海藻糖的生物学功能简介

海藻糖（Ｔｒｅｈａｌｏｓｅ,α－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ－α－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｉｄｅ）是一种非还原性二糖,广泛存在于海藻、酵母、霉菌、食用菌、虾、昆虫、高等植物等生物体内,是一种贮藏性碳水化合物。它具有保护生物细胞和生物活动性物质...     

海藻糖的生物保护作用

海藻糖 (ｔｒｅｈａｌｏｓｅ ,Ｄ ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌＤ ｇｌｕ ｃｏｐｙｎｏｓｉｄｅ)是一种非还原性二糖 ,有 (α ,α)、( β ,β)、(α ,β) 3种光学异构体。天然存在的海藻糖一般为 (α ,α)构型 ,是由 2个分子葡萄糖以α ,α 1 1键连接而成 ,分子式为Ｃ12 Ｈ2 2 Ｏ11·2Ｈ2 Ｏ ,相对分子量为 378.33,白色结晶 ,化学性质极稳定 ,无毒无害 ,不会焦收稿日期 :2 0 0 1 0 3 2 6作者简介 :聂凌鸿 ,博士生 ;宁正祥 ,教授 ,博士生导师。糖化。海藻糖广泛存在于低等植物、藻类、细菌、真菌、酵母、昆虫及无脊椎动物中 ,既是一种贮藏…     

海藻糖的生理功能,分子生物学研究及应用前景

海藻糖的生理功能、分子生物学研究及应用前景戴秀玉,程苹,周坚,江慧修（中国科学院微生物研究所,北京１０００８０）海藻糖（Ｔｒｅｈａｌｏｓｅ,α－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ－α－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｉｄｅ）是由两个葡萄糖分子α－α－１→１...     

垫状卷柏海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶基因的克隆及功能分析

海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶(Trehalose-6-phosphate synthse, TPS)是植物海藻糖合成途径的关键酶, 在旱生卷柏等复苏植物对逆境胁迫应答中起重要作用。文章以我国特有旱生植物垫状卷柏(Selaginella pulvinata)为材料, 采用同源扩增与RACE技术相结合的方法克隆了海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶基因SpTPS1, cDNA全长3 223 bp, 包括一个2 790 bp的开放阅读框, 推导的氨基酸序列与模式物种的海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶具有较高的序列相似性, 催化活性中心保守位点基本一致。酵母功能互补实验证明, 用SpTPS1基因开放阅读框转化的海藻糖合成酶基因突变(tps1△)酵母菌株, 可恢复在以葡萄糖作为唯一碳源培养基上的生长, 说明垫状卷柏海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶基因SpTPS1的编码蛋白具有生物活性, 可应用于植物抗逆性的转基因改良。     

昆虫海藻糖及其合成酶基因的特性与功能研究进展

海藻糖广泛存在于细菌、真菌、昆虫、无脊椎动物和植物等大量生物中。它不仅可以作为昆虫的能量来源,而且在抗逆等方面起着重要作用。海藻糖合成酶(Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase,TPS)是海藻糖合成过程中的一个关键酶。目前细菌、真菌和植物中都已经被发现和克隆,但其不存在于哺乳动物中。海藻糖是昆虫的"血糖",主要通过海藻糖合成酶和海藻糖-6-磷酸脂酶(Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase,TPP)在脂肪体中催化合成。TPS基因所编码的蛋白序列一般都包含两个保守的结构域:TPS和TPP,分别对应着酵母中的Ots A和Ots B基因。昆虫海藻糖合成酶的基因表达和酶活性的变化与昆虫的多项生理过程有着密切的关系,海藻糖合成酶有可能成为控制害虫的新靶标。     

