桢楠幼苗适应喀斯特岩溶裂隙生境及降雨时间格局变化的方式

喀斯特生态系统是全球陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，生态环境极为脆弱。由于碳酸盐岩长期强烈的化学溶蚀作用，其基本特征体现为地表土壤和地下岩溶裂隙及洞穴的二元结构。近年来，在全球气候变化下，我国西南地区降雨格局呈现降雨频次减少且单次降雨量增加的趋势。因此，岩溶裂隙和区域降雨时间格局改变将对喀斯特地区的植物生长产生重要影响。通过模拟不同岩溶裂隙生境(S₀:24 cm土壤；S_1/2:12 cm土壤层+12 cm裂隙层；S_3/4:6 cm土壤层+18 cm裂隙层)和不同降雨时间格局(I_2d:2 d降雨间隔；I_19d:19 d降雨间隔),探究二年生桢楠(Phoebe zhennan S. Lee)幼苗是否通过生物量分配及根系分布的调整来适应变化环境。结果显示：(1)短时间降雨格局下，相比全土生境，少量岩溶裂隙存在并不影响桢楠幼苗生物量的积累，然而随着岩溶裂隙层进一步增厚和降雨时间间隔延长，桢楠降低了总生物量，减少了茎且增大了根和叶的生物量分配。(2)桢楠幼苗的根系垂直分布随着深度增加而下降，...     

地衣芽孢杆菌产生碱性蛋白酶的动力学研究

应用自动控制发酵设备,首先进行分批发酵试验摸索了地衣芽孢杆菌2709生长与代谢的基本规律。然后采用补料分批发酵方法限制生长基质浓度,测定了一系列(S_I,μ_I)、(μ_j,q_pj)数据,获得K_S、μ_max、α、β等参数的值,并且推导出了细胞生长与产物合成的动力学公式,从而证明了用Monod方程描述地衣芽孢杆菌2709生长速率与基质浓度关系的合理性和合成碱性蛋白酶的发酵属于生长部分关联型。     

幼龄胡杨气孔行为对土壤质地和地下水埋深变化的响应

气孔调节是植物适应水分条件变化的关键途径,研究多变生境中植物气孔行为对认识植物的适应具有重要意义。洪水漫溢新形成的河漫滩是胡杨更新的自然生境,其土壤质地和地下水埋深具高度时空异质性。已有研究主要集中于胡杨对地下水埋深变化的生理生态响应,而对土壤质地与地下水变化交互作用影响植物水分关系的认识不足。通过设置土壤质地(砂土(S₁)、砂壤土(S₂)、黏壤土(S₃)与地下水埋深(W₁(30 cm)、W₂(60 cm)、W₃(90 cm))交互试验模拟幼龄胡杨自然生境,观测分析了不同条件下胡杨气孔导度(G_s)、气孔导度斜率(g₁)、光合的气孔限制(L_s)的变化。研究结果表明:(1) 胡杨气孔行为对地下水变化的响应受土壤质地影响;(2) 相同地下水埋深时不同土质间G_s具显著差异,W₁时S₂与S₃的G_s显著高于S₁;W₂时S₁与S₂明显低于S₃;W₃时S₃最大,S₂次之,S₁最小;(3) 相同地下水埋深处理下,g₁在S₁最大,S₃次之,S₂最小;(4) 相同地下水埋深处理下,W₁时S₂与S₃的L_s显著高于S₁,W₂与W₃时L_s在S₂最大,S₃次之,S₁最小。综上所述,幼龄胡杨气孔行为对地下水埋深变化的响应因土壤质地而异,这可能归因于土壤质地影响根系结构和土壤水的垂直分布,对胡杨早期植物水分关系具有重要影响。     

