福建中中新世紫萁属(紫萁科)的一个新种（英文）

丰富的化石记录显示中生代和新生代紫萁属在北半球广泛分布。本文描述了发现于福建中中新世佛昙群的紫萁属一新种:漳浦紫萁(Osmunda zhangpuensis Z. X. Wang and B. N. Sun, sp. nov.)。化石小羽片保存完好,呈线状披针形,边缘具齿,羽状脉序。在该属现生种中,当前化石种与现生种Osmundabanksiifolia在形态上最相似。当前化石的发现表明,早在中中新世紫萁属就已生长在福建省。漳浦紫萁和之前报道过的附生真菌化石以及龙脑香科、桑科、豆科、荨麻科、胡桐科、大戟科、樟科等植物的存在,表明福建在中中新世时期的气候温暖湿润。     

基于rbcL和trnL-trnF序列探讨粤紫萁的系统位置及遗传关系

通过对粤紫萁(Osmunda mildei C.Chr.)及紫萁属(Osmunda L.)植物的rbcL和trnL-trnF(包括trnL内含子和trnL-F间隔区)序列进行了测定,并结合部分已发表的紫萁科(Osmundaceae)植物的相关序列进行系统发育分析。结果表明:(1)所分析的紫萁属植物构成一个单系群;(2)粤紫萁与紫萁属中Sect.Plenasium组亲缘关系相近,聚成一支系,支持率为100%;(3)粤紫萁与Sect.Plenasium组的华南紫萁(O.vachellii Hook.)在碱基变异位点上高度一致,达94%,而与Sect.Osmunda组的紫萁(O.japonica Thunb)在变异位点上仅有2%的一致性。因此,根据叶绿体基因母系遗传的特性,推测华南紫萁为粤紫萁的母本,紫萁为其父本。     

五种紫萁属植物的细胞遗传学研究

对紫萁属Osmunda五种植物:狭叶紫萁D angustifolia Ching、紫萁O japonica Thunb.、华南紫萁O vachellii Hook.、粗齿紫萁O banksifolia(Presl)Kuhn和粤紫萁O.mildei C.Chr.的体细胞染色体形态和孢子母细胞减数分裂时染色体的行为进行了研究.五种紫其属植物的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=44,孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中,狭叶紫萁,紫萁、华南紫萁和粗齿紫萁染色体配对和联合行为正常,中期I染色体构型多为环状二价体,粗齿紫萁偶尔可观察到三价体和单价体,狭叶紫萁中期I偶可观察到1-2个提早分离的单价体,后期II可观察到染色体桥和断片,据此推测易位和倒位等染色体畸变作用在紫萁属植物物种形成和演化过程中具有重要意义.粤紫萁是华南分布的一个特有珍稀种、孢子母细胞减数分裂前期到中期无染色体配对和联会,导致染色体后期行为异常,80%的孢子母细胞有落后染色体和不均等分离现象,形成的孢子几乎完全败育,基于粤紫萁减数分裂显著偏离正常的同源染色体配对和联会现象,结合核型方面和形态学方面证据,认为粤紫萁是一个杂交种.     

五种紫萁属植物的核型分析

研究了5种紫萁属Osmunda植物的核形态学特征, 其间期核属于复杂染色中心型, 有丝分裂前期染色体为中间型, 对有丝分裂前期染色体的动态变化过程和在细胞核内的自然排布情况进行了观察。核型公式为: 粗齿紫萁O. banksiifolia (Presl) Kuhn, 2n=4sm+10st+26t+4T; 紫萁O. japonica Thunb., 2n=2sm+8st+32t(2SAT)+2T;华南紫萁O. vachellii Hook., 2n=4sm+8st+28t+4T; 狭叶紫萁O. angustifolia Ching ex Ching &; Ch. H. Wang, 2n=2sm+4st+34t+4T; 粤紫萁O. mildei C. Chr., 2n=2sm+6st+33t+3T。所有染色体臂比均大于2, 核型类型均为4A, 后3种染色体为首次报道, 且对5种紫萁属植物的核型变异及演化关系进行了讨论, 推测Plenasium亚属3种紫萁属植物中粗齿紫萁核型类型最原始, 狭叶紫萁最进化, 其地理分布与核型不对称性有关联, 粤紫萁可能为一自然种间杂种。     

