基于线粒体COⅠ基因的凤蝶亚科部分物种系统发育关系

通过对凤蝶亚科Papilioninae11属27种的线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ基因(COⅠ)序列测定,以阿波罗绢蝶Parnassius apollo为外群,分别采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)和最大似然法(ML)构建凤蝶亚科的系统发育树,初步探讨了其系统发育关系。结果显示,凤蝶亚科11属27个物种分为4个主要的分支,分别是裳凤蝶族Troidini、凤蝶族Papilionini、燕凤蝶族Lampropterini和喙凤蝶族Teinopalpini,与传统分类学观点一致。其中,燕凤蝶族构成凤蝶亚科系统发育树基部的一个独立分支,且为单系发生。凤蝶属Papilio中美凤蝶亚属Menelaides和翠凤蝶亚属Princeps首先相聚,华凤蝶亚属Sinoprinceps和凤蝶亚属Papilio亲缘关系较近,随后两分支再聚为一支,构成凤蝶属。本研究结果从分子水平验证了凤蝶亚科传统的形态分类地位,并为澄清凤蝶亚科物种间系统发育关系提供了基础资料。     

凤蝶亚科(凤蝶科,鳞翅目)16S rRNA基因的分子系统发生分析

对15种凤蝶亚科蝶类线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列进行了测定,并结合GenBank中其它相关类群的序列,采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法构建凤蝶亚科的分子系统树,探讨该亚科各类群间的系统发生关系.结果表明,燕凤蝶族构成凤蝶亚科蝶类系统树基部的一个独立分支;燕凤蝶族和裳凤蝶族为单系发生,且裳凤蝶族聚在凤蝶族内部;喙凤蝶族的单系性尚不能确定.综合分子系统学、形态学及寄主植物等相关证据,推测斑凤蝶类为凤蝶族中早期分化的一支;较之裳凤蝶类,斑凤蝶类可能更早从二者最近的共同祖先中分化出来.     

丝带凤蝶线粒体基因组全序列及其系统学意义(英文)

锯凤蝶类与凤蝶科其他类群的系统发生关系及其分类学地位一直存在争议。本研究采用PCR和long PCR技术测定了属于锯凤蝶类的丝带凤蝶Sericinus montelus线粒体基因组全序列; 结合已有的其他凤蝶科物种的相应序列数据, 基于13个蛋白质编码基因重建了凤蝶科主要类群的系统发生树, 探讨了它们之间的系统发生关系。基因组分析结果表明： 丝带凤蝶线粒体基因组全长15 242 bp, 包括13个编码蛋白基因(ATP6, ATP8, COⅠ-Ⅲ, ND1-6, ND4L和Cytb)、 22个tRNA基因、 16S和12S rRNA基因以及非编码的控制区; 基因组A, T, G和C含量分别为40.1%, 40.8%, 7.4%和11.7%, 表现出明显的AT偏倚。所有的蛋白质编码基因都使用标准的起始密码子(ATN); 除ND4 和 ND4L基因使用单个的T作为终止密码子外, 其余蛋白编码基因都使用了标准的终止密码子(TAA)。除丝氨酸 tRNA的二氢尿苷突环缺失外, 所有tRNA基因都形成典型的三叶草型结构。基因组中共存在12个大小介于2~65 bp之间的基因间隔区以及15个大小介于1~8 bp之间的基因重叠区, 其中, 存在于COⅡ和tRNA^Lys之间的24 bp的间隔区在其他鳞翅目昆虫中未曾见到。以邻接法和最大简约法并基于13个蛋白质编码基因序列对凤蝶科进行了系统发生分析。结果显示, 丝带凤蝶和中华虎凤蝶Luehdorfia chinensis先构成一个支系, 再和冰清绢蝶Parnassius bremeri构成姊妹群; 表明锯凤蝶类应作为族级分类单元归于凤蝶科下的绢蝶亚科。     

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE FEMALE GENITALIA OF SPECIES IN THE SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE ( COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE)

比较研究了锯天牛亚科4族10属20种(亚种)的雌性生殖器特征.研究结果表明:雌性生殖器特征在锯天牛亚科族级、属级和种级均具有分类学意义.此研究对传统外部形态分类特征进行了补充.     

