery of photosynthetic capacity after drought is dependent on restored xylem function, although few data exist to elucidate this coordination. We examined the dynamics of leaf gas exchange and xylem function in Eucalyptus pauciflora seedlings exposed to a cycle of severe water stress and recovery after re‐watering. Stomatal closure and leaf turgor loss occurred at water potentials that delayed the extensive spread of embolism through the stem xylem. Stem hydraulic conductance recovered to control levels within 6 h after re‐watering despite a severe drought treatment, suggesting an active mechanism embolism repair. However, stomatal conductance did not recover after 10 d of re‐watering, effecting tighter control of transpiration post drought. The dynamics of recovery suggest that a combination of hydraulic and non‐hydraulic factors influenced stomatal behaviour post drought.