不同管理枣林枣粘虫(Ancylis sativa)天敌功能团的组成及动态

枣粘虫(Ancylis sativa)是枣树主要的食叶和蛀果害虫,为了控制其危害,2004年在太谷地区对4种不同处理枣林的枣粘虫天敌发生与态势进行了系统的调查研究,结果表明种草综合防治枣林枣粘虫天敌昆虫的物种数比种草常规防治枣林、未种草综合防治枣林和未种草常规防治枣林分别增加37.2%、84.4%和118.5不%,个体数分别增加39.2%、91.0%和187.4%,枣粘虫幼虫和蛹的寄生率分别增加46.94%和31.27%、35.21%和21.99%、116.42%和60.33%;综合防治枣林区草蛉类和寄生性天敌类的丰盛度明显大于(P<0.05)化学防治的枣林,而瓢虫类与蜘蛛类则明显小于(P<0.05)化学防治的枣林,食虫蝽类与其它捕食性天敌则是种草枣林区大于未种草枣林区;枣林种草后天敌的恢复与重建速率提高了50%～81%;种草枣林多样性的标准误明显减小,相关性测定表明枣粘虫天敌功能团与物种的优势度、多样性、均匀度的变化趋势较为一致,均极显著(P<0.01)相关.     

间种扁茎黄芪牧草枣园害虫天敌功能团的组成与时空动态

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2002年在山西省太谷地区对4种不同处理的间作牧草枣园天敌功能团的群落组成、数量时空和多样性的发生动态进行了系统的调查研究.结果表明,间种牧草枣园害虫的天敌明显大于未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治园、种草常规防治园和种草不防治园的天敌比未种草常规防治园分别增加187.99%、151.82%和210.03%.种草枣园天敌功能团的恢复与重建速率、时空二维生态位平均宽度与重叠程度,以及平均多样性指数均明显大于未种草枣园;而种草枣园多样性标准误的波动幅度明显小于未种草枣园;不同处理枣园的天敌功能团与物种的优势度、多样性和均匀度的变化趋势均极显著相关.说明枣园种草有利于保护和利用天敌,有利于天敌的扩繁增殖;种草枣园天敌群落比未种草枣园相对稳定;不同时期、不同处理枣园天敌功能团数量和所起的作用不同;在天敌功能团中,瓢虫类恢复能力较强,蜘蛛类与寄生性天敌类较弱.用功能团来代替物种进行枣园害虫天敌群落学研究是可行的.     

间种牧草对枣园捕食性天敌与害虫群落动态的影响

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区对不同处理枣园的捕食性天敌与害虫群落动态进行了系统的调查研究,结果表明：间种牧草枣园捕食性天敌种类明显多于（p＜0.05）未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治园捕食性天敌种类明显多于（p＜0.05）种草常规防治园;在枣树不同发育阶段,种草不防治区害虫物种数、多样性和均匀度明显大于（p＜0.05）未间种牧草的枣园;优势度则是未间种牧草的枣园明显（p＜0.05）大于间种牧草枣园;捕食性天敌个体数与害虫个体数的比值是间种牧草枣园明显（p＜0.05）大于未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治区明显大于（p＜0.05）种草常规防治区.就捕食性天敌与害虫的时空二维生态位宽度和重叠而言,不同发育阶段的枣园害虫的时空二维生态位平均宽度之间没有明显差异（p＞0.05）,捕食性天敌的时空二维生态位平均宽度是种草枣园明显（p＜0.05）大于未种草枣园;不同发育阶段种草枣园捕食性天敌与害虫的时空二维生态位平均重叠程度明显（p＜0.05）大于未种草枣园;不同处理枣园捕食性天敌群落中主要种类的前二个主分量负荷值,间种牧草枣区明显（p＜0.05）大于未间种牧草的枣区,而枣园害虫群落中主要种类前二个主分量的负荷值是未间种牧草枣区明显（p＜0.05）大于间种牧草的枣区.相关性分析结果表明,枣园捕食性天敌与害虫参数相关性的变化趋势较为一致,可见用捕食性天敌功能团和按枣树生育期划分害虫发生阶段以替代物种进行枣园捕食性天敌与害虫群落学研究是切实可行的.总之,枣园种草不仅提高了捕食性天敌的种群数量,同时也增加了捕食性天敌控制害虫的稳定性和可持续性.     

