心内科患者医院感染鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解心内科住院患者医院感染鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性,为指导临床合理用药提供依据。方法从2010—2012年心内科住院患者送检标本中分离鲍氏不动杆菌,采用PHOENIX-100全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验,并对结果进行统计分析。结果2010-2012年心内科住院患者共分离出166株鲍氏不动杆菌,其中泛耐药菌株34株,检出率为20．5％。药敏结果显示鲍氏不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率呈逐年上升趋势,并显示出多重耐药性,对多粘菌素B、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南等耐药率相对较低。结论鲍氏不动杆菌已成为医院感染重要病原菌,对多种抗菌药物耐药,临床应加强耐药性监测,根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,以控制医院感染的暴发流行。     

肺结核继发脑膜炎败血黄杆菌肺部感染的临床特征及耐药性分析

目的 分析金华广福医院肺结核患者继发脑膜炎败血黄杆菌肺部感染的临床特征及对常用抗生素的耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 统计分析该院2010年1月至2011年12月,从肺结核患者送检的标本中分离出的78株脑膜炎败血黄杆菌的耐药情况.结果 78株脑膜炎败血黄杆菌对多种抗生素耐药,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率较低,分别为17.95％ 、26.92％ 、28.21％、33.33％和44.87％,其余抗菌药物的耐药率均超过70.0％.结论 脑膜炎败血黄杆菌对多种抗生素表现为高度耐药和多重耐药,对于该菌引发的肺结核患者肺部感染,临床要予以足够重视,应根据病情,参照药敏试验结果,合理选用抗生素.     

结核病房医院感染与抗生素使用相关性分析

目的：探讨临床抗菌药物应用与结核病房医院感染严重程度的相关性。方法：分析3年来我院结核病房医院感染209例共计221株病原菌,细菌鉴定采用法国梅里埃ATB细菌鉴定药敏分析仪,药敏试验联合应用微量测定法与K—B纸片法。结果：在221株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌最多为112株,占50．7％,念珠菌75株,占33．9％。主要致病菌依次为白色念珠菌61株(27．6％),铜绿假单胞菌37株(16．8％),肺炎克雷伯菌25株(10．9％)。药敏试验表明细菌耐药明显增加,大多数革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡垦、头孢他啶较敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素100％敏感。每例结核病患者除抗结核药物外平均使用2．67种抗菌药物。结论：结核病房医院感染主要来源于内源性感染,其严重性与抗菌药物大量、重复使用密切相关。     

脑膜炎败血黄杆菌致恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道感染的临床分析

目的探讨脑膜炎败血黄杆菌致恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道感染的临床耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道标本,经BD Phoenix100全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定为脑膜炎败血黄杆菌,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,按CLSI 2012标准判定药敏结果,用WHONET 5.6软件分析数据。结果药敏试验表明46株脑膜炎败血黄杆菌对多种抗生素耐药,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率较低,分别为15.22%、23.91%、26.09%、30.43%和50.00%,其余抗菌药物的耐药率均超过90.00%。结论从恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道中分离出的脑膜炎败血黄杆菌多重耐药率高,应引起临床重视,并依据药敏试验结果合理选用抗生素。     

主要医院感染病原菌的变迁及其耐药性分析

目的 分析永康市第一人民医院主要医院感染病原体和耐药性变迁,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,防治医院感染。方法 用全国医院感染监测网软件,统计2000年1月～2003年12月医院感染主要病原体及其药敏结果,χ^2检验分析。结果 该院主要医院感染病原体依次是鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、类白喉棒状杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌。耐药率呈逐年增高趋势,但不同的细菌耐药率各具特点。革兰阳性（G^＋）菌对万古霉素的耐药率均为0,对利福平的耐药率均较低（0％～13．6％）,类白喉棒状杆菌对米诺四环素、妥布霉索和头孢哌酮的耐药率也较低。革兰阴性（G^-）菌对亚胺培南的耐药率均低（0％～36．8％）,鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌具有多重高耐药性,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢吡肟、氨基糖苷类和环丙沙星的耐药率尚在较低水平（0％～36．4％）,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性相似,对哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢西丁的耐药率较低（0％～38．6％）。结论 细菌的耐药性与抗菌药物的使用及细菌自身复杂的耐药特性有关,及时送检感染部位标本,根据细菌药敏,合理使用抗菌药物控制感染,对降低细菌耐药率有现实意义。     