桂林喀斯特石山50种常见植物叶片光合特性

选取桂林喀斯特石山生境中常见的50种植物为研究对象,分别测定叶片单位面积最大净光合速率（A_area）、单位质量最大净光合速率（A_mass）、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用效率（WUE）、胞间/环境CO₂浓度比值（Ci/Ca）和蒸腾速率（Tr）等光合特性指标,探讨不同物种光合特性的差异以及光合特性之间的内在联系,以此探究不同植物适应喀斯特石山生境所表现出的光合生理特性。结果表明,50种植物叶片A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr的平均值分别为8.35 μmol m^-2 s^-1,110.98 nmol g^-1 s^-1,0.10 mol m^-2 s^-1,94.84 μmol/mol,0.57和2.37 mmol m^-2 s^-1;方差分析表明,不同物种之间在A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr之间存在显著差异。Pearson相关性分析表明,表征50种常见植物叶片光合特性的6个指标相关性除Ci/Ca与A_area和A_mass,WUE与A_mass不一致外,其他指标两两之间相关性均表现为一致性,其中Gs与Ci/Ca呈极显著的正相关。主成分分析表明,在6个光合特性指标中,Gs和Ci/Ca可作为反映喀斯特石山植物适应生境的重要光合指标,主要表征对水分条件的敏感程度以及耐旱性强弱,同时反映了植物叶片光合速率大小,用于衡量植物对喀斯特生境的生理生态适应性。基于Gs和Ci/Ca进行聚类分析表明,50种植物划分为3类：即中等Gs较高Ci/Ca型,较低Gs较高Ci/Ca型和较低Gs,Ci/Ca型。本研究表明,喀斯特生境植物在生理生态方面所表现出的适应策略主要为对资源利用方式及抵御外界不利环境的适应策略,这为后续选择物种加速植被恢复演替进程提供了参考。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘、油松和刺槐光合生理特性及其环境适应性

植物光合生理特性在一定程度上能够体现其对生境的响应情况。通过测定黄土丘陵区安塞国家生态试验站人工纯林和混交林沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）、油松（Pinus tabuliformis）和刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）在不同水分条件下的光响应曲线,采用5种光响应模型进行拟合分析,以比较3个树种在不同水分条件下适宜的光响应模型及光合生理参数差异,探讨该地区主要造林树种的光合生理生态适应性。结果表明：（1）湿润时期（9月）纯林和混交林中3个树种叶片净光合速率（P_n）均显著高于干旱时期（7月）（P < 0.05）,且7月,纯林沙棘、纯林刺槐和混交林刺槐出现光饱和、光抑制现象。（2）5种模型对各树种叶片光响应过程拟合效果的优劣顺序为：直角双曲线修正模型（MRH）、指数修正模型（MEM）、非直角双曲线模型（NRH）、指数模型（EM）、直角双曲线模型（RH）。（3）与9月相比,7月各树种叶片光合生理参数值（表观量子效率[φ]、光补偿点[LCP]、光饱和点[LSP]、暗呼吸速率[R_d]、最大净光合速率[P_nmax]）相对较低,表明在干旱时期,各树种光能利用减弱,光合能力也受到限制。（4）与纯林相比,混交林沙棘光合生理参数值整体呈上升趋势,表明混交造林有助于提高其光合潜力、对弱光的利用能力及光照生态幅宽度;油松整体呈下降趋势,表明混交种植可能会降低其光合作用能力;刺槐变化无明显规律,其叶片φ和P_nmax值下降,R_d增加,光照生态幅最宽,表明混交种植可能会增强其对强光的适应性,但会降低其对弱光的利用能力及光合潜力。     

岷江上游干旱河谷岷江柏的光合与水分生理特征干湿季对比研究

岷江柏（Cupressus chengiana）是干旱河谷地区的重要生态恢复物种,为探讨岷江柏对干旱河谷环境的适应策略,以生长于岷江上游干旱河谷自然生境中的岷江柏为研究对象,研究分析了其在湿季（7月）和干季（11月）的水分生理特征和光合生理特征。结果表明：（1）水分生理方面,相较于湿季,干季岷江柏的脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖（SS）、过氧化物酶（POD）显著增加（P<0.05）,比叶重（LMA）、黎明水势（Ψ_pl）、正午水势（Ψ_ml）则显著下降（P<0.05）;（2）光合生理方面,相较于湿季,岷江柏在干季的气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、饱和光下最大净光合速率（P_nmax）、初始羧化效率（CE）、光合能力（A_max）、CO₂补偿点（Γ）、光呼吸速率（R_p）、最大羧化速率（V_cmax）、最大电子传递速率（J_max）、磷酸丙糖利用率（TPU）、J_max/V_cmax、光能捕获效率（F_v''/F_m''）、PSII实际光化学效率（Ф_PSII）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、电子传递效率（ETR）均显著下降（P<0.05）,而暗呼吸速率（R_d）、水分利用效率（WUE）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）则显著上升（P<0.05）。干季,岷江柏采取增加水分获取能力并降低水分散失的水分利用策略、增加光合产物消耗策略、增加热耗散的光合器官保护策略等,以适应干季干旱、低温等环境胁迫,进而表现出较强的环境适应性。     

