转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因籼稻对稻田节肢动物群落影响

将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系划分为5个功能团,即植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其它类,从功能团优势度、功能团内科组成及其优势度、群落主要参数及群落相异性等方面,经两年四点的调查就2个转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因籼稻（Bt水稻）品系TT9.3和TT9.4对稻田节肢动物群落的影响作了较系统评价。植食类、寄生类和腐食类功能团内某些优势科的优势度在Bt水稻田与对照（IR72）田之间有时呈显著或极显著差异,如Bt水稻田中茧蜂或姬蜂科的优势度有时明显低于对照。但是,在大多情况下Bt水稻田与对照田之间功能团优势度、功能团内科组成及其优势度、群落主要参数（物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数）及其时间动态基本无明显差异;Bt水稻田与对照田间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落和整个节肢动物群落的相异性大多较低。可见,Bt水稻对稻田节肢动物群落基本无明显的负面影响。     

转cry1 Ab基因粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

在将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系分为植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其他类等5个功能团的基础上,从功能团优势度、群落结构参数及群落相异性等方面,经2年3点的调查就2个转cry1Ab基因粳稻（Bt粳稻）品系KMD1和KMD2对稻田节肢动物群落结构的影响做了评价。结果表明：在大多数情况下,Bt粳稻与对照间各功能团优势度、群落结构参数[物种丰富度（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）、均匀性指数（J）、优势集中性指数（C）]及其时间动态无明显差异;Bt粳稻与对照间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落,及整个节肢动物群落的相似性也较高。综合分析认为,Bt粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落结构无明显的负面影响。     

转Bt基因水稻“赣绿1号”对田间节肢动物群落的影响

【目的】研究转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"对田间节肢动物群落的影响。【方法】以含有转cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻与常规对照为材料,2012和2013连续两年在江西南昌县开展田间试验。【结果】转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"田间节肢动物群落结构物种数、优势集中度、香农指数和均匀性指数与对照相比,均无显著差异;"赣绿1号"田间节肢动物5类功能团的优势度与对照田均无显著差异;"赣绿1号"田与对照田田间节肢动物群落相异性数值大多较低。【结论】转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"对田间节肢动物群落结构没有明显的不利影响。     

不同种植方式下转Bt基因水稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

如何设置庇护所使其在转基因作物靶标害虫抗性治理中达到更高的效率,就此,本文 研究了Bt水稻与非Bt水稻不同种植方式对Bt稻田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,整体上,块块种植和列列混栽方式对Bt稻田节肢动物群落多样性、均匀度和优势集中性无显著影响;但混栽方式下的Bt稻田节肢动物群落个体密度和物种丰富度显著偏低。在水稻发育中期,混栽方式下Bt稻田节肢动物群落季节动态与块块种植方式下的明显不同,其多样性、均匀度、优势集中性指数均类似于同种植方式下非Bt稻上各参数的季节动态。混栽方式下的庇护所效应更明显。     

转cry1Ab基因粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

在将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系分为植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其他类等5个功能团的基础上,从功能团优势度、群落结构参数及群落相异性等方面,经2年3点的调查就2个转cry1Ab基因粳稻（Bt粳稻）品系KMD1和KMD2对稻田节肢动物群落结构的影响做了评价。结果表明：在大多数情况下,Bt粳稻与对照间各功能团优势度、群落结构参数［物种丰富度（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）、均匀性指数（J）、优势集中性指数（C）］及其时间动态无明显差异;Bt粳稻与对照间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落,及整个节肢动物群落的相似性也较高。综合分析认为,Bt粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落结构无明显的负面影响。     

转双抗虫基因107杨节肢动物群落特征及相对稳定性

于2015年5—9月对唐山市滦南县苗圃场内的转双抗虫基因(Bt Cry1Ac和API基因)107杨(简称:转抗虫基因107杨)及未转基因107杨(简称:对照杨)进行了节肢动物群落调查,利用群落特征指数、群落相似性系数、群落相对稳定性和主成分分析法对转抗虫基因107杨节肢动物群落特征、相似性、相对稳定性及主成分进行对比分析。调查共获得节肢动物6818头,隶属于2纲,8目,43科,58种。研究结果表明:转抗虫基因107杨和对照杨节肢动物群落中以鳞翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、双翅目昆虫为主要类群,其中鳞翅目昆虫个体数量最多;鳞翅目和半翅目昆虫个体数量与对照杨差异显著;在功能类群上,转抗虫基因107杨食叶昆虫个体数量较对照杨显著减少,刺吸昆虫个体数量显著增加;转抗虫基因107杨节肢动物群落多样性指数、均匀度指数较高,优势度指数较低,节肢动物群落物种分布较均匀;相似性结果显示,物种组成与对照杨相似度较高;转抗虫基因107杨节肢动物群落物种间在数量上的制约作用较强;主成分分析表明食叶昆虫物种数量与个体数量、刺吸昆虫物种数量和其他植食性昆虫个体数量是影响转抗虫基因107杨与对照杨节肢动物群落变化的共同主导因子。     

