耐低磷水稻基因型筛选指标的研究

采用溶液培养试验,并结合大田试验,研究和探讨了耐低磷水稻基因型的筛选指标.结果表明,溶液培养试验中,在正常供磷和低磷胁迫条件下,在所有调查性状中水稻单株干重都具有较大的基因型间变异(CV分别为21.73%和19.54%).在所有调查性状的相对值中,相对单株干重(低磷胁迫/正常供磷)也具有较大的基因型间变异(CV为19.60%);相关分析表明,相对单株干重与相对根干重、相对株高、相对单株吸磷量、相对地上部磷积累、相对磷利用效率和相对植株磷浓度均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).因此,水稻相对单株干重可以作为苗期筛选水稻耐低磷基因型的一个筛选指标.溶液培养试验中水稻的相对单株干重和大田试验中水稻的相对稻谷产量(不施磷/施磷)没有显著相关性,因此溶液培养试验的相对单株干重不能作为评价大田试验中水稻耐低磷能力的指标.低磷营养液培养的水稻体内磷利用效率与缺磷土壤生长的水稻体内磷利用效率呈极显著正相关.因此,直接以低磷营养液培养水稻苗期体内磷利用效率作为筛选指标,然后进行大田试验验证,是一条筛选水稻磷高效利用基因型的有效途径.     

短链聚磷酸磷肥对土壤无机磷转化及铁锰锌有效性的影响

明确聚磷酸形态磷在土壤中的转化及其对土壤磷有效性的影响是聚磷酸类磷肥合理施用的前提.本研究通过盆栽试验比较了施用磷酸一铵和聚磷酸类磷肥对石灰性土壤和酸性红壤有效磷、无机磷转化和土壤微量元素活化的影响,同时研究了不同磷源在油菜上的施用效果.结果表明: 聚磷酸磷肥可显著提高石灰性土壤磷的有效性.与磷酸一铵(MAP)处理相比,聚磷酸处理的土壤水溶性磷和有效磷平均含量分别提高了19.0%和25.4%;对土壤无机磷连续浸提试验表明,Resin-P(树脂磷)和NaHCO₃-P(高活性磷)较MAP处理分别提高了22.8%和43.3%,NaOH-P(中活性磷)较MAP处理提高了33.8%,说明聚磷酸磷肥可显著减少石灰性土壤对磷的固定.在酸性红壤上,施用聚磷酸类磷肥对提高土壤磷的有效性及减少磷的固定效果不明显.聚磷酸磷肥可显著提高石灰性和酸性土壤Fe、Mn、Zn的有效性.与MAP处理相比,聚磷酸肥料处理下石灰性土壤有效Fe、Mn、Zn分别提高了2.1%、16.2%和20.8%,红壤的有效Fe、Mn、Zn含量分别高了6.6%、11.9%和9.2%.聚磷酸磷肥显著提高了石灰性土壤上油菜干物质、吸磷量和磷肥利用率,但在酸性红壤上聚磷酸磷肥处理肥料效应却低于MAP处理.总之,聚磷酸磷肥在提高石灰性土壤中磷的有效性、减少磷的固定、活化Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素以及改善油菜磷素营养方面均具有显著效果,是在石灰性土壤上能有效替代正磷酸磷肥的新型磷肥.     

云南水稻地方品种磷高效种质的筛选及生态分布规律研究

在土壤有效磷含量为0.02 mg/kg和80 mg/kg条件下,采用土壤盆栽法对云南5个稻作区的548份云南水稻地方品种核心种质进行磷高效种质的筛选和生态分布规律研究。通过考查18个相对表型性状,发现相对穗干重、相对总干重、相对地上干重对低磷反应较为敏感,可作为鉴定云南水稻地方品种核心种质磷高效材料的首选指标,并筛选出极强磷高效稻种(穗干重、总干重和地上干重的相对值均>90%的稻种)27份。平均值变量分析和差异显著性检验结果显示,滇西北高寒粳稻区和滇东北高原粳稻区稻种磷高效能力较强,南部边缘水陆稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区稻种磷高效能力强且呈现多样性分布,滇中一季籼粳稻区则相对较弱。     