碳酸氢盐处理下桑树和构树的生长、光合和抗逆性差异

为探究喀斯特生境中,在碳酸氢盐的胁迫下HCO^-₃对植株生长及生理特性的影响,该文以构树和桑树幼苗为研究对象,对不同浓度NaHCO₃溶液(0、15、30 mmol·L^-1)处理下植株的生长情况、光合能力、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量和细胞膜系统损伤情况进行研究。结果表明:(1)在HCO^-₃处理下,构树和桑树的生长和光合能力均受到抑制,叶片细胞内均发生显著的抗氧化和抗渗透胁迫生理响应。(2)HCO^-₃对构树和桑树生长的抑制作用与其浓度有关,并有显著差异性(P<0.05)。(3)30 mmol·L^-1 HCO^-₃处理对植株生长、光合、抗氧化酶系统和渗透调节系统的抑制作用以及植物细胞的损伤情况要显著强于15 mmol·L^-1 HCO^-₃处理的效果。(4)同等浓度的HCO^-₃处理下,构树的生长、光合能力、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量显著高于桑树,其叶片细胞损伤情况显著低于桑树。综上结果均表明,构树对碳酸氢盐胁迫的耐受能力要优于桑树。该研究为阐明桑科植物对喀斯特环境适应机制提供科学支撑。     

典型喀斯特河流汛期溶解性有机质空间变化及其光学参数的耦合关系

内陆水体溶解性有机质（DOM）在全球及区域碳循环中扮演至关重要的作用。然而,具有特殊生物地球化学过程的喀斯特河流DOM成分和来源空间格局却鲜有报道。以我国典型喀斯特河流-芙蓉江为对象,探索了光学参数（SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₈₀、E2：E3、S_290-350、BIX、FI、Frl和HIX）的空间变化及其相互耦合关系,并利用三维荧光矩阵平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）解析了该河流DOM主要构成,同时分析了各光学参数之间的相关性。结果显示,芙蓉江标准化吸光系数（SUVA₂₅₄和SUVA₂₈₀）较低而E2：E3和S_290-350值较高,说明汛期DOM同时受生物和水文过程影响。EEM-PARAFAC表明该喀斯特河流DOM包括3项主要成分,即C1（陆源腐殖质）、C2（色氨酸）和C3（络氨酸）。河流BIX和FI分别在（0.77-1.11）和（2.14-2.39）范围,表明生物内源是DOM的主要来源。Frl值（0.75-0.94）显示河流水体以新生DOM主导,而HIX值（0.14-0.79）阐明其腐殖化程度较低。光学参数之间存在显著的相关关系,揭示了河流DOM成分、分子大小和来源具有一致的生态水文学意义。     