核受体转录辅激活蛋白：结构与功能

核受体超家族大体可分为 3个亚类 :(1 )由雌激素 (ｅｓｔｒｏｇｅｎ ,ＥＲ)、孕激素 (ｐｒｏ ｇｅｓｔｉｎ ,ＰＲ)和糖皮质激素 (ｇｌｕｃｏｃｏｒｔｉｃｏｉｄ ,ＧＲ)等类固醇激素受体构成的Ｉ类受体 ;(2 )由甲状腺素 (ｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ ,ＴＲ)、维生素Ｄ(ｖｉｔａ ｍｉｎＤ ,ＶＤＲ)、9 顺 /反式视黄酸 (9 ｃｉｓ/ｔｒａｎｓ ｒｅｔｉｎｏｉｃａｃｉｄ ,ＲＸＲ ,ＲＡＲ)等构成的ＩＩ类受体 ;(3)天然配体未知或不需要的孤儿受体。三类核受体的作用方式虽然不同 ,但在结构上却有共同的特点 ,它们的典型结构分为6个部分 ,即Ａ、…     

维生素C的钠离子依赖性传输物质

维生素Ｃ是许多酶反应所必需的 ,它不仅能使补偿离子 (如Ｆｅ2 、Ｃｕ2 )保持还原状态[1,2 ] ,并且有助于清除自由基 ,以保护组织不被氧化而损伤[3 ] 。促进糖传输的葡萄糖输运体 (ｇｌｕｃｏｓｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｒｓ,ＧＬＵＴ)型传输物质能传输氧化型维生素Ｃ[4,5 ] ,但是该传输物质不允许在正常的葡萄糖浓度下吸收有效的生理剂量的维生素Ｃ ,这是因为维生素Ｃ在血浆中仅以还原型存在[6] 。Ｔｓｕｋａｇｕｃｈｉ等[7] 应用大鼠的ｃＤＮＡ文库分离并克隆表达得到两种新的维生素Ｃ传输物质 (ｓｏｄｉｕｍ ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｖｉｔ…     

酶母K.cicerisporus基因组中有启动子功能的DNA片段的克隆

利用以３′－氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶基因（ＡＰＨＩ）为报道基因的一套启动子探针质粒ｐＳＫ－ｋａｎ４０１、ｐＳＫ－ｋａｎ１１０５、ｐＳＫ－ｋａｎ１２３８,从酵母Ｋｌｙｖｅｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｃｉｃｅｒｉｓｐｏｒｕｓ基因组中克隆到８个有较强启动功能的ＤＮＡ片段,分析出３′端ＤＮＡ序列,并在酵母Ｋｌｕｙｖｅｒｏ８ｍｙｃｅｓｅ ｌａｃｔｉｓ中通过检测报告基因与３－磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因（ＡＰＤＨ）的ｍＲＮＡ表达量的比     

改造大肠杆菌合成海藻糖途径以高效合成海藻糖

海藻糖是相容性溶质的一种,因其具有多种生物学功能,在食品、化妆品、药品以及器官移植等方面均有很广泛应用。然而近几年生产海藻糖主要集中在使用酶催化的方法,虽然这种方法的转化效率高,但是却存在着副产物的问题,难以得到高纯度的海藻糖产品,严重制约了海藻糖的应用。本文通过基因工程技术在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中构建了海藻糖高效合成新途径,通过全细胞催化合成海藻糖。利用PCR技术在哈氏噬纤维菌Cytophaga hutchinsonii中克隆获得海藻糖双功能合成酶基因(tpsp),采用E.coli pTac-HisA高效表达载体,实现海藻糖双功能合成酶基因(tpsp)高效表达,利用高效表达菌株进行全细胞催化,将葡萄糖高效转化为海藻糖。结果表明C.hutchinsonii海藻糖合成酶基因(tpsp)在E.coli中成功实现表达,该酶能够在胞内将葡萄糖高效转化为海藻糖,并将其转运到胞外,实现海藻糖的高效率合成,海藻糖的产量提高到1.2 g/L,相对转化率为21%。当将此高产菌株在发酵罐中进行转化时,海藻糖的产量达到13.3 g/L,葡萄糖的相对转化率达到48.6%。采用C.hutchinsonii海藻糖合成酶基因高效表达并且应用于海藻糖全细胞合成催化在国内外尚属首次报道,海藻糖的转化率及产率都已达到文献报道最高水平,本研究为开拓海藻糖生产新技术奠定了基础。     