转cry1Ab基因水稻田寄生蜂亚群落结构及其优势类群数量动态的研究

从寄生蜂的优势度、数量和时间动态等方面,对含cry1Ab基因的Bt水稻对稻田寄生蜂群落的影响作了评价。寄生蜂各科的组成与优势度的分布在Bt稻田和对照间无显著差异,但数量低于对照,其中,优势类群茧蜂数量显著低于对照。从田间动态看,仅在寄生蜂发生的高峰期,Bt稻田中的主要寄生蜂才显著低于对照。因此,Bt水稻对靶标害虫主要寄生蜂尤其是茧蜂可能具一定的负面影响。     

多作稻田生态系统对稻纵卷叶螟及其天敌功能团的影响

为探明稻田与非稻田生境时空配置对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée)及其天敌功能团产生的生态学效应,分别于2007和2008年的中稻期,在福建省武夷山试验基地,采用室内观察法、田间剥查法和吸虫器法,系统调查了水稻多作系统和水稻单作系统内稻纵卷叶螟种群及其寄生蜂功能团和捕食性节肢动物个体数量的时序动态; 同时通过陷阱诱集法,调查了多作和单作稻田生境边界地表捕食性节肢动物（蜘蛛和昆虫）个体数量的时序动态,以及多作系统中,捕食性节肢动物在稻田和非稻田生境间的迁移动态。 结果表明：与辣椒、生姜、玉米和花生等镶嵌种植的稻田,其稻纵卷叶螟幼虫及其寄生蜂功能团个体数量较单一稻田差异不大,而捕食性节肢动物则明显少于单作稻田,但多作稻田边界较单作稻田边界有更多的捕食性节肢动物个体数量（2007年：多作稻田边界1984~2294个体,单作稻田边界1479个体;2008年：多作稻田边界3 417~4 178个体,单作稻田边界2 423个体）。 究其原因,主要由于多作系统中捕食性节肢动物更偏好从稻田向非稻田生境迁移,其中捕食性昆虫效应更明显。     

转cry1Ac/sck基因抗虫水稻对稻田寄生蜂群落影响的评价

以转cry1Ac/sck双基因抗虫水稻MSA、MSB、MSA4（对照： MH86）及其杂交稻KF6-304（对照： Ⅱ-YM86）为材料,系统地研究了转基因抗虫水稻对稻田寄生蜂群落的影响及生态安全性。结果表明： 在群落水平上,转基因抗虫水稻MSA、MSB、MSA4及杂交稻KF6-304对稻田寄生蜂的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势集中性指数的总体情况与时间动态以及个体总数无明显负面影响,但在生长中期转基因稻可降低稻田寄生蜂的个体数量。按寄生蜂功能团分析,MSA与MSA4在水稻生长发育的后期初始,提高卵寄生蜂的数量,MSA、MSB、MSA4及杂交稻KF6-304显著降低以靶标害虫稻纵卷叶螟为寄主的寄生蜂功能团的个体数量,对其他寄生蜂无明显负面影响。     