应用AFLP与RFLP标记研究水稻磷吸收与利用率的数量性状位点

从耐低磷胁迫水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）品种“ＩＲ２０”与低磷敏感品质ＩＲ５５１７８－３Ｂ－９－３杂交发展的重组自交系群体中选择的８４个系在液体培养条件下,测定了相对生物量,植株相对磷含量及相对磷利用率;在酸性土壤盆栽条件下测定了相对分蘖力与相对地上部生物量。用选择的８４个系构建了包括２６个ＲＦＬＰ标记与１５３个ＡＦＬＰ标记的分子标记图谱用于基因定位分析。溶液培养条件下在第１２,６,７三     

酸性土壤上缺磷和铝毒对大豆生长的交互作用

以7个磷效率不同的大豆基因型为材料,通过土壤盆栽试验进行石灰和磷肥处理,研究酸性土壤上缺磷和铝毒对大豆生长的交互影响及其基因型差异.结果表明：缺磷和铝毒是酸性土壤上同时存在的影响大豆生长的主要障碍因子,其中铝毒对大豆生长的限制更为严重;缺磷和铝毒对酸性土壤上大豆生长的影响具有显著的交互作用.同时施用石灰（降低铝毒）和磷肥（提高磷有效性）比单施石灰或单施磷肥处理对大豆生长的促进效果更显著;缺磷和铝毒对大豆磷吸收的影响远大于对氮、钾吸收的影响.合理种植大豆对酸性土壤具有较好的改良作用.同时施用石灰［1.103 g Ca(OH)₂·kg^-1土］和磷肥（2.018 g KH₂PO₄·kg^-1土）可使酸性土壤pH值平均提高38.4%,交换性铝含量降低96.3%,有效磷含量提高3223.8％.种植磷高效大豆基因型比磷低效大豆基因型对酸性土壤的改良效果更好.     

水稻磷效率相关性状的遗传特性

利用数量遗传模型对P1、P2、F1、F2．3等4个世代的相对分蘖率、有效穗、生物产量及经济产量等性状进行了遗传分析。混合遗传模型分析表明：低磷胁迫条件下,相对分蘖率和相对有效穗两个指标适合两对主基因的加性．显性．上位性的模型,两对主基因之间存在着广泛的加性、显性和上位性效应,也存在多基因修饰;相对分蘖率和相对有效穗的最大效应主基因以加性效应为主,次大主基因以显性效应为主,而相对生物量与相对经济产量两个指标符合两对加性．显性．上位性主基因＋多基因的模型,主基因遗传力分别达到60．08％和37．70％,多基因遗传力分别达到32．15％和58．9％。表明相对分蘖率、有效穗和生物量的主基因遗传力均较高,可以作为水稻耐低磷遗传育种的指标。而相对经济产量的主基因遗传力相对较低,说明经济产量受气候等环境因素影响较大。     

长期不同施肥对石灰性土壤微生物磷及磷酸酶的影响

采用氯仿熏蒸提取法和磷酸苯二钠比色法分别测定了长期土壤培肥定位试验地所设置的不施肥、单施化肥、玉米秸秆 (低、中、高量 ) 化肥、厩肥 化肥以及休闲 (低量秸秆 化肥 )处理土壤微生物磷和磷酸酶活性。结果表明 ,各施肥处理均不同程度提高了土壤微生物磷 ;除休闲处理外 ,各施肥处理也不同程度提高了磷酸酶活性 ,这有利于为作物生长创造一种良好的土壤条件。石灰性土壤微生物磷与土壤全磷、速效磷之间存在明显的正相关 ,表明要改善石灰性土壤P利用率低的状况 ,提高土壤微生物磷不失为一条行之有效的生物学途径     