东北蕨类植物配子体发育的研究Ⅲ.紫萁科

紫萁科东北记载有2种,笔者采到的孢子仅紫萁属的亚洲分株紫萁(Osmunda cinnamomea L.var.asiatica Fernald),此为分株紫萁(O.cinnamomea L.)分布于亚洲的变种。Yuasa(1935)观察过分株紫萁的精子结构。Momose(1942)做过日本紫萁(O.japonica Thunb.)孢子萌发的研究。Hasegawa(1955)一般地报导了产于日本的紫萁属3个种的有性世代。Stokey(1956)对紫萁科3属中的7个种做过其配子体的培养研究,其中有分株紫萁(O.cinnamomea L.)。     

从无性生殖分析蕨类植物紫萁的原始特征

蕨类植物无性生殖过程中有诸多重要的分类和演化特征,利用光镜和扫描电镜观察紫萁科(Osmundaceae)代表植物——紫萁(Osmunda japonica Thunb.)孢子囊的形态和孢子形态,以及表面纹饰的形成过程。结果显示,紫萁具有如下原始特征:①孢子囊大型,无囊群盖,具盾状环带,孢子叶上的孢子囊同时发育,孢子囊纵向开裂;②孢子囊中孢子数量多;③孢子同型,具三裂缝,为辐射对称的四面体型;④孢子表面由外壁构成的纹饰形成过程复杂。从无性生殖角度显示紫萁科在真蕨类植物中古老的演化地位。     

华南紫萁和粗齿紫萁的配子体发育研究

以腐叶土为基质 ,对华南紫萁和粗齿紫萁进行了孢子繁殖 ;利用Olympus显微镜观察和记录了它们的孢子萌发和配子体发育过程。结果表明 ,两者的孢子及配子体性状极为相似 :孢子同型 ,三裂缝 ,壁厚 ,含叶绿体 ,萌发快 ;在常温下 ,孢子的存活期短 ;孢子萌发需要光 ,萌发类型为紫萁型 ;丝状体阶段不发达 ,仅 2～ 3个细胞 ;原叶体无毛状体 ,中脉厚 ,精子器和颈卵器较大 ;由原叶体发育成幼孢子体所需时间极长。不同之处 :粗齿紫萁的孢子和精子器大些、颈卵器成对着生、成熟配子体多数为雌雄异株、受精率极低。华南紫萁和粗齿紫萁的孢子及配子体发育特点与紫萁、分株紫萁、绒紫萁、桂皮紫萁的极为相似 ,它们既具有大量的原始性状 ,也具有少数进化性状 ,支持把紫萁科列入原始薄囊蕨纲的观点。此外 ,也从孢子和配子体性状方面说明了紫萁属是一个自然的分类群     

福建漳浦中中新世几种藓类植物研究北大核心

亚洲新生代藓类植物化石非常稀少,漳浦琥珀是目前已知的我国低纬度地区唯一含苔藓植物化石的新生代琥珀矿床。漳浦琥珀源自中中新世气候适宜期(~14-17 Ma)的龙脑香树脂,温暖潮湿的热带季雨林气候和广泛分布的龙脑香科植物,为藓类植物的生长、多样性演化和三维立体保存提供了条件。本研究共报道了漳浦县中中新世藓类植物化石3个属种,包括:白发藓属Leucobryum Hampe、牛舌藓属Anomodon Hook.et Taylor和扁枝藓属Homalia(Brid.)B.S.G.。首次利用三维X射线断层扫描技术(Micro-CT)研究了白发藓属化石,发现其与现生种短枝白发藓Leucobryum humillimum Cardot非常相似,因此将其命名为短枝白发藓(相似种)Leucobryum cf.humillimum。此外,当前牛舌藓属Anomodon和扁枝藓属Homalia化石是东亚地区的首例记录。漳浦琥珀中的藓类植物化石揭示了中中新世时期苔藓植物的多样性,丰富了东亚低纬度地区新生代苔藓植物的化石记录。     