滇中高原云南松林枯落物输入对土壤碳氮储量及其分布格局的影响

为了更好地理解土壤碳氮对枯落物输入变化的响应,通过枯落物添加与去除实验（DIRT）对滇中高原云南松林枯落物输入变化对土壤碳氮储量及其分布格局的影响进行了研究。2018年3月至2019年2月分别设置6种枯落物输处理,分别为对照（CO）、去除枯落物（NL）、双倍枯落物（DL）、去除根系（NR）、无输入（NI）以及去除有机层与A层（O/A-Less）,研究了不同处理条件下土壤剖面上碳氮储量的分布规律。研究结果表明：（1）不同处理全碳储量为134.49-170.92 t/hm²,全碳储量在不同处理间表现为：S_C（NL）=170.92 t/hm² > S_C（CO）=168.10 t/hm² > S_C（NR）=153.26 t/hm² > S_C（NI）=147.20 t/hm² > S_{C（O/A-Less）}=143.54 t/hm² > S_C（DL）=134.49 t/hm²,不同处理0-20 cm土层全碳储量占0-60 cm土层全碳储量的40.86%-53.56%;不同处理全氮储量表现为：S_N（CO）=11.83 t/hm² > S_N（NL）=9.70 t/hm² > S_N（DL）=8.70 t/hm² > S_N（NR）=8.35 t/hm² > S_{N（O/A-Less）}=8.21 t/hm² > S_N（NI）=8.09 t/hm²。不同处理0-20 cm土层的全氮储量占0-60 cm土层全氮储量的39.28%-46.04%。云南松林地枯落物添加去除实验发现去除枯落物短期内可以增加土壤碳储量,其他处理均在一定程度上减少了土壤碳氮储量。（2）地上枯落物输入对表层（0-20 cm）土壤碳氮影响显著,根系输入对深层（20-40 cm）土壤碳氮影响显著;（3）土壤C、N存在耦合关系,不同处理土壤全碳含量与全氮含量极显著正相关,并且土壤全碳含量与土壤各化学计量比均呈极显著正相关关系;土壤容重与土壤碳氮含量具有极显著负相关关系。     

热带假丝酵母细胞内pH的测定及其与生长代谢活性的关系

应用荧光探针5(6)-双醋酸羧基荧光素 (Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) 测定了产长链二元酸热带假丝酵母 (Candida tropicalis) 细胞内pH (pHi) 值,确定了该探针载入C. tropicalis细胞的适宜条件。用摇瓶培养C. tropicalis细胞,考察了细胞外pH和生长碳源对pH_I的影响,实验结果表明：细胞外pH对pH_I略有影响,而生长碳源对pH_I的影响略为明显。利用5L发酵罐进一步研究了细胞生长代谢活性与pHi的关系,结果表明：细胞比生长速率、CO₂比生产速率和葡萄糖比消耗速率与pHi变化密切相关,pH_I的增加伴随着细胞生长活力的增加,反之亦然。在pH6.0条件下用葡萄糖和醋酸钠共作碳源培养C. tropicalis细胞时,测得的pH_I值维持在5.72～6.15范围内。     

不同水分处理下喀斯特土层厚度异质性对两种草本叶片解剖结构和光合特性的影响

为了探究不同水分处理下草本植物对喀斯特土层厚度变化的叶片形态建成和光合生理响应,以黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)为研究对象,通过盆栽水分受控试验,研究了3种水分处理[正常供水(W_(ck)),减水1组(D1)和减水2组(D2)]下3种土层厚度[浅土组(S_S)、对照组(S_(CK))和深土组(S_D)]对两种草本叶片解剖结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)正常供水下(W_(ck)),黑麦草和苇状羊茅在浅土组(S_S)的气孔密度和气孔限制值(Ls)均显著高于对照组(S_(CK)),净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低;在深土组(S_D),两种植物的气孔密度都有所下降,黑麦草的叶脉密度、Pn和Tr均低于对照组,而苇状羊茅的叶脉密度和Pn表现出增加;(2)D1水分条件下,黑麦草在浅土组的气孔密度较对照组增加,叶脉密度、Pn和Tr均降低,而苇状羊茅的气孔密度有所降低,叶脉密度、Pn和Tr未受到显著影响;在深土组中,黑麦草的气孔密度不变,叶脉密度增加,而Pn和Tr均降低;苇状羊茅的气孔密度降低,但叶脉密度、Pn和Tr均升高;(3)D2水分条件下,两种植物在浅土组的叶脉密度较对照组均增加,气孔密度、Pn和Tr均受到抑制;在深土组,黑麦草的远轴面气孔密度较对照组下降,两种植物的其他指标未受到明显影响。可见,在不同水分条件下,植物的叶片解剖结构和光合特性对不同土层厚度的响应不一,且不同物种间也有差异。总体上随着水分减少,土层厚度降低对植物的光合抑制作用增强,而厚度增加对深根植物的光合促进作用和对浅根植物的光合抑制作用先增强后减弱。植物气孔和叶脉性状特征随水分条件的变化在一定程度上与叶面积和叶片宽度的变化有关。     