胰岛素对葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶基因转录的调控

葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶（Ｇｌｕｃｏｓｅ－６－ｐｈｏｓ－ｐｈａｔａｓｅ,Ｇ６Ｐａｓｅ,Ｅ．Ｃ．３．１．３．９）是一种膜结合酶,主要存在于肝和肾细胞中的内质网膜及核膜上,其生物功能是催化葡萄糖异生和糖原分解两个代谢途径中由葡萄糖－６－磷酸到葡萄糖的水解反应,是调节生物体内血糖水平的关键酶之一。胰岛素（Ｉｎｓ）通过调控Ｇ６Ｐａｓｅ而调节血糖水平,近年的研究表明,Ｉｎｓ可以通过调控相关酶的基因转录来实现其相应的生理功能。１．Ｇ６Ｐａｓｅ的分子生物学研究肝微粒体Ｇ６Ｐａｓｅ酶系包括活性部分位于内质网腔表面的Ｇ…     

Trehalose-6-P synthase is dispensable for growth on glucose but not for spore germination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Trehalose-6-P inhibits hexokinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (M. A. Blázquez, R. Lagunas, C. Gancedo, and J. M. Gancedo, FEBS Lett. 329:51-54, 1993), and disruption of the TPS1 gene (formerly named CIF1 or FDP1) encoding trehalose-6-P synthase prevents growth in glucose. We have found that the hexokinase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe is not inhibited by trehalose-6-P even at a concentration of 3 mM. The highest internal concentration of trehalose-6-P that we measured in S. pombe was 0.75 mM after heat shock. We have isolated from S. pombe the tps1+ gene, which is homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TPS1 gene. The DNA sequence from tps1+ predicts a protein of 479 amino acids with 65% identity with the protein of S. cerevisiae. The tps1+ gene expressed from its own promoter could complement the lack of trehalose-6-P synthase in S. cerevisiae tps1 mutants. The TPS1 gene from S. cerevisiae could also restore trehalose synthesis in S. pombe tps1 mutants. A chromosomal disruption of the tps1+ gene in S. pombe did not have a noticeable effect on growth in glucose, in contrast with the disruption of TPS1 in S. cerevisiae. However, the disruption prevented germination of spores carrying it. The level of an RNA hybridizing with an internal probe of the tps1+ gene reached a maximum after 20 min of heat shock treatment. The results presented support the idea that trehalose-6-P plays a role in the control of glycolysis in S. cerevisiae but not in S. pombe and show that the trehalose pathway has different roles in the two yeast species.     

酿酒酵母海藻糖—６—磷酸合成酶基因克隆及植物表达载体的构建

从耐热性极强的酿酒酵母菌株ＡＳ２．１４１６中分离纯化出总ＲＮＡ和mRNA,以ＡＭＶ逆录酶合成cDNA,采用保守引物,从该cDNA中扩增克隆出tps1基因,对该基因的全序列分析表明,该基因含有１５０７个核苷酸,与国外报道相关基因的同源性达９９．６５。利用ＢamＨⅠSacⅠ切点将tps1基因插入植物表达载体pBin438多克隆位点上,得到tps1基因植物表达载体重组质粒。     

Cloning and analysis of a Candida maltosa gene which confers resistance to formaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A gene (FDH1) of Candida maltosa which confers resistance to formaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The gene has a single intron which possesses the highly conserved splicing signals found in S. cerevisiae introns. We demonstrated that processing of the pre-mRNA of the cloned gene occurred identically in both S. cerevisiae and C. maltosa. The predicted amino acid sequence from the cloned gene showed 65.5% identity to human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) class III and 23.9% identity to S. cerevisiae ADH1. The most probable mechanism of resistance to formaldehyde is thought to be the glutathione-dependent oxidation of formaldehyde which is characteristic for ADH class III. The cloned FDH1 gene was successfully employed as a dominant selectable marker in the transformation of S. cerevisiae.     