冬水田典型生境类型节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征

为了掌握休耕季节不同生境冬水田节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征,于2017年2—4月在重庆市璧山区通过陷阱法对3类冬水田耕作区及期9个小区生境进行了定点调查,分别为水稻和蔬菜及荒地耕作区、水稻和蔬菜耕作区及水稻和林地耕作区。共捕获节肢动物108367只,隶属于3纲119科(种)。Berger-Parker优势度指数表明,冬水田节肢动物群落以罕见或稀少种(类群)数量最多以及优势类群数量稀少且突出为最基本特征,圆科和长角科是最主要的优势类群。节肢动物密度和生物量的百分比分析表明,腐食者和捕食者是节肢动物群落的主要功能团;弹尾虫以及不同种类蜘蛛和天敌昆虫类群分别构成了腐食者和捕食者中的主要类群(种)。3类冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落主要功能团密度和生物量以及群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和Simpson优势集中性指数(C)均有明显的规律变化,且出现了显著性差异(P0.05);节肢动物群落及其主要功能团腐食者和植食者分别在密度和生物量间,以及捕食者与其猎物腐食者和植食者在生物量上都具显著的相关性(P0.05)。群落相似性及相关性分析显示,3类冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落组成总体上差异明显,显然受到了稻田生境及耕作/管理等非生物因素的影响;其中生境类型(FH)作用最大,其次是蓄水量(EWQ)、稻桩生物(BR)、种植模式(PP)和收割方式(HM);它们与节肢动物群落密度及参数H′、D和C,以及腐食者密度和生物量、捕食者密度等显著正相关或负相关(P0.05)。主成分及聚类分析结果进一步指出,3类冬水田的生境异质性差异较大,这与它们小区在节肢动物群落密度(AI)、腐食者密度(DI)及FH等生物和非生物因素上的较大不同有关。总之,3类冬水田主要营养链“水稻秸秆-腐食者-捕食者”中存在不同程度的级联效应;弹尾虫作为该效应中腐食者的代表承担着冬水田“关键或中心”节肢动物类群具有的双重生态功能;不同冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征差异明显,这与FH、EWQ、BR、PP和HM等非生物因素密切相关。     

Arthropod abundance and diversity in Bt and non-Bt rice fields

In a field experiment, possible effects of transgenic Bt rice on arthropod communities under paddy field conditions were assessed for 3 yr in terms of arthropod guild dominance, family composition, dominance distribution of each guild, individuals of each guild, and community indices (including Shannon-Weaver diversity index and dominant concentration index). Our results overall suggested no significant differences between the Bt and control rice plots in these arthropod community-specific parameters. The similarity of arthropod communities in the Bt and control rice plots was apparently high. Based on our findings, we conclude that Bt rice generally exerts no marked negative effects on the arthropod community in paddy fields.     

Effects of insecticide-treated and Lepidopteran-active Bt transgenic sweet corn on the abundance and diversity of arthropods

A field study was conducted over 2 yr to determine the effects of transgenic sweet corn containing a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on the diversity and abundance of nontarget arthropods. The Bt hybrid (expressing Cry1Ab endotoxin for lepidopteran control) was compared with near-isogenic non-Bt and Bt hybrids treated with a foliar insecticide and with a near-isogenic non-Bt hybrid without insecticides. Plant inspections, sticky cards, and pitfall traps were used to sample a total of 573,672 arthropods, representing 128 taxonomic groups in 95 families and 18 orders. Overall biodiversity and community-level responses were not significantly affected by the transgenic hybrid. The Bt hybrid also had no significant adverse effects on population densities of specific nontarget herbivores, decomposers, and natural enemies enumerated at the family level during the crop cycle. As expected, the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin had broad negative impacts on the abundance of many nontarget arthropods. One insecticide application in the Bt plots reduced the overall abundance of the natural enemy community by 21-48%. Five applications in the non-Bt plots reduced natural enemy communities by 33-70%. Nontarget communities affected in the insecticide-treated Bt plots exhibited some recovery, but communities exposed to five applications showed no trends toward recovery during the crop cycle. This study clearly showed that the nontarget effects of Bt transgenic sweet corn on natural enemies and other arthropods were minimal and far less than the community-level disruptions caused by lambda-cyhalothrin.     

药剂处理对早稻田害虫天敌群落的影响

研究了三唑磷、杀虫双、阿维菌素和Bt+吡虫啉4种药剂处理对安徽江淮地区早稻田害虫 天敌群落的影响.结果表明,4种药剂处理对主要害虫的种群增长均有显著控制作用.三唑磷对群落多样性影响最大,其次是杀虫双和阿维菌素,其各处理区群落多样性平均值分别为1.545、1.562和1.691,均显著低于空白对照区（群落多样性平均值为1.897）;Bt+吡虫啉处理区群落多样性平均值为1.915,较空白对照区有所提高.药剂处理2周后,杀虫双处理区与阿维菌素处理区的群落组成最相似,三唑磷处理区与Bt+吡虫啉处理区最不相似.从群落稳定性和害虫可持续控制的角度看,4种药剂处理中以Bt+吡虫啉最优,而杀虫双和阿维菌素又稍优于三唑磷.     