湖北秭归中侏罗世香溪组几种紫萁科植物

本文记述了鄂西香溪组4种保存实羽片的紫萁科化石:Todites leei sp. nov., Todites prtnceps, Todites williamsoni, cf. Osmundopsis sturi。一些标本保存良好,通过扫描电镜和显微镜的观察和研究,营养羽片的细胞周壁和实羽片的孢子囊等细节都有较好的显示。除T. princeps外,其余3种均为本区首次记录。T. williamsoni在我国不乏发现,但都为裸羽片。此种的实羽片化石在我国为首次报道,而且保存精美,可与英国约克郡的标本媲美。当前材料的发现和研究对鄂西香溪组的对比以及古气候、古地理的研究提供了新的化石依据。     

紫萁的药用价值

紫萁的药用价值闵运江紫萁及同属的分株紫萁、华南紫萁等的根状茎及叶柄残基在河南、山东、安徽、江苏、贵州、吉林、湖南等地作中药贯众用。其化学成分主含甾类化合物：尖叶土杉甾酮Ａ、爱克的松及促脱皮甾酮等。抑菌试验：用纸片法对金黄色葡萄球菌,绿脓杆菌均有抑制作...     

陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组沙鼠类化石

沙鼠是一类由早中新世米古仓鼠类 (myocricetodontines)演化而来的啮齿动物 ,现生的种类主要分布于非洲、阿拉伯半岛和亚洲干旱的沙漠—荒漠草原地区。其高阶元的系统分类尚未取得一致的意见 ,但古生物学者一般认为 ,沙鼠类动物自成一科 ,并可分为 3个亚科 :米古仓鼠亚科 (Myocricetodontinae)、裸尾沙鼠亚科 (Taterillinae)和沙鼠亚科 (Gerbillinae) (Jaeger,1 977;Tong ,1 989;Chalineetal.,1 977;Wessels,1 999)。我国的现生沙鼠共有 3属 7种 ,均属Gerbillinae亚科 ,主要分布于蒙新高原及其南邻地带(王应祥 ,2 0 0 3)。最早的化石记录是甘肃泉头沟中中新世的Mellalomysgansus和Myocricetodonplebius (邱铸鼎 ,2 0 0 1 )。在其他新近纪地点发现的有甘肃庆阳、瓦窑堡和灵台 ,山西榆社和内蒙古化德、高德格的Pseudomerionesabbreviatus (Teilhard ,1 92 6;Young ,1 92 7;Schaub ,1 934;李传夔 ,1 981 ;Fahlbuschetal.,1 983;郑绍华、张兆群 ,2 0 0 0 ;QiuandStorch ,2 0 0 0 ;李强等 ,2 0 0 3) ,以及甘肃宁县的Pseudomerionescomplicidens (张兆群 ,1 999)。Mellalomys和Myocricetodon属归入Myocricetodontinae,而Pseudomeriones属归入Gerbillinae。本文记述Myocricetodon和Abudhabia两属沙鼠 ,后者被归     

The diversity and paleoenvironmental significance of Calophyllum (Clusiaceae) from the Miocene of southeastern China