Isolation of the gene for cytochrome P450L1A1 (lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase) from Candida albicans

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome P450 L1A1 (lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase)-coding gene was used as a hybridization probe to isolate two HindIII fragments of 2.5 kb and 6.85 kb from a phage lambda library of Candida albicans nucleotide sequences. Restriction endonuclease mapping and Southern blot hybridization experiments indicated that these fragments represent two allelic forms of the same gene. This cloned sequence, when introduced into S. cerevisiae or C. albicans on a multiple copy vector, produced an increase in cytochrome P450 content and resistance to imidazole antifungal agents which are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 L1A1. In addition, the cloned sequence was able to complement a cytochrome P450 L1A1 gene disruption when introduced into S. cerevisiae. These data indicate that the cloned sequence codes for the lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase cytochrome P450 L1A1 from C. albicans.     

Effects of deletion of the gene for the development-specific protein S on differentiation in Myxococcus xanthus

A deletion mutation of the gene for protein S (tps), a development-specific protein of Myxococcus xanthus, was constructed. No significant differences in the process of fruiting body formation or the yield of myxospores were observed between mutant and wild-type cells. On the other hand, when the tps gene was deleted together with a 2.0-kilobase sequence including the ops gene immediately upstream of the tps gene, fruiting body formation was substantially delayed, and the yield of myxospores was reduced. These results indicate that protein S is not essential for differentiation of M. xanthus, whereas a gene product(s) coded from the sequence upstream of the tps gene appears to be required for normal fruiting body formation.     

A Selaginella lepidophylla trehalose-6-phosphate synthase complements growth and stress-tolerance defects in a yeast tps1 mutant

The accumulation of the disaccharide trehalose in anhydrobiotic organisms allows them to survive severe environmental stress. A plant cDNA, SlTPS1, encoding a 109-kD protein, was isolated from the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla, which accumulates high levels of trehalose. Protein-sequence comparison showed that SlTPS1 shares high similarity to trehalose-6-phosphate synthase genes from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. SlTPS1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in S. lepidophylla. DNA gel-blot analysis indicated that SlTPS1 is present as a single-copy gene. Transformation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae tps1Delta mutant disrupted in the ScTPS1 gene with S. lepidophylla SlTPS1 restored growth on fermentable sugars and the synthesis of trehalose at high levels. Moreover, the SlTPS1 gene introduced into the tps1Delta mutant was able to complement both deficiencies: sensitivity to sublethal heat treatment at 39 degrees C and induced thermotolerance at 50 degrees C. The osmosensitive phenotype of the yeast tps1Delta mutant grown in NaCl and sorbitol was also restored by the SlTPS1 gene. Thus, SlTPS1 protein is a functional plant homolog capable of sustaining trehalose biosynthesis and could play a major role in stress tolerance in S. lepidophylla.     

Isolation of the MIG1 gene from Candida albicans and effects of its disruption on catabolite repression

We have cloned a Candida albicans gene (CaMIG1) that encodes a protein homologous to the DNA-binding protein Mig1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScMig1). The C. albicans Mig1 protein (CaMig1) differs from ScMig1, in that, among other things, it lacks a putative phosphorylation site for Snf1 and presents several long stretches rich in glutamine or in asparagine, serine, and threonine and has the effector domain located at some distance (50 amino acids) from the carboxy terminus. Expression of CaMIG1 was low and was similar in glucose-, sucrose-, or ethanol-containing media. Disruption of the two CaMIG1 genomic copies had no effect in filamentation or infectivity. Levels of a glucose-repressible alpha-glucosidase, implicated in both sucrose and maltose utilization, were similar in wild-type or mig1/mig1 cells. Disruption of CaMIG1 had also no effect on the expression of the glucose-repressed gene CaGAL1. CaMIG1 was functional in S. cerevisiae, as judged by its ability to suppress the phenotypes produced by mig1 or tps1 mutations. In addition, CaMig1 formed specific complexes with the URS1 region of the S. cerevisiae FBP1 gene. The existence of a possible functional analogue of CaMIG1 in C. albicans was suggested by the results of band shift experiments.     