不同种植方式下两种草本营养元素对土壤厚度和水分减少的响应

为了探究不同种植方式下草本植物对喀斯特"土层浅薄"和"岩溶干旱"生境的养分调节响应,选择苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为研究材料,在盆栽水分控制条件下设置了2种土壤厚度[对照土壤厚度(T_(CK))和浅土(T_S)]、2种水分处理[对照水分(W_(CK))和干旱(W_D)]和2种种植方式(单种和混种),研究土壤厚度和水分减少对混种下两种草本植物元素含量、积累和分配的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照组(CK:T_(CK)W_(CK))相比,在浅土组(S:T_SW_(CK))、干旱组(D:T_(CK)W_D)和浅土+干旱组(SD:T_SW_D),苇状羊茅和黑麦草的地上和根系C和N含量在单种和混种下(浅土除外)显著增加,P含量和各部分元素积累量显著降低;而苇状羊茅的根系各元素分配比在3种低资源水平下(S、D、SD)由单种时增加转为混种时降低,而黑麦草的根系营养元素分配比在浅土中增加,但在干旱处理下减少。(2)在对照资源水平下(CK),混种后苇状羊茅的地上部分C含量、根系P含量、地上、地下和总的元素积累量和根系元素分配比显著高于单种,而在3种低资源水平下达到各参数在单种和混种下无显著差异。(3)在各资源水平下,混种后黑麦草各部分C、N、P的含量、积累量和根系元素分配比大体上与单种无显著差异。结果表明,在低资源水平下,苇状羊茅和黑麦草通过增加C和N元素含量表现出较强的资源获取和防御能力。在混种条件下,苇状羊茅能够通过调节自身元素的积累和分配来提高竞争力,而黑麦草保持相对恒定的策略来响应竞争。     

基于MaxEnt模型的贵州省楠木潜在适生区预测

为揭示楠木(Phoebe zhennan)在贵州省潜在分布特征及其对环境因子的响应模式，该研究基于楠木在贵州省的地理分布点，运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)与地理信息系统(ArcGIS)方法，结合气候、土壤及地形等30个环境因子，预测楠木在贵州省的潜在适生区，并分析了影响楠木生长的主要环境因子。结果表明：(1) MaxEnt模型AUC平均值为0.843,对贵州省楠木地理分布预测结果良好；楠木潜在适生区呈现以贵州省东北为重点区，从北到南、由东向西适生等级依次降低的趋势，高适生区主要在黔东北铜仁市、黔北遵义市中东部。(2)楠木在贵州省的潜在分布面积为80 013.47 km²,占全省总面积的45.4%,其中高适生区面积占全省总面积的17.4%。(3)等温性(Bio3)、最暖季度降水量(Bio18)、最湿月降水量(Bio13)、最干月降水量(Bio14)、最冷月最低温(Bio6)和温度季节性变动系数(Bio4)等是影响楠木在贵州省潜在分布的重要环境因子。该研究结果为贵州省楠木资源保护区划、种苗扩繁、造林推广与开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Effect of soil water stress on soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in an 18-year-old temperate Douglas-fir stand