不同基因型苦荞幼苗对低磷胁迫的响应

采用沙培法,以4个不同耐低磷苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn)品种为材料,设正常磷处理(P1,2 mmol/L对照)、低磷胁迫(P2,1 mmol/L)和极低磷胁迫(P3,0.2 mmol/L) 3个处理,研究低磷胁迫对苦荞苗期农艺性状、生理生化指标以及植株磷利用的影响。结果显示:(1)低磷胁迫下,苦荞苗期株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、根系干重、根系平均直径、根系表面积、根系体积等指标均有所下降;主根伸长、根冠比有所升高,但不同品种的升降幅度有所不同。(2)低磷胁迫使苦荞叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力均有所下降,根系的SOD活性、POD活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,且表现为耐低磷苦荞品种的增幅大于不耐低磷苦荞。(3)低磷胁迫使苦荞植株全磷含量和单株磷积累量下降,却使磷利用效率升高。研究结果表明耐低磷品种通过主根伸长下扎以及分泌较多的酸性磷酸酶,合理吸收与利用土壤磷素,通过保持叶片较高的叶绿素含量维持较强的光合能力,通过保持较高的抗氧化酶活性降低膜脂过氧化伤害,最大程度的适应低磷环境。     

模拟酸雨对不同土壤有机碳和作物秸秆分解的影响

为研究酸雨对不同pH值水稻土中有机碳分解的影响,选择酸性（pH 5.48）、碱性（pH 8.18）和中性（pH 6.70）水稻土（分别设置施用秸秆0、15 g·kg^-1土处理）在20 ℃条件下进行40 d的培养试验,各土壤组分别用pH值为6.0、4.5、3.0的模拟雨水将土壤含水量调为400 g·kg^-1(以风干土计).结果表明：秸秆、酸雨和土壤共同对土壤系统CO₂释放产生影响,秸秆的添加可显著提高土壤CO₂释放速率.培养期间,酸雨未显著影响土壤有机碳分解,但对土壤中作物秸秆的分解影响显著. pH 3.0酸雨处理下酸性和碱性土壤中秸秆40 d总分解量比pH 6.0处理高8%;酸雨抑制了中性水稻土中秸秆的分解,pH 3.0酸雨处理下秸秆40 d总分解量比pH 6.0处理低15%.pH 3.0酸雨处理下,酸性水稻土有机碳分解速率分别比中性和碱性水稻土高43%和50%（P<0.05）,秸秆在中性水稻土中分解量分别比其在酸性和碱性水稻土中低17%和16%（P<0.05）.     

两个基因型水稻利用有机磷的差异及其与根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的关系

以低磷条件下根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性有显著差异的两个基因型水稻中部51和Azucena为材料,通过琼脂培养试验研究它们在无菌条件下利用植酸钠（IHP）的情况以及接种土壤微生物对水稻利用植酸钠能力的影响.结果表明：以植酸钠为磷源生长的中部51和Azucena的植株地上部干物质量、吸磷量和磷浓度均显著低于以无机磷为磷源生长的植株,植酸钠处理的水稻植株地上部吸磷量和磷浓度也均显著高于无磷处理植株,表明无菌培养条件下水稻能部分利用植酸钠.低磷条件下两个基因型水稻根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于正常供磷处理,且低磷条件下中部51根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性较高,这可能是无菌条件下中部51利用植酸钠的能力高于Azucena的机理之一.高水平植酸钠处理（0.96 mmol P·L^-1）下两个基因型水稻植株地上部干物质量、磷含量及磷浓度均显著高于低水平植酸钠处理（0.16 mmol P·L^-1）,表明底物有效性可能是影响水稻利用植酸钠能力的限制因素之一.在低水平和高水平植酸钠处理下,接种土壤微生物对两个基因型水稻植株的地上部干物质量、磷含量及磷浓度均没有显著影响,表明在本试验中接种土壤微生物并不能显著提高水稻利用植酸钠的能力.     