Abstract

Three species within the genus Calophyllum collected from middle Miocene Fotan Group sediments in Zhangpu County, Fujian, southeastern China are described in this paper. These fossils include Calophyllum zhangpuensis sp. nov., Calophyllum striatum, and Calophyllum suraikholaensis. The new fossil species C. zhangpuensis sp. nov. is oval, possesses entire leaves with closely spaced parallel secondary veins and has a round, or slightly retuse, apex. These specimens represent the first known fossil records of this relative wide leaf-type form of Calophyllum from China and have a length:width (L:W) ratio less than 3:1. In combination with the known modern geographic distribution and habitats of this wide leaf-type Calophyllum and other plants, data suggest that the middle Miocene Fotan flora is indicative of a warm climate. Thus, based on available fossil data, we speculate that this genus probably originated in India during the Paleocene before spreading from India to Bangladesh and into China, Sumatra, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Java during the Neogene, leading to its modern distribution. At least, the 3 fossil species in this region can explain floristic exchange between India, Fujian, and South China, which is consistent with previous studies; the occurrence of these 3 species indicates that Calophyllum began to diversity in China no later than the Miocene.     

A new species of Macaranga from the middle Miocene of Fujian,China and its significance

A well-preserved Macaranga leaf fossil from the middle Miocene Fotan Group of Zhangpu County, Fujian, South-eastern China is examined and described as a new species, Macaranga zhangpuensis Z.X. Wang et B.N. Sun sp. nov. The present fossil species represents the highest latitudinal distribution of a reliable Macaranga fossil in the world, and we present the first Macaranga fossil described with detailed cuticular characteristics from China. Based on the global palaeogeographic distribution of Macaranga, we infer that the genus probably originated during the Oligocene in Africa and spread from Africa to India and then to South Fujian, China, further into the Mariana Islands and finally into the Philippine Islands and Malaysia, leading to its present distribution. In addition, the new leaf material described herein is the first Macaranga fossil record with three leaf tips globally. This finding demonstrates that Macaranga with three leaf tips already existed during the Miocene in Fujian, South China, and it provides new information for understanding climatic changes between the Miocene and the present -day.     

First fossil fruits of Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) in East Asia: Implications for phytogeography and paleoecology

The genus Elaeocarpus contains approximately 360 species and occurs in mesic forest communities from India, through to China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and New Caledonia. Elaeocarpus fossils are best known from the Eocene to the Miocene of Australia and the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene of India, but have not been documented from East Asia before. Here we describe six new species of Elaeocarpus, E. nanningensis sp. nov. from the late Oligocene Yongning Formation of the Nanning Basin, E. presikkimensis sp. nov. from the Miocene Erzitang Formation of the Guiping Basin, E. prerugosus sp. nov., E. prelacunosus sp. nov., E. preserratus sp. nov., and E. preprunifolioides sp. nov. from the late Miocene Foluo Formation of the Nankang Basin in Guangxi, South China. This is the first reliable report for the genus occurring in East Asia, and the fossils indicate that Elaeocarpus had colonized this region by the late Oligocene and represented by a morphologically diverse group of species by the late Miocene. This sheds new insights into the timing and migration patterns of the genus in East Asia. Elaeocarpus is typically a rainforest genus occurring in mesic forests. Based on the habitat of their morphologically similar modern relatives we propose that these three sedimentary basins were warm and wet adjacent to mountainous regions with the evergreen or rain forests during the late Oligocene to Miocene.     

Anatomically preserved Woodwardia virginica (Blechnaceae) and a new filicalean fern from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora of central Washington, USA