Cloning, sequence and chromosomal location of a MEL gene from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis NCYC396.

Yeast strains producing alpha-galactosidase (alpha Gal) are able to use melibiose as a carbon source during growth or fermentation. We cloned a MEL gene from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis NCYC396 through hybridization to the MEL1 gene cloned earlier from Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. uvarum. The alpha Gal encoded by the newly cloned gene was galactose-inducible as is the alpha Gal encoded by MEL1. A probable GAL4-protein recognition sequence was found in the upstream region of the NCYC396 MEL gene. The gene was transcribed to a 1.5-kb mRNA which, according to the nucleotide sequence, encodes a protein of 471 amino acids (aa) with an Mr of 52,006. The first 18 aa fulfilled the criteria for the signal sequence, but lacked positively charged aa residues, except the initiating methionine. The enzyme activity was found exclusively in the cellular fraction of the cultures. The deduced aa sequence was compared to the aa sequences of other alpha Gal enzymes. It showed 83% identity with the S. cerevisiae enzyme, but only 35% with the plant enzyme, 30% with the human enzyme and 17% with the Escherichia coli enzyme. With pulsed-field electrophoresis, the MEL gene was located on chromosome X of S. carlsbergensis, whereas the S. cerevisiae var. uvarum MEL1 gene is located on chromosome II.     

Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1, which catalyses the first step in trehalose synthesis, is essential for Arabidopsis embryo maturation

Despite the recent discovery that trehalose synthesis is widespread in higher plants very little is known about its physiological significance. Here we report on an Arabidopsis mutant (tps1), disrupted in a gene encoding the first enzyme of trehalose biosynthesis (trehalose-6-phosphate synthase). The tps1 mutant is a recessive embryo lethal. Embryo morphogenesis is normal but development is retarded and stalls early in the phase of cell expansion and storage reserve accumulation. TPS1 is transiently up-regulated at this same developmental stage and is required for the full expression of seed maturation marker genes (2S2 and OLEOSN2). Sucrose levels also increase rapidly in seeds during the onset of cell expansion. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae trehalose-6-phosphate (T-6-P) is required to regulate sugar influx into glycolysis via the inhibition of hexokinase and a deficiency in TPS1 prevents growth on sugars (Thevelein and Hohmann, 1995). The growth of Arabidopsis tps1-1 embryos can be partially rescued in vitro by reducing the sucrose level. However, T-6-P is not an inhibitor of AtHXK1 or AtHXK2. Nor does reducing hexokinase activity rescue tps1-1 embryo growth. Our data establish for the first time that an enzyme of trehalose metabolism is essential in plants and is implicated in the regulation of sugar metabolism/embryo development via a different mechanism to that reported in S. cerevisiae.     

Elongation factor 3 (EF-3) from Candida albicans shows both structural and functional similarity to EF-3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

As with many other fungi, including the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans encodes the novel translation factor, elongation factor 3 (EF-3). Using a rapid affinity chromatography protocol, EF-3 was purified to homogeneity from C. albicans and shown to have an apparent molecular mass of 128 kDa. A polyclonal antibody raised against C. albicans EF-3 also showed cross-reactivity with EF-3 from S. cerevisiae. Similarly, the S. cerevisiae TEF3 gene (encoding EF-3) showed cross-hybridization with genomic DNA from C. albicans in Southern hybridization analysis, demonstrating the existence of a single gene closely related to TEF3 in the C. albicans genome. This gene was cloned by using a 0.7 kb polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA fragment to screen to C. albicans gene library. DNA sequence analysis of 200 bp of the cloned fragment demonstrated an open reading frame showing 51% predicted amino acid identity between the putative C. albicans EF-3 gene and its S. cerevisiae counterpart over the encoded 65-amino-acid stretch. That the cloned C. albicans sequence did indeed encode EF-3 was confirmed by demonstrating its ability to rescue an otherwise non-viable S. cerevisiae tef3:HIS3 null mutant. Thus EF-3 from C. albicans shows both structural and functional similarity to EF-3 from S. cerevisiae.