Genetic Analysis of Agricultural Traits in Rice Related to Phosphorus Efficiency

Relative tillering ability, available spike, biomass, and grain yield of P₁, P₂, F₁ and F_2,3 were used to study the genetic development of rice related to phosphorus efficiency with a quantitative genetic model. The results indicated that under a low-P condition, the relative tillering ability and the relative available spike were apt to the additivity-dominance-epistasis model with two couples of major genes, between which additive, dominant and epistatic effects existed, and with multi-gene modifications. Their maximum major gene effect mostly indicated additivity, but sub-maximum major gene effect mostly indicated dominance. Relative biomass and grain yield were apt to the additivity-dominance-epistasis and multi-genes model. The heritabilities of the major genes were 60.08% and 37.70%, and those of the multi-genes were 32.15% and 58.9%, respectively. This meant that the heritabilities of the relative tillering ability, the relative available spike, and the relative biomass were high, so they were ideal indexes for rice breeding tolerating to low-P stress; whereas, the heritability of the relative grain yield was low, which meant that the grain yield was easily affected by the environment.     

营养胁迫下东乡野生稻生物学特性鉴定初报

以东乡野生稻中东塘、东塘西侧2个居群和耐低磷品种大粒稻、低磷敏感品种新三百粒为材料,采用砂培法和土培法,鉴定营养胁迫下东乡野生稻的生物学特性。砂培试验表明,在低氮、低磷、低钾胁迫下,东塘、东塘西侧地上部干重、生物学产量降低;根冠比显著增大,其中低氮胁迫下表现尤为明显。土培试验表明,低氮胁迫下株高和分蘖动态变化与无肥基本一致;各胁迫下,大粒稻和新三百粒分蘖后期有分蘖数下降阶段,东塘和东塘西侧的分蘖数基本保持不变;低磷胁迫下,东塘叶重、根重、茎鞘重和东塘西侧剑叶长、叶重、茎重、总产量性状与全肥处理相比差异显著。其他性状与全肥处理无显著差异。低钾胁迫下,东塘除叶重、根重外其他11个性状与全肥处理无显著差异;东塘西侧除着粒密度、穗重外其他11个性状与全肥处理无显著差异。初步表明,东塘和东塘西侧2个居群无耐低氯特性,具有耐低磷、低钾特性,且不同居群时低磷、低钾的忍耐能力有一定差异。     

应用AFLP与RFLP标记研究水稻磷吸收与利用率的数量性状位点

To identify genetic factors underlying phosphorus (P) uptake and use efficiency under low-P stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.), 84 selected genotypes (recombinant inbred lines) and their parents (which differed in tolerance for low-P stress) “IR20” and IR55178-3B-9-3, were cultured in liquid medium supplemented with adequate and low P levels in a greenhouse. Plants were sampled after 6 weeks in culture for measurements of plant dry weight, P concentration, P uptake and P use efficiency under both P sufficient and stress conditions. A total of 179 molecular markers, including 26 RFLPs and 153 AFLPs, mapped on all 12 chromosomes of rice based on the 84 selected genotypes were used to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying tolerance for low-P stress. Three QTLs were detected on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12, respectively, for relative plant dry weight (RPDW) and relative P uptake (RPUP). One of the QTLs flanked by RG9 and RG241 on chromosome 12 had a major effect which explained about 50% of the variations in the two parameters across the population. The results coincided with the QTLs for low-P stress based on relative tillering ability from the same population from a cross between Nipponbare and Kasalath under soil condition. The identical major QTL for P uptake and plant growth under low-P stress in both liquid medium and soil strongly suggests that the ability of P uptake mainly controls rice tolerance for low-P stress.     