基于线粒体ND1和COI基因序列探讨锯眼蝶亚科主要类群的系统发生关系

测定了分布于中国的锯眼蝶亚科4族10属共20个种的线粒体ND1和COI基因的部分序列,结合从GenBank中获得的4个国外种类的同源序列,以凤蝶科的迪洛尔娟凤蝶(Allancatria deyrolle)、丝带凤蝶(Sericinus montela),以及娟蝶科的西猛娟蝶(Parnassius simonius)为外类群,通过邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了分子系统树,分析了该亚科内主要类群的系统发生关系。分析结果表明:帻眼蝶族和锯眼蝶族具有较近的亲缘关系;黛眼蝶族不是单系群,该族中的黛眼蝶属、荫眼蝶属与眉眼蝶族具有较近的亲缘关系,带眼蝶属、藏眼蝶属、毛眼蝶属和帕眼蝶属聚合为一个独立的支系,其中带眼蝶属和藏眼蝶属在所有的分析方法中均以100%的置信度(BP=100%,PP=1.00)相聚合,建议将它们合并为一属。     

小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组特征及基于线粒体基因组的蝶类高级阶元系统发育关系分析

【目的】了解小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion线粒体基因组的特征,并从线粒体基因组水平探究蝶类高级阶元的系统发育关系。【方法】采用PCR扩增技术及Sequencher 4.8拼接软件获得小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组全序列。参考鳞翅目昆虫已知线粒体基因组全序列并使用MEGA6.0软件对小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组中各基因进行定位和注释。采用tRNA Scan-SE 1.21在线预测小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组tRNA基因的二级结构。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因的核苷酸序列重建了包含凤蝶总科中凤蝶科(Papilionidae)、绢蝶科(Parnassiidae)、粉蝶科(Pieridae)、眼蝶科(Satyridae)、蛱蝶科(Nymphalidae)、灰蝶科(Lycaenidae)、斑蝶科(Danaidae)、珍蝶科(Acraeidae)、喙蝶科(Libyheidae)和蚬蝶科(Riodinidae)10个科28种蝴蝶的系统发育关系。【结果】结果表明,小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组全序列总长度为15 362 bp(Gen Bank登录号:MF496134),包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个A+T富含区。小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组中存在较高的A+T含量(79.6%)。小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因中UUA的相对同义密码子使用频率(RSCU)最高(5.08),而AGG和CCG相对同义密码子使用频率(RSCU)均较低(0),这与大紫蛱蝶Sasakia charonda coreana的分析结果一致。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNASer(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构,这与鳞翅目中目前已得到的其他昆虫线粒体基因组中tRNA基因的二级结构一致。系统发育分析结果显示,凤蝶总科内蚬蝶科与灰蝶科的亲缘关系最近;粉蝶科与蛱蝶科、珍蝶科、眼蝶科、斑蝶科、喙蝶科、蚬蝶科和灰蝶科的系统发育关系更近;绢蝶科与凤蝶科锯凤蝶亚科亲缘关系最近,随后二者与凤蝶亚科物种聚为一支。在绢蝶科中,小红珠绢蝶与依帕绢蝶Parnassius epaphus的亲缘关系最近。【结论】本研究支持绢蝶科物种归为绢蝶亚科,绢蝶亚科、锯凤蝶亚科和凤蝶亚科归入凤蝶科,且绢蝶亚科与锯凤蝶亚科为姐妹群。     

锯天牛亚科雌性生殖器比较形态学研究(鞘翅目,天牛科)