We analyzed 17 months (August 2005 to December 2006) of continuous measurements of soil CO₂ efflux or soil respiration (R_S) in an 18‐year‐old west‐coast temperate Douglas‐fir stand that experienced somewhat greater than normal summertime water deficit. For soil water content at the 4 cm depth (θ) > 0.11 m³ m^?3 (corresponding to a soil water matric potential of ?2 MPa), R_S was positively correlated to soil temperature at the 2 cm depth (T_S). Below this value of θ, however, R_S was largely decoupled from T_S, and evapotranspiration, ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity (GPP) began to decrease, dropping to about half of their maximum values when θ reached 0.07 m³ m^?3. Soil water deficit substantially reduced R_S sensitivity to temperature resulting in a Q₁₀ significantly < 2. The absolute temperature sensitivity of R_S (i.e. dR_S/dT_S) increased with θ up to 0.15 m³ m^?3, above which it slowly declined. The value of dR_S/dT_S was nearly 0 for θ < 0.08 m³ m^?3, thereby confirming that R_S was largely unaffected by temperature under soil water stress conditions. Despite the possible effects of seasonality of photosynthesis, root activity and litterfall on R_S, the observed decrease in its temperature sensitivity at low θ was consistent with the reduction in substrate availability due to a decrease in (a) microbial mobility, and diffusion of substrates and extracellular enzymes, and (b) the fraction of substrate that can react at high T_S, which is associated with low θ. We found that an exponential (van't Hoff type) model with Q₁₀ and R₁₀ dependent on only θ explained 92% of the variance in half‐hourly values of R_S, including the period with soil water stress conditions. We hypothesize that relating Q₁₀ and R₁₀ to θ not only accounted for the effects of T_S on R_S and its temperature sensitivity but also accounted for the seasonality of biotic (photosynthesis, root activity, and litterfall) and abiotic (soil moisture and temperature) controls and their interactions.     

Changes in grassland ecosystem function due to extreme rainfall events: implications for responses to climate change

Climate change is causing measurable changes in rainfall patterns, and will likely cause increases in extreme rainfall events, with uncertain implications for key processes in ecosystem function and carbon cycling. We examined how variation in rainfall total quantity (Q), the interval between rainfall events (I), and individual event size (S_E) affected soil water content (SWC) and three aspects of ecosystem function: leaf photosynthetic carbon gain (), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), and soil respiration (). We utilized rainout shelter‐covered mesocosms (2.6 m³) containing assemblages of tallgrass prairie grasses and forbs. These were hand watered with 16 I×Q treatment combinations, using event sizes from 4 to 53 mm. Increasing Q by 250% (400–1000 mm yr^?1) increased mean soil moisture and all three processes as expected, but only by 20–55% (P≤0.004), suggesting diminishing returns in ecosystem function as Q increased. Increasing I (from 3 to 15 days between rainfall inputs) caused both positive () and negative () changes in ecosystem processes (20–70%, P≤0.01), within and across levels of Q, indicating that I strongly influenced the effects of Q, and shifted the system towards increased net carbon uptake. Variation in S_E at shorter I produced greater response in soil moisture and ecosystem processes than did variation in S_E at longer I, suggesting greater stability in ecosystem function at longer I and a priming effect at shorter I. Significant differences in ANPP and between treatments differing in I and Q but sharing the same S_E showed that the prevailing pattern of rainfall influenced the responses to a given event size. Grassland ecosystem responses to extreme rainfall patterns expected with climate change are, therefore, likely to be variable, depending on how I, Q, and S_E combine, but will likely result in changes in ecosystem carbon cycling.     

施肥对桢楠幼苗光合生理及生长特性的影响

以1年生桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,选用氮肥(NF)、复合肥(CF)、有机肥(OF)和混合肥(MF)4种肥料,依据年施氮量为标准设置低(L,0.3g/桶)、中(M,0.6g/桶)、高(H,0.9g/桶)3个施肥水平,于5、7、9月分3次将各肥料平均施入各栽植桶中,考察施肥1个月后桢楠幼苗的形态和光合生理指标,探讨施肥对桢楠幼苗光合生理及生长特性的影响。结果显示:(1)3个施肥水平中,中氮水平(M)对桢楠幼苗的生长促进效应最大;各种肥料中又以CF肥效最差,NF的肥效仅在初期(5～6月)比较明显,施MF的后期(9～10月)养分供应相对不足,而OF能持续地为植株提供养分。(2)施肥可以促进桢楠幼苗叶片叶绿素合成,延长绿叶功能期,并增大净光合速率,其中OF和MF的效果更明显,且有效地提高了幼苗在强光照、高浓度CO2环境下的光合能力。(3)除CF以外,施其他3种肥料均能不同程度地增加桢楠幼苗苗高及地径生长量,且以中氮水平的有机肥(MOF)促进效应最大,其生长量可以达到对照(CK,不施肥)的2倍。综上可知,中氮量有机肥是桢楠幼苗的最佳肥料施用方式。     