麦套夏播转Bt基因棉R93-6对昆虫群落的影响

以转Bt(Bacillusthuringiensis)基因棉品系R93-6为试验材料,以中棉所16号为对照,研究了在麦套夏播条件下转基因棉对昆虫群落的影响。结果表明,转基因棉田昆虫群落、害虫和天敌亚群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于常规棉田,而优势集中性则高于常规棉田,所以转基因棉田昆虫群落、害虫和天敌亚群落的稳定性不如常规棉田,某种害虫大发生的可能性较大。对季节性变化格局的研究表明,转基因棉田昆虫群落可以划分为前期(6月初至7月下旬)、中期(7月底至8月底)和后期(9月份以后)三个发展阶段,根据不同阶段害虫和天敌发生的特点, 提出了害虫综合治理的策略。即前期害虫的防治应以生物生态调控为主;中期以化学防治为主,以生物生态调控为辅,协调好生物防治和化学防治的矛盾;后期应以生物生态调控为主,并加强农业防治。     

Field response of aboveground non-target arthropod community to transgenic Bt-Cry1Ab rice plant residues in postharvest seasons

Risk assessments of ecological effects of transgenic rice expressing lepidoptera-Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on non-target arthropods have primarily focused on rice plants during cropping season, whereas few studies have investigated the effects in postharvest periods. Harvested rice fallow fields provide a critical over-wintering habitat for arthropods in the Chinese rice ecosystems, particularly in the southern region of the country. During 2006-08, two independent field trials were conducted in Chongqing, China to investigate the effects of transgenic Cry1Ab rice residues on non-target arthropod communities. In each trial, pitfall traps were used to sample arthropods in field plots planted with one non-Bt variety and two Bt rice lines expressing the Cry1Ab protein. Aboveground arthropods in the trial plots during the postharvest season were abundant, while community densities varied significantly between the two trials. A total of 52,386 individual insects and spiders, representing 93 families, was captured in the two trials. Predominant arthropods sampled were detritivores, which accounted for 91.9% of the total captures. Other arthropods sampled included predators (4.2%), herbivores (3.2%), and parasitoids (0.7%). In general, there were no significant differences among non-Bt and Bt rice plots in all arthropod community-specific parameters for both trials, suggesting no adverse impact of the Bt rice plant residues on the aboveground non-target arthropod communities during the postharvest season. The results of this study provide additional evidence that Bt rice is safe to non-target arthropod communities in the Chinese rice ecosystems.     

转植酸酶基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响

【背景】节肢动物群落是农田生态系统的重要组成部分,转基因作物的种植对节肢动物群落结构及多样性的影响是环境安全评价的重要内容之一。转植酸酶基因玉米是我国首例获得生产应用安全证书的转基因粮食作物。【方法】以转植酸酶基因玉米10TPY005、非转基因亲本玉米蠡玉35和当地常规品种郑单958为试验材料,在大田种植条件下,采用直接观察法定期调查了玉米田间主要节肢动物的种类和发生数量,通过分析比较3个玉米品种田间节肢动物群落、天敌亚群落和害虫亚群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数以及优势集中性指数,研究了转植酸酶基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响。【结果】在各个调查时间,转植酸酶基因玉米10TPY005与亲本玉米蠡玉35相比,各群落指数均不存在显著性差异;随着玉米生育期的延长,各群落指数的变化趋势也基本一致。【结论与意义】转植酸酶基因玉米的短期种植,对田间节肢动物群落多样性没有明显影响。     

The Cultivation of Bt Corn Producing Cry1Ac Toxins Does Not Adversely Affect Non-Target Arthropods

Transgenic corn producing Cry1Ac toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provides effective control of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), and thus reduces insecticide applications. However, whether Bt corn exerts undesirable effects on non-target arthropods (NTAs) is still controversial. We conducted a 2-yr study in Shangzhuang Agricultural Experiment Station to assess the potential impact of Bt corn on field population density, biodiversity, community composition and structure of NTAs. On each sampling date, the total abundance, Shannon''s diversity index, Pielou''s evenness index and Simpson''s diversity index were not significantly affected by Bt corn as compared to non-Bt corn. The “sampling dates” had a significant effect on these indices, but no clear tendencies related to “Bt corn” or “sampling dates X corn variety” interaction were recorded. Principal response curve analysis of variance indicated that Bt corn did not alter the distribution of NTAs communities. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and distance analysis showed that Cry1Ac toxin exposure did not increase community dissimilarities between Bt and non-Bt corn plots and that the evolution of non-target arthropod community was similar on the two corn varieties. The cultivation of Bt corn failed to show any detrimental evidence on the density of non-target herbivores, predators and parasitoids. The composition of herbivores, predators and parasitoids was identical in Bt and non-Bt corn plots. Taken together, results from the present work support that Bt corn producing Cry1Ac toxins does not adversely affect NTAs.