枣园间种牧草对节肢动物群落营养层与优势功能团的影响

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区对4种不同处理的间作牧草枣园的生态群落变化进行了系统的调查研究,结果表明：种草综合防治园的物种数显著大于（P〈0．05）种草常规防治园,在枣树发育后期,种草常规防治园的物种数显著大于（P〈0.05）未种草常规防治园;种草枣园基位物种的优势功能团均显著（P〈0．05）小于未种草常规防治园、而中位物种与顶位物种的优势功能团均显著（P〈0．05）大于未种草常规防治园;枣树不同发育期,种草常规防治园的基位物种与中位物种的平均丰盛度大于未种草常规防治园,顶位物种是种草综合防治园的平均丰盛度是种草常规防治园和未种草常规防治园的2倍,并且种草常规防治园大于未种草常规防治园;就害虫平均丰盛度与天敌平均丰盛度之差而言,未种草常规防治园大于种草常规防治园,种草不防治园大于种草综合防治园;多样性指数是：种草综合防治园〉种草不防治园〉种草常规防治园〉未种草常规防治园。综合分析表明,种革枣园的中性节肢动物和次要害虫在害虫与天敌的营养链中起到了重要的调控作用。     

间种牧草枣园害虫与天敌群落优势种的演替与IPM决策

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区对不同处理的间作牧草枣园的害虫与天敌群落优势种的演替与IPM决策进行了系统的研究,结果表明：间种牧草枣园天敌明显大于（P〈0．05）未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治园天敌明显大于（P〈0．05）种草常规防治园;在枣树不同发育阶段,种草不防治区害虫群落的参数明显大于（P〈0．05）未间种牧草的枣园,但丰富度与优势度参数则是未间种牧草的枣园明显（P〈0．05）大于间种牧草枣园;天敌群落的参数是间种牧草枣园明显（P〈0．05）大于未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治区明显大于（P〈0．05）种草常规防治区。不同处理枣园天敌群落优势种对前二个主分量的负荷值,间种牧草枣区明显（P〈0．05）大于未间种牧草的枣区,而枣园害虫群落优势种则是未间种牧草枣区明显（P〈0．05）大于间种牧草的枣区。就天敌与害虫优势种的时空二维生态位宽度和重叠而言,不同发育阶段的枣园害虫的时空二维生态位平均宽度之间没有明显差异（P〉0．05）,天敌优势种的时空二维生态位平均宽度是种草枣园明显（P〈0．05）大于未种草枣园;不同发育阶段种草枣园天敌与害虫优势种的时空二维生态位平均重叠程度明显（P〈0．05）大于未种草枣园;种草园天敌的累计贡献率高于70％的平均指数值明显（P〈0．05）大于未种草园,而未种草园害虫的累计贡献率高于70％的平均指数值明显（P〈0．05）大于种草园,且不同发育阶段也在不同处理枣园有明显差异（P〉0．05）。可见枣园IPM的实施应采取阶段性对策。     

间作牧草枣林蚧虫群落及其天敌功能团的组成与时空动态

2007年在太谷地区对间种牧草枣林蚧虫群落及其天敌功能团的组成与时空动态的研究结果表明:不同处理枣林蚧虫群落及其天敌功能团的组成、多样性与丰盛度时序动态、时空二位生态位的宽度与重叠以及关联度均有明显(P<0.05)的差异,枣林种草结合有害生物综合管理,不仅有利于天地功能团的保护合理用,而且对蚧虫的控制,改善枣林生态环境均具有促进作用,同时发现种草林的寄生性天敌功能团对枣树蚧虫的控制能力要比未种草枣林强.相关性测定表明,天敌群落学的研究可以用功能团来替代物种而进行,它既能反应各类群间的动态关系,又简化了调查分析工作.     