BSD2 is a Rubisco‐specific assembly chaperone,forms intermediary hetero‐oligomeric complexes,and is nonlimiting to growth in tobacco

The folding and assembly of Rubisco large and small subunits into L₈S₈ holoenzyme in chloroplasts involves many auxiliary factors, including the chaperone BSD2. Here we identify apparent intermediary Rubisco‐BSD2 assembly complexes in the model C₃ plant tobacco. We show BSD2 and Rubisco content decrease in tandem with leaf age with approximately half of the BSD2 in young leaves (~70 nmol BSD2 protomer.m²) stably integrated in putative intermediary Rubisco complexes that account for <0.2% of the L₈S₈ pool. RNAi‐silencing BSD2 production in transplastomic tobacco producing bacterial L₂ Rubisco had no effect on leaf photosynthesis, cell ultrastructure, or plant growth. Genetic crossing the same RNAi‐bsd2 alleles into wild‐type tobacco however impaired L₈S₈ Rubisco production and plant growth, indicating the only critical function of BSD2 is in Rubisco biogenesis. Agrobacterium mediated transient expression of tobacco, Arabidopsis, or maize BSD2 reinstated Rubisco biogenesis in BSD2‐silenced tobacco. Overexpressing BSD2 in tobacco chloroplasts however did not alter Rubisco content, activation status, leaf photosynthesis rate, or plant growth in the field or in the glasshouse at 20°C or 35°C. Our findings indicate BSD2 functions exclusively in Rubisco biogenesis, can efficiently facilitate heterologous plant Rubisco assembly, and is produced in amounts nonlimiting to tobacco growth.     

Effects of organic carbon sources on growth, photosynthesis, and respiration of Phaeodactylum tricornutum

The growth, photosynthesis, and respiration of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum were examined under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. 100 mM glycerol, acetate, and glucose significantly increased specific growth rate, and mixotrophic growth achieved higher biomass concentrations. Under mixotrophic conditions, respiration rate (R _d) and light compensation irradiance (I _c) were significantly higher, but net maximum photosynthetic O₂ evolution rate (P _m) and saturation irradiance (I _k) were depressed. Organic carbon sources decreased the cell photosynthetic pigment content and chlorophyll a to c ratio, but with a higher carotenoid to chlorophyll a ratio. Ratios of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F _v/F _m) and 77 K fluorescence spectra of mixotrophic cells indicated a reduced photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The results were accompanied by lower electron transport rate. Therefore, organic carbon sources reduced the photosynthesis efficiency, and the enhancement of biomass of P. tricornutum implied that organic carbon sources had more pronounced effects on respiration than on photosynthesis.     

The effect of lichen‐dominated biological soil crusts on growth and physiological characteristics of three plant species in a temperate desert of northwest China

Biocrusts (biological soil crusts) cover open spaces between vascular plants in most arid and semi‐arid areas. Information on effects of biocrusts on seedling growth is controversial, and there is little information on their effects on plant growth and physiology. We examined impacts of biocrusts on growth and physiological characteristics of three habitat‐typical plants, Erodium oxyrhynchum, Alyssum linifolium and Hyalea pulchella, growing in the Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China. The influence of biocrusts on plant biomass, leaf area, leaf relative water content, photosynthesis, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m), chlorophyll, osmotic solutes (soluble sugars, protein, proline) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) was investigated on sites with or without biocrust cover. Biomass, leaf area, leaf water content, photosynthesis, F_v/F_m and chlorophyll content in crusted soils were higher than in uncrusted soils during early growth and lower later in the growth period. Soluble sugars, proline and antioxidant enzyme activity were always higher in crusted than in uncrusted soils, while soluble protein content was always lower. These findings indicate that biocrusts have different effects on these three ephemeral species during growth in this desert, primarily via effects on soil moisture, and possibly on soil nutrients. The influence of biocrusts changes during plant development: in early plant growth, biocrusts had either positive or no effect on growth and physiological parameters. However, biocrusts tended to negatively influence plants during later growth. Our results provide insights to explain why previous studies have found different effects of biocrusts on vascular plant growth.