Anatomically preserved Woodwardia virginica (Blechnaceae) and a newly recognized onocleoid fern are described from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora of central Washington State, USA. Identification of the W. virginica fossils is based on a combination of vegetative pinnules, rhizome and stipe anatomy, and fertile pinnules with indusiate sori and sporangia like those of extant W. virginica. Fronds are isomorphic. Vegetative pinnae are elongated and pinnatifid, with a secondary vein paralleling the midvein. Secondary veins of the pinnule lobe anastomose to form primary areoles and are either simple or dichotomize toward the margin. Rhizomes have a simple dictyostele with 3-5 cauline vascular bundles and often a sclerotic hypodermis. Leaf traces contain two large adaxial vascular bundles that occur laterally and adaxially, flanking an arc of 4-6 smaller bundles. Fertile pinnules have linear sori that are somewhat embedded in the laminae and are enclosed by a thin indusium. Leptosporangia display a vertical annulus and an elongated stalk. A second fern, Wessiea yakimaensis gen. et sp. nov., is represented by anatomically preserved branching rhizomes and attached frond bases that conform to the Onoclea-type pattern of rhizome and frond-base vasculature. Rhizomes have a simple dictyostele of 4-5 cauline meristeles. Leaf divergence is helical, with paired hippocampiform rachial traces. These two ferns occur in the same matrix with specimens of Osmunda wehrii. They demonstrate that filicalean fern assemblages similar to those of extant temperate floras were well established in western North America by the middle Miocene and further emphasize the exceptional species longevity of some homosporous pteridophytes.     

陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组松鼠科和林跳鼠科化石(英文)

描述了陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组的松鼠类和林跳鼠类。松鼠科化石包括3个种:骊山花鼠(新种)Eutamias lishanemis sp.nov.,细小岩松鼠(新种)Sciurotamias pusillus sp.nov.和松鼠属(未定种)Sciurus sp.;林跳鼠科有两个种:西安脊仓跳鼠(新种)Lophocricetus xianensis sp.nov.和脊仓跳鼠(未定种)Lophocricetus sp.。在牙齿的形态上,蓝田松鼠科的新种分别与现生花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)和岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)很相似,但特征原始。其中Sciurotamias pusillus新种代表了该属最早的地史记录;Lophocricetus xianensis新种比内蒙古最晚中新世常见的葛氏脊仓跳鼠(Lophocricetus grabaui)原始得多,为中国现知较为原始的一种。这些新种的特征如下:骊山花鼠(Eutamias listmnensis):个体比现生花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)稍大,前臼齿和第三臼齿的尺寸比现生种的相对大。P4具完整的前边脊,明显臼齿化;上臼齿的原尖较收缩,中附尖不发育;M3无后脊;下臼齿的下内尖几乎融汇于后边脊,下中尖很小。细小岩松鼠(Sciurotamias pusillus):岩松鼠属中个体较小的一种,齿尖和齿脊比Sciurota- mias wangi和S.leilaoensis的高且较强壮。P4似三角形,前附尖膨大;M1/2的原尖收缩,时见小的后小尖和中附尖;m1/2的下内尖界限模糊,唇侧谷窄浅;m3明显向后扩展。西安脊仓跳鼠(Lophocricetus xianensts):Lophocricetus属中个体较小的一种,M1和M2具小或脊状的原附尖,m1和m2的外附尖和齿带不甚发育。M1的中尖通常弱,中脊短,内脊连接前尖或原脊,后边脊连接后脊;M2常见双前边脊,中脊伸达齿缘;m1下外脊的后部低、弱甚至断开,下次尖与下内尖或下中尖与下内尖间的脊连接;m2的下原尖连接下后尖或前边脊。脊仓跳鼠是中亚和北亚特有的一属啮齿动物,被认为从异蹶鼠属(Heterosminthus)演化而来,近10余年来有较多的发现和研究。本文特别对其系统关系进行了探讨,对属种的区分作了进一步界定。哺乳动物的研究显示,陕西蓝田地区晚中新世早期的气候可能比现代还要干旱。灞河动物群中松鼠类和林跳鼠类的出现,还表明了在这个温带开阔的草原环境中,尚有一些灌丛和林地。     

