青海高寒地区春小麦开花生物学特性的观察

本文报道在青海高寒地区春小麦孕穗至开花各阶段持续的时间与积温关系;不同肥料对抽穗后茎的生长和开花的影响以及在1970年的气候条件下春小麦开花的情况。     

垄作与覆膜对川中丘陵春玉米根系分布及产量的影响

通过设置田间试验,研究种植方式(垄作垄播、平作、垄作沟播)与覆膜措施对川中丘陵春玉米根系分布和玉米产量的影响.结果表明: 垄作与覆膜对玉米根系形态影响显著,覆膜显著提高了玉米根长、根表面积和根体积,拔节期覆膜较不覆膜处理分别提高了42.3%、50.0%和57.4%.覆膜提高了各土层和各水平各层次根质量,扩大了根系在土壤垂直和水平方向上的分布,提高了拔节期20～40 cm土层和水平方向上宽行0～20 cm根系比例.种植方式对根系生长和分布的影响因覆膜而异,覆膜下垄作垄播显著提高了各土层根质量和20～40 cm土层根量分配比例,同时提高了水平方向上各层次根量和宽行根系分配比例,总根质量表现为:垄作垄播>平作>垄作沟播;不覆膜下垄作沟播显著提高了窄行0～40 cm根量,吐丝期总根质量表现为:垄作沟播>垄作垄播>平作.从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜降低了玉米秃尖长,提高了穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,覆膜下产量表现为:垄作垄播＞平作＞垄作沟播;不覆膜下则表现为:垄作沟播＞平作＞垄作垄播.覆膜下垄作垄播促进了根系特别是深层根质量的增加,同时增加了深层根系和水平20～40 cm根系比例,这是其增产的重要原因;而不覆膜下垄作沟播有利于根系生长,从而提高产量.     

我国东北地区不同生态条件下玉米品种积温需求及利用特征

为研究玉米品种在年份间和地域间正常成熟所需积温特征及其对当地积温的利用效率,以广适性品种郑单958为试验材料,2007-2009年在我国东北春播玉米区(40°-48°N),累计布置28个试验区,开展了55点次的玉米生长发育与产量表现联网试验.结果表明:我国东北春播玉米种植区的气象条件差异较大,在同一试验区,不同年份玉米完成整个生育进程所需积温差异不显著(P＞0.1);在同一年份,不同试验区所需积温呈极显著差异(P＜0.001),其中从播种至出苗阶段地区间相对差异最大,其次是吐丝至成熟阶段,出苗至吐丝阶段差异最小.郑单958成熟度与研究区热量条件显著相关,当地积温的利用效率与纬度呈极显著的线性回归关系;该品种在生长季＞3000℃活动积温的地区属于安全种植带,小于该值的地区将受到不能正常成熟的威胁.在一定气候条件下,玉米品种对积温的需求相对稳定.受热量条件的影响,在玉米品种自我生理反应调节下,地区间各生长发育时期所需积温差异显著.     

华北旱地覆膜春玉米田水温效应及增产限制因子

为探求覆膜栽培春玉米旱作田土壤水温变化特征及其对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,设计垄作覆膜、垄作裸地、平作覆膜、平作裸地(对照)4个处理的田间试验,对春玉米田各生育时段的土壤温度、土层水分、耗水结构及玉米产量进行了监测.结果表明：自播种到抽雄的生育前期春玉米田覆膜较裸地增温1～3 ℃,土壤积温增加155.2～280.9 ℃;延长生育期约5.9～10.7 d.自播种到成苗期覆膜保水效应显著,WUE较裸地提高81.6%～136.4%.春玉米成苗到拔节期正值该区域稳定干旱期,覆膜处理土壤供水层深达80～100 cm,干旱胁迫使WUE较对照降低17.0%～21.6%,产生奢侈耗水.春玉米小喇叭口期后进入雨季,各处理土体复水,并产生过饱渗漏,最终使收获期土体水分与播期持平,贮水丰富.垄作覆膜较裸地增产9.5%;平作覆膜不利于降水入渗而导致渍水,减产5.0%;垄作裸地与平作裸地差异不显著.以雨季前气象干旱期的土壤枯水与雨季后的土壤库水为特征的春玉米田水分供求时序失衡,限制了春玉米的高产.     

小麦/玉米间作优势及地上部与地下部因素的相对贡献

 明确种间地上部相互作用和地下部相互作用对间作优势的贡献,优化资源配置对提高间作体系产量具有重要意义。该文采用田间微区试验以及地下部种间根系分隔技术研究了玉米(Zea mays)覆膜与不覆膜两种情况下小麦(Triticum aestivum)/玉米间作优势及地上部和地下部因素对间作优势的相对贡献, 以期为间作体系的增产提供理论依据。结果得出,玉米不覆膜时小麦/玉米间作具有明显的产量间作优势(籽粒产量和生物学产量土地当量比(Land equivalent ration, LER)分别为 1.30和1 .29),玉米覆膜能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统产量间作优势（LER分别为1.41和1.40）;玉米不覆膜时小麦/玉米间作系统具有明显的氮、磷、钾养分吸收优势,玉米覆膜也能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统养分吸收优势。小麦/玉米间作系统籽粒产量和生物产量间作优势来自地上部种间相互作用和地下部种间相互作用两个方面,但其相对贡献以地上部大于地下部, 当玉米不覆膜时均以地上部占75%、地下部占25%,当玉米覆膜时均为地上部占67%、地下部占33%,玉米覆膜能明显增加小麦/玉米间作系统产量间作优势地下部的相对贡献。地上部和地下部因素对小麦/玉米间作系统养分吸收优势也都具有重要贡献。玉米不覆膜时地上部和地下部因素对氮、磷养分吸收优势的相对贡献均分别为67%与33%,钾则相等（各占50%）;玉米覆膜能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统氮、磷养分吸收优势地下部贡献率,但对钾养分吸收优势贡献影响不明显。表明,间作优势不仅可以通过作物组合来获得,也可通过地膜覆盖等措施进行调控,玉米覆膜能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统产量间作优势和养分吸收优势及其地下部的相对贡献。可见,该研究对小麦／玉米间作模式持续增产和发展具有十分重要的指导作用。     