水肥条件对新老两个春小麦品种竞争能力和产量关系的影响

采用de Wit替代系列实验研究了传统地方品种和尚头和现代品种定西-24在土壤水肥梯度下混播时的竞争结局以及竞争能力和单播产量之间的关系。在各个水肥处理条件下,混播时,虽然和尚头对定西-24的影响效应有所减弱,但是,和尚头对定西-24的竞争结局并没有发生改变:和尚头最终完全排除定西-24,成为竞争中的优胜者。在低水无肥和高水高肥条件下,定西-24的单播产量显著高于和尚头的单播产量,二者的竞争能力与其单播产量之间呈负相关;在低水低肥条件下,和尚头的单播产量与定西-24的单播产量几乎相等,二者的竞争能力与其单播产量之间没有特定的关系;在中水中肥条件下,和尚头的单播产量高于定西-24的单播产量,二者的竞争能力与其单播产量之间呈正相关,据此可以认为和尚头和定西-24混播时的竞争能力与其单播产量之间没有特定的关系。在低水无肥和高水高肥条件下,定西-24的单播地上生物量显著高于和尚头的单播地上生物量。在水分严重亏缺的条件下,和尚头的水分利用效率显著低于定西-24的水分利用效率;随着水分供给的改变,和尚头的水分利用效率得到了显著提高,然而当水分不再成为和尚头生长限制因子时,其水分利用效率降低,结果表明一定程度水分利用效率的提高有利于春小麦适应半干旱区的水分环境。     

水浮莲对水稻竞争效应、产量与土壤养分的影响

为了解入侵植物水浮莲在稻田生产中的扩散规律和对水稻农业性状的影响,通过田间水稻田实验,按照de Wit 取代试验方法和添加系列设计方法研究水浮莲与水稻(云稻2 号)混种对植株形态和生物量影响、种间竞争效应、水稻产量以及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明,混种条件下水浮莲母株株高、分蘖数、生物量和开花株数均受到水稻的明显抑制,受到的抑制率显著高于其对水稻的抑制率。水浮莲的种间竞争大于种内竞争(RY 小于1.0)而水稻的种内竞争大于种间竞争(RY 大于1.0),水浮莲混种比例大于和等于1:1 时(RYT大于1.0)与水稻不存在竞争作用,而小于1:1时(RYT 小于1.0)其存在着竞争作用,水浮莲对水稻的竞争力(CB 小于0)小于水稻。混种条件下水稻有效穗数和产量有明显提高,增产比例为3.54%-13.38%。生长过程中水浮莲对土壤钾、磷元素消耗大于水稻,而有机质和氮元素消耗小于水稻;混种条件下水稻明显降低水浮莲对土壤养分消耗,且二者在土壤养分上没有竞争关系。所有这些表明,入侵稻田的水浮莲与水稻生长过程中其形态、生物量等方面都处于劣势,而且一定的水浮莲密度有利于抑制水浮莲对土壤养分的消耗和促进水稻生长繁殖及其产量的提高,因此为满足饲料利用和环境净化,建议在正常耕作稻田中可对水浮莲进行适当的应用。     

Soil Texture and Cultivar Effects on Rice (Oryza sativa,L.) Grain Yield,Yield Components and Water Productivity in Three Water Regimes

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of water regime/soil condition (continuous flooding, saturated, and aerobic), cultivar (‘Cocodrie’ and ‘Rondo’), and soil texture (clay and sandy loam) on rice grain yield, yield components and water productivity using a greenhouse trial. Rice grain yield was significantly affected by soil texture and the interaction between water regime and cultivar. Significantly higher yield was obtained in continuous flooding than in aerobic and saturated soil conditions but the latter treatments were comparable to each other. For Rondo, its grain yield has decreased with soil water regimes in the order of continuous flooding, saturated and aerobic treatments. The rice grain yield in clay soil was 46% higher than in sandy loam soil averaged across cultivar and water regime. Compared to aerobic condition, saturated and continuous flooding treatments had greater panicle numbers. In addition, panicle number in clay soil was 25% higher than in sandy loam soil. The spikelet number of Cocodrie was 29% greater than that of Rondo, indicating that rice cultivar had greater effect on spikelet number than soil type and water management. Water productivity was significantly affected by the interaction of water regime and cultivar. Compared to sandy loam soil, clay soil was 25% higher in water productivity. Our results indicated that cultivar selection and soil texture are important factors in deciding what water management option to practice.     