甘肃兰州盆地中中新世泉头沟动物群的睡鼠类和沙鼠类

记述了甘肃兰州永登泉头沟发现的一种睡鼠 ,MicrodyromyswuaeQiu ,1 996和沙鼠科的二个新种 ,Mellalomysgansussp .nov .与Myocricetodonplebiussp .nov .,同时讨论了泉头沟动物群的生物年代学、动物地理学和古生态学问题。泉头沟动物群中的沙鼠类是迄今所知该科动物在我国最早的化石记录。小哺乳动物的组合表明 ,泉头沟动物群与内蒙古中中新世通古尔动物群的时代和指示的生态环境大体近似 ,但沙鼠类的出现 ,似乎指示了泉头沟动物群代表更为干旱和开阔的自然环境     

中国巨须隐翅虫属六新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国巨须隐翅虫属 Oxporus Fablicius 6新种,其中,刘氏巨须隐翅虫 Oxyporus(Oxporus)liuae sp.nov.,狭巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)angustatrs sp.nov.,二郎山巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)erlangshanus sp nov.和黑腹巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)atratulus sp.nov.来自四川,双带巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)bifasciarius sp.nov.和黄腿巨须隐翅虫O.(O.).femoratus sp.nov.采至云南.编制了中国已知种检索表.     

中国三节叶蜂科系统分类研究──脊颜三节叶蜂亚科—新属五新种(膜翅目:三节叶蜂科)(英文)

本文记述中国脊颜三节叶蜂亚科—新属五新种：显脉三节叶蜂属,Ortasicerosgen.nov·新属,郑氏显脉三节叶蜂O.zhengisp．nov．（模式种）,黑头显脉三节叶蜂O.nigricepssp．nov,短角显脉三节叶蜂O．brevicornissp．nov,曲瓣显脉三节叶蜂O.curvatasp．nov．和隆额显脉三节叶蜂O．ele－vatasp．nov。新属与淡脉三节叶蜂属CopidocerusForsius最近似,但后翅2A＋3A脉极短,臀室开放,前翅Sc脉显著并接近R＋M脉端部,可与之区别。新属及淡脉三节叶蜂属前翅具Sc脉,口器退化,下颚须5节,下唇须3节,右上颚无基齿等,与脊颜三节叶蜂亚科其它已知属不同,而类似新北亚界的Atomacerinae和新热带界的其它亚科的某些属,故此建立新族,显脉三节叶蜂族Ortasicerinitribenov。文中还编制了东方界和古北亚界三节叶蜂科已知属检索表。模式标本均保存于中南林学院昆虫标本室。     

A Middle Miocene endemic freshwater mollusc assemblage from an intramontane Alpine lake (Aflenz Basin,Eastern Alps,Austria)

The mollusc fauna of the early Middle Miocene (Langhian) intramontane Alpine Lake Groisenbach is described for the first time. The shells derive from the Feistring Formation in the Aflenz Basin in Austria, which was covered by Lake Groisenbach. The assemblage is moderately diverse with 12 gastropod and 2 bivalve species, suggesting shallow lacustrine and fluvial settings. Among the gastropods, only Theodoxus crenulatus (Klein, 1853) is known from other Miocene localities, whilst all other species are documented so far only from Lake Groisenbach. None of the Early and Middle Miocene lake systems of the Alpine-Carpathian Foredeep and the Balkan Peninsula displays any faunistic resemblance with this new fauna. Even coeval lake faunas from the close-by Graz Basin have no species in common with Lake Groisenbach. This pattern points to a surprising endemicity and biogeographic fragmentation in the Central European freshwater systems during the Early and Middle Miocene. The uniqueness of the newly described fauna is also indicated by the completely erratic occurrence of the otherwise African-Mediterranean genus Bulinus, which is unknown from all other central European Miocene freshwater systems. Emmericia roetzeli Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Nematurella zuschini Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Romania fastigata Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Odontohydrobia groisenbachensis Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Odontohydrobia pompatica Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Odontohydrobia styriaca Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Planorbis austroalpinus Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Gyraulus sachsenhoferi Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Bulinus corici Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Ferrissia crenellata Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp. and Stagnicola reinholdkunzi Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp. are introduced as new species.