不同积温对春玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响

以不同抗冷型玉米品种丰单3(抗冷型)和郑单958(非抗冷型)为试验材料,在黑龙江省Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ积温带进行大田试验,研究了不同积温对不同抗冷型春玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响.结果表明: 在3个积温带,丰单3和郑单958抽雄开花期和成熟期按Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ积温带顺序依次延长,籽粒容重依次降低;丰单3和郑单958叶片的RuBP羧化酶、PEP羧化酶活性对温度的敏感性不同,其中,丰单3灌浆前期(开花后0~20 d)两种酶活性高,在温度限制区可正常成熟;郑单958灌浆前期和后期(开花后0~10 d、40~60 d)两种酶活性高,中期(开花后10~40 d)对活动积温不敏感,在温度限制区不能正常成熟.两类玉米叶片的光合速率均与开花后0~10 d和30~40 d的活动积温呈显著正相关.3个积温带积温在灌浆初期和后期对春玉米光合性能影响显著,同一品种灌浆期活动积温越高,籽粒产量越高;郑单958产量均高于丰单3.     

苜蓿茬不同种植年限玉米根系生理特性及其产量

以7龄紫花苜蓿地为前茬,连续4年采用同一高产栽培方案种植玉米,并测定其根系分布、根系生理指标和产量变化。结果表明:苜蓿翻耕种植玉米后,随种植年限增加,产量下降,各土层玉米根系生物量在吐丝期-成熟期均呈下降趋势,随土层加深差异增大;0~20 cm土层玉米根重占总根重(0~60 cm)的比例随玉米种植年限增加而升高,而40~60 cm土层随玉米种植年限增加而降低;吐丝期和乳熟期各土层根系活力和SOD酶活性均随玉米种植年限增加而降低;POD酶活性除吐丝期20~60 cm差异不显著外,各时期、各土层随玉米种植年限增加而下降;乳熟期各土层根系MDA的含量均随玉米种植年限增加而增加,且随土层加深差异增大。     

东北雨养区地膜覆盖条件下种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和产量的影响

在东北雨养农业区,地膜覆盖和玉米密植高产栽培技术得到广泛应用。本文探讨了不同种植密度条件下,地膜覆盖对玉米田间土壤水分及其产量的影响。研究设置60000、67500和75000株·hm-23个种植密度,分析玉米田间土壤水分动态及其产量变化。结果表明:3个种植密度下玉米全生育期土壤含水率变化趋势基本一致,在拔节期至灌浆期,种植密度对土壤水分的影响明显;同一密度下,覆膜玉米产量明显高于不覆盖玉米产量,密度在60000株·hm-2时增产率最大(14.3%);不覆盖模式下不同种植密度间水分利用效率差异不显著,覆膜模式下不同密度间水分利用效率差异显著;分析表明,提高玉米种植密度或者采用覆膜种植模式,均可以增加玉米产量,但同时也会导致土壤库存水量降低。     

甘肃陇东黄土高原冬小麦对气候变暖的响应

使用地面试验田平行观测资料,就甘肃陇东黄土高原冬小麦对气候变暖的响应进行了比较分析。结果表明,1981年以来,冬小麦对气候变暖的响应主要表征为全生育期与越冬期的缩短,返青期与收获期提前,而越冬前和返青后的生长期总日数并无明显变化;各发育阶段对增温的响应差异明显,增温使营养生长阶段的返青至起身至拔节和生殖生长阶段的开花及成熟日期提前,乳熟日期和开花至成熟期间的总日数无明显变化,但增温使生殖生长阶段的开花至乳熟有延长趋势,而乳熟至成熟期有缩短趋势。籽粒重随≥10℃积温的增加而增加,随3月至收获期最高气温的升高而减少;产量随平均最低气温的升高和≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃和≥15℃积温的增加而增加,随≥20℃积温的增加而减少,表明高温天气增加对冬小麦产量有一定程度的逼熟减产负作用产生。     

土壤水分亏缺条件下根源信号ABA参与作物气孔调控的数值模拟

建立了根系吸水模型和根源ABA参与作物气孔调控过程相耦合的气孔导度模型,该模型在根源信号ABA的产生项中考虑了根系吸水影响函数和根系密度分布函数.利用该耦合模型模拟大田状况下根源ABA参与玉米气孔行为调控过程,结果表明,由于充分考虑了根区土壤水势和土壤中根长密度分布对根系吸水的影响,较好地反映了土壤不同层次根系吸水强度,更为确切地描述了当土壤水分亏缺时,根系合成ABA的量、各层根系蒸腾流中ABA浓度、木质部ABA浓度以及最终ABA参与对气孔行为的调控作用.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

The synthesis and evaluation of flavone and isoflavone chimeras of novobiocin and derrubone

The natural products novobiocin and derrubone have both demonstrated Hsp90 inhibition and structure–activity relationships have been established for each scaffold. Given these compounds share several key structural features, we hypothesized that incorporation of elements from each could provide insight to structural features important for Hsp90 inhibition. Thus, chimeric analogues of novobiocin and derrubone were constructed and evaluated. These studies confirmed that the functionality present at the 3-position of the isoflavone plays a critical role in determining Hsp90 inhibition and suggests that the bicyclic ring system present in both novobiocin and derrubone do not share similar modes of binding.