比较研究了锯天牛亚科4族10属20种(亚种)的雌性生殖器特征。研究结果表明:雌性生殖器特征在锯天牛亚科族级、属级和种级均具有分类学意义。此研究对传统外部形态分类特征进行了补充。     

金裳翼凤蝶

１金光闪烁的蝴蝶金裳翼凤蝶ＴｒｏｉｄｅｓａｅａｃｕｓＦｅｌｄｅｒ体大,雌蝶翅展１６０ｍｍ,黛色,具黑天鹅绒光泽,显得庄重、稳健、高贵;雌雄蝶后翅金黄有黑斑,阳光一照,金光闪烁,更显得富丽堂皇;颈、胸侧面有红毛;腹部黄黑相间,展示它典雅气质,故有“金童”、“黛女”、“金风筝”之美称。金裳翼凤蝶系凤蝶科翼凤蝶属,是国际野生动物二级保护对象,也是我国体型最大的一种凤蝶。原分布仅局限于川、陕、台三省。近年,湘、粤、桂、滇、黔、苏、浙、闽、赣等长江、珠江流域诸山区均有其踪迹。在江西的九连山、三清山、三百山…     

虎凤蝶属雄性外生殖器超微结构的比较（鳞翅目：凤蝶科）

运用扫描电镜观察了虎凤蝶属现有4种雄成虫的外生殖器。结果表明：中华虎凤蝶Lueh-dorfia chinensis Leech 、长尾虎凤蝶L. longicaudata Lee、乌苏里虎凤蝶L. puziloi Erschoff和日本虎凤蝶L. japonica Leech雄性外生殖器的一般形态结构相似,而其抱器、钩状突、阳茎、阳茎轭片的超微结构存在着差异,这些特征可作为鉴定的依据。通过对雄性外生殖器形态结构的比较,以及有关结构参数的聚类分析,讨论了4种虎凤蝶的亲缘关系。作者认为,中华虎凤蝶具有最原始的结构特征,可能较接近该属祖先,长尾虎凤蝶则与其较近缘;乌苏里虎凤蝶与日本虎凤蝶相对较近缘,与前两种差异略大。     

中国青凤蝶变异型初步观察

通过对中国青凤蝶Graphium sarpedon(L.)标本的观察,归纳出6种中国青凤蝶的变异型,提供了各变异型的主要形态特征和彩色照片,并综合大量文献资料对中国青凤蝶的亚种分布进行了探讨。     

Phylogeny of Japanese Papilionid Butterflies Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial ND5 Gene

Phylogenetic relationships among the Japanese papilionid butterflies were analyzed by comparing 783 nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial gene encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5). Phylogenetic trees of the representative species from each family in the superfamily Papilionoidea revealed that the species of the family Papilionidae and those of all other families formed distinct clusters, with a few species of the family Hesperiidae (Hesperioidea) as an outgroup. In the phylogenetic trees of most Japanese species of the family Papilionidae with Nymphalis xanthomelas (Nymphalidae) as an outgroup, the tribe Parnassiini (Parnassiinae) formed a cluster, and the rest formed the other cluster in which the tribe Zerynthiini (Parnassiinae) and the subfamily Papilioninae formed different subclusters. In the Papilioninae cluster, the tribes Troidini and Graphiini formed a subcluster, and the tribe Papilionini formed the other subcluster. These results generally agree with the traditional classification of the papilionid butterflies based on their morphological characteristics and support the proposed evolutionary genealogy of the butterflies based on their morphology, behavior, and larval host plants, except that the tribes Parnasiini and Zerynthiini (both Parnassiinae) are not in the same cluster. Received: 16 March 1998 / Accepted: 28 April 1998     

Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes

We tested the taxonomic utility of morphology and seven mitochondrial or nuclear genes in a phylogenetic reconstruction of swallowtail butterflies in the subfamily Parnassiinae. Our data included 236 morphological characters and DNA sequences for seven genes that are commonly used to infer lepidopteran relationships (COI+COII, ND5, ND1, 16S, EF-1alpha, and wg; total 5775 bp). Nuclear genes performed best for inferring phylogenies, particularly at higher taxonomic levels, while there was substantial variation in performance among mitochondrial genes. Multiple analyses of molecular data (MP, ML and Bayesian) consistently produced a tree topology different from that obtained by morphology alone. Based on molecular evidence, sister-group relationships were confirmed between the genera Hypermnestra and Parnassius, as well as between Archon and Luehdorfia, while the monophyly of the subfamily was weakly supported. We recognize three tribes within Parnassiinae, with Archon and Luehdorfia forming the tribe Luehdorfiini Tutt, 1896 [stat. rev.]. Three fossil taxa were incorporated into a molecular clock analysis with biogeographic time constraints. Based on dispersal-vicariance (DIVA) analysis, the most recent common ancestor of Parnassiinae occurred in the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia to China. Early diversification of Parnassiinae took place at the same time that India collided into Eurasia, 65-42 million years ago.     

Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius: inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus Parnassius and its related taxa were analyzed by comparing nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (504 sites) and NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 1 (469 sites). In the phylogenetic trees, Parnassius was found to be most closely related to Hypermnestra helios, whereas Archon apollinus, which has been classified in the tribe Parnassiini together with Parnassius and Hypermnestra, was more closely related to members of the tribe Zerynthiini. Within the Parnassius clade, six major clades corresponding to species groups were well supported, although the phylogenetic relationships among them were not clear. Although the results of the present study were in agreement with those of a previous phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 5 sequences, our study strongly supported a close relationship between Parnassius and Hypermnestra, which was not well supported in the previous study.     

欧亚大陆裸蝗亚科的分类研究（直翅目: 蝗亚目: 蝗总科）

本文对欧亚大陆裸蝗亚科(Conophyminae)进行了系统的分类研究, 将其分为4个族, 其中包括3个新族, 即贝氏蝗族(Bienkoini tribe nov.)、庚蝗族（Genimenini tribe nov.）和普乐氏蝗族 （Plotnikovini tribe nov.）, 记述了一新属--原无翅蝗属Eozubovskya gen. nov., 并附已知4族25属的检索表。将该亚科中原有3个具翅的属（Khayyamia Kocak, 1981, Conophymacris Willemse, 1933 和Zagrosia Descamps, 1967）移出, 归入秃蝗亚科（Podisminae）。     

Wood anatomy of the subfamily Crotonoideae (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) from India: systematic implications with special reference to the taxonomic delimitation of Givotia and Vernicia

The wood anatomy of 15 representative species belonging to 12 genera of nine tribes of the subfamily Crotonoideae (Euphorbiaceae) are comprehensively described with focus on systematic implications. In addition, ecological and evolutionary aspects are evaluated. An identification key to the species based on wood anatomical features is presented. The wood microstructure of the tribes was found to be considerably heterogeneous reflecting an unnatural classification of the subfamily. However, the results confirm the generic relationship within subtribe Aleuritinae and tribe Ricinodendreae. Vernicia and Givotia may be recognized based on wood anatomical and morphological characters. The tribes Micrandreae and Adenoclineae have considerable similarity in wood anatomy. The wood structure of the monogeneric tribes Trigonostemoneae and Geloneae idicate a close relationship with the tribe Crotoneae.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的矛茧蜂亚科系统发育研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本研究选取矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae（昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）的6族15属18种做内群,茧蜂科其它7亚科11属11种做外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和100个形态学和解剖学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用“非圆口类"的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes 3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯法对矛茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了运算分析;并以PAUP*4.0对矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明：矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC含量在39.33%～48.28%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,矛茧蜂亚科各成员间序列变异位点上颠换（transversion）大于转换（transition）。不同的分析算法所产生的系统发育树都表明矛茧蜂亚科是一个界限分明的单系群;在矛茧蜂亚科内,除了吉丁茧蜂族Siragrini为单系群外,其他族（矛茧蜂族Doryctini和方头茧蜂族Hecabolini）都是并系群。对于矛茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得的系统发育树的拓扑结构不完全一致,表明矛茧蜂亚科内（属及族）的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