Salinity–sodicity induced changes in reproductive physiology of rice (Oryza sativa) under dense soil conditions

Seed set in rice under salinity stress is a major problem caused by a number of factors. The most important factor which is not explored yet in rice under field conditions is stigma receptivity and grain filling against salinity–sodicity stress. We conducted experiments to study the effect of salinity–sodicity on stigma receptivity and grain filling of rice (of different tolerance limits against salinity alone) under field conditions along with other parameters at reproductive phase. Our results showed that viability of pollens was reduced in all the cultivars under salinity–sodicity stress showing significant effect in the salt sensitive Basmati cultivars. The starch synthase activity (∝1-4 glucan-glucosyle transferases, EC 2.4.1.21) was inhibited more significantly in sensitive than in tolerant cultivars. In tolerant rice cultivars the degree of inhibition on all the parameters studied was less, thus showing better grain yield compared to sensitive cultivars. Results regarding stigma receptivity revealed that salinity–sodicity reduced F1 seed set when pollinator plants were grown under dense saline-sodic soil and pistillate plants under control soil. More deleterious effects were observed when both the pollinator and pistillate plants were grown under dense saline-sodic soil conditions. This reduction was highly significant in fine Basmati cultivars due to significant effect on stigma receptivity and starch synthase activity. The data suggest that stigma receptivity is more detrimental for seed set compared to pollen viability and other physiological parameters under dense saline-sodic conditions. In this study KS-282 proved to be the best cultivar for dense saline-sodic soil showing non-significant effect of salinity–sodicity induced changes in all physiological and biochemical functions, pollen viability, stigma receptivity coupled with higher activity of starch synthase towards grain filling and seed set, resulting in higher grain yield compared to all the test cultivars.     

土壤水分对两个冬小麦品种产量和竞争能力的影响

研究了黄土塬区两个旱作冬小麦品种(长武135和平凉40,前者是后者的换代品种)在不同土壤水分条件下竞争能力和产量形成的关系。研究设2种土壤水分条件(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的75%～80%和40%～45%),采用生态替代法设计了同一播种密度的6个播种比例组合的盆栽试验。低水分单播条件下,长武135具有较高的产量(长武135为27.59g/pot,平凉40为24.91g/pot),而混播条件下平凉40在产量和相对产量上较长武135品种具有明显的竞争优势。高水分条件下,平凉40产量随播种比例的减小下降较快(长武135产量曲线斜率35.468,平凉40为36.237)。平凉40低水分单播时花后干物质积累量较少(长武135为0.67g/pot,平凉40为0.55g/pot),而混播时较多(长武135各比例均值0.58g/pot,平凉40为0.71g/pot),导致了平凉40品种单播时产量较低和混播时产量较高。平凉40地下生物量显著大于长武135(高水分条件下,长武135为10.03g/pot、平凉40为11.51g/pot;低水分条件下二者分别为8.41g/pot和10.69g/pot),且耗水量大(高水分条件下平凉40多耗水2.72kg/pot,低水分条件下多耗0.98kg/pot),而耗水量/地下生物量的比值平凉40低于长武135,从而平凉40品种单位根量消耗的水分低于长武135。总之,在两个生长属性接近的冬小麦品种中,老品种以较大的根系生物量赢得了较高的竞争能力,消耗了较多的水分,而新品种虽然根系生物量较低,耗水量较少,但籽粒产量却较高。亦即,小麦新品种籽粒产量的提高是与根系的减少和对水资源竞争能力的下降相伴随的。