白僵菌超低容量油剂林间应用对生物多样性的影响

2001～2003年在福建省云霄县进行了白僵菌超低容量油剂林间防治马尾松毛虫后对生物多样性的影响研究(包括使用前后的物种丰富度S、个体数N、多样性指数H'、均匀度指数R和优势度指数D等).结果表明,未防治区和白僵菌油剂防治区的物种数分别为473种和392种,而化学防治区的物种数只有266种;白僵菌油剂防治区天敌和害虫个体数与未防治区的比例相近,分别为0.1049:1和0.1051:1,明显高于化学防治区(0.0558:1);化学防治和白僵菌油剂防治均降低了物种的丰富度和多样性,同时也增强了物种的优势度,但化学防治区与未防区的差异显著,白僵菌油剂防治区与未防区的差异不显著,尤其对天敌和非目标昆虫无显著影响.     

白僵菌超低容量油剂林间应用对生物多样性的影响

2001～2003年在福建省云霄县进行了白僵菌超低容量油剂林间防治马尾松毛虫后对生物多样性的影响研究(包括使用前后的物种丰富度S、个体数N、多样性指数H'、均匀度指数R和优势度指数D等),结果表明,未防治区和白僵菌油剂防治区的物种数分别为473种和392种,而化学防治区的物种数只有266种;白僵菌油剂防治区天敌和害虫个体数与未防治区的比例相近,分别为0．1049：1和0．1051：1．明显高于化学防治区(0．0558：1);化学防治和白僵菌油剂防治均降低了物种的丰富度和多样性。同时也增强了物种的优势度,但化学防治区与未防区的差异显著,白僵菌油剂防治区与未防区的差异不显著,尤其对天敌和非目标昆虫无显著影响。     

转Bt基因棉田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能团的组成与变化

1998年在河北南皮棉区转Bt基因棉棉田和常规棉综防田的生物群落变化的研究表明,与常规棉综防田相比,转Bt基因棉棉田的节肢动物种类增加30.7%,功能团多样性增加66.9%,天敌类和中性节肢动物类的丰富度分别增加97.6%和158.0%,害虫类的丰富度减少45.7%。就功能团的种群数量来看,主要害虫棉铃虫、蚜虫和蓟马种群数量分别减少98.9%、69.0%和72.6%;而次要害虫害蝽、粉虱、叶蝉类昆虫的种群数量分别增加了2.2、3.2和14.8倍,棉花生长中期,转Bt基因棉棉田中的基位物种丰富度大于中位和顶位物种;常规棉田中的差异则更大,出现天敌控制“空缺”。综合分析表明,转Bt基因棉棉田生态系统比常规棉综防田稳定;转Bt基因棉棉田的中性节肢动物和次要害虫在害虫－天敌的营养链中起到了重要的调控作用。     

间种牧草枣林刈草对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区间种牧草枣林,运用物种丰富度、多样性与相对丰盛度指数作为多样性分析的综合指标,系统地研究不同刈草次数对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响,结果表明：刈草对害虫亚群落的物种数的影响较小,对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,随着刈割次数的增加,昆虫群落各类群的多样性与相对丰盛度指数的时序变化凸现明显的差异与规律性,且受刈割次数的影响较大,当6月上旬进行第1次刈割后,对昆虫群落的结构动态影响明显,但很快即可得到恢复,当7月中旬实施第2次刈割后,对害虫亚群落物种数影响较小,但对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,并且对昆虫群落的多样性与相对丰盛度的影响较为明显,这种影响待枣果采收后才逐渐得到恢复,因此刈割后应对枣树害虫及时给予管理。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.