An upgraded comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Tardigrada tree of life

Providing accurate animals’ phylogenies rely on increasing knowledge of neglected phyla. Tardigrada diversity evaluated in broad phylogenies (among phyla) is biased towards eutardigrades. A comprehensive phylogeny is demanded to establish the representative diversity and propose a more natural classification of the phylum. So, we have performed multilocus (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) phylogenies with Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood. We propose the creation of a new class within Tardigrada, erecting the order Apochela (Eutardigrada) as a new Tardigrada class, named Apotardigrada comb. n. Two groups of evidence support its creation: (a) morphological, presence of cephalic appendages, unique morphology for claws (separated branches) and wide‐elongated buccopharyngeal apparatus without placoids, and (b) phylogenetic support based on molecular data. Consequently, order Parachela is suppressed and its superfamilies erected as orders within Eutardigrada, maintaining their current names. We propose a new classification within the family Echiniscidae (Echiniscoidea, Heterotardigrada) with morphological and phylogenetic support: (a) subfamily Echiniscinae subfam. n., with two tribes Echiniscini tribe n. and Bryodelphaxini tribe n.; (b) subfamily Pseudechiniscinae subfam. n., with three tribes Cornechiniscini tribe n., Pseudechiniscini tribe n. and Anthechiniscini tribe n.; and (c) subfamily Parechiniscinae subfam. n., with two tribes Parechiniscini tribe n. and Novechiniscini tribe n. Reliable biodiversity selection for tardigrades in broad phylogenies is proposed due to biased analyses performed up to now. We use our comprehensive molecular phylogeny to evaluate the evolution of claws in the clawless genus Apodibius and claw reduction across the Tardigrada tree of life. Evolutionary consequences are discussed.     

A modern classification of the family Caliscelidae Amyot et Serville (Homoptera,Fulgoroidea)

Recent changes in the classification of the family Caliscelidae Amyot et Serville are summarized. All the genera are attributed to tribes and subfamilies. Data on the distribution and the number of genera and species for each tribe are presented. The subfamily Ommatidiotinae is shown to be absent in the recent New World fauna, and only the tribe Peltonotellini represents the subfamily Caliscelinae in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的优茧蜂亚科系统发育研究

本研究选取优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae(膜翅目Hymenoptera:茧蜂科Braconidae)的8族19属23种作为内群,茧蜂其它6个亚科的8属8种作外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和41个形态学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用"圆口类"的内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae的3个亚科为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯法对优茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了分析;并以PAUP*4.0对优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列的片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明:优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换(transversion)大于转换(transition);不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群,而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群;在优茧蜂亚科内部,悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini(排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis)为单系群,而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群;悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持,同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。此外对于优茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得到的系统发育属的结果不完全一致,这表明优茧蜂亚科内(属及族)的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

Notes on the genus Apteroloma of China with description of a new species (Coleoptera, Agyrtidae)

A new cicadellid tribe, Tungurahualini, is recognized to include Tungurahuala Kramer, and a related new genus, Ilyapagen. n., based on six new species. The tribe is included in subfamily Mileewinae, the concept of which is further expanded to include tribes Makilingiini Baker, and Tinteromini Godoy and Webb, taxa previously treated as separate subfamilies. Keys to tribes of Mileewinae (sensu lato) and genera of Tungurahualini are provided. A new species of Tungurahuala, Tungurahuala acuminatasp. n., is also described and keys to species of Tungurahuala and Ilyapa are provided. The new tribe is presently recorded only from cloud forests in the northern Andes Mountains of South America.