重症监护病房洋葱伯克霍尔德菌医院感染的特征及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）洋葱伯克霍尔德菌引起医院感染的特征及耐药情况,为临床治疗及控制该菌的暴发流行提供实验依据。方法常规方法对我院2003年1月至2007年10月ICU的病人的各种临床标本进行分离培养,细菌鉴定及药敏试验采用全自动微生物鉴定仪VITEK-2进行。结果引起ICU医院感染的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌共有99例,感染以肺部感染为主,对临床常用的多种抗菌药物表现交叉耐药,对头孢匹肟、亚胺培南、哌拉西林、阿米卡星、庆大霉素的敏感率较差在50．0％以下;对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、头孢他啶、氨曲南、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、美诺培南和复方新诺明的敏感率较高,分别为82．8％、87．9％、91．9％、72．7％、55．6％、62．6％和100．0％。结论引起ICU医院感染的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌具有多重耐药性,临床治疗时应根据药敏结果选用抗菌药物。     

重症监护病房脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌医院感染的调查分析

目的通过对重症监护病房（Intensive Care Unit,ICU）内脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌（Chryseobacterium meningosepticum）医院感染的临床特征和耐药性调查分析,为临床更好地预防和治疗该细菌所引起的感染提供参考。方法对我院2007年1月至2008年12月重症监护病房脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌医院感染的47例患者进行回顾性调查。结果45例（95．7％）患者均有严重的基础疾病,与感染相关的因素还包括侵入性操作、深静脉置管、环境污染及长期广谱抗菌药物的应用;47株脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌全部检测出金属β-内酰胺酶,具多重耐药性。体外抗菌活性较好的抗菌药物依次为万古霉素（100．0％）、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（83．0％）、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦（57．1％）、替卡西林／克拉维酸（52．4％）和复方新诺明（45．2％）,其余所检测的抗菌药物体外抗菌活性均在6．4％-0。结论缩短住院时间、加强病区环境和空气监控、尽量减少侵入性操作和合理使用抗生素是减少脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌感染发生的重要措施。治疗脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌,可选用万古霉素、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、替卡西林／克拉维酸和复方新诺明。     

血流感中的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解血流感染中的病原菌种类、分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法按照无菌操作方法采集疑为血流感染患者的血液标本进行血培养,采用美国BD公司PHOENIX-100全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验,并对结果进行统计分析。结果共检出1080株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌630株（占58．3％）,革兰阳性球菌428株（占39．6％）,真菌22株（占2．1％）。药敏结果显示：革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感率最高,对青霉素、红霉素、头孢菌素等耐药率较高。革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦敏感率较高,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类耐药率较高。结论引起血流感染的病原菌分布复杂,耐药率较高,临床应提高血培养送检率,根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,以减少多重耐药菌的发生和传播。     

重症患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因与耐药性分析

摘要：目的 分析重症监护病房患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因和耐药特点,为临床治疗和预防脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染提供依据。方法 收集2011年1月至2014年12月重症监护病房患者临床标本,常规分离培养细菌,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,利用WHONET 5.6软件分析处理试验数据。结果 造成脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌主要危险因素有中央静脉插管、应用广谱抗生素、严重的基础疾病、使用免疫抑制剂、入住ICU时间等;检出的71例阳性标本以下呼吸道为主,占87.3%,其次为血液和尿液,分别占5.6%和2.8%;药敏试验表明脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌对万古霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、利福平和米诺环素的耐药率最低,分别为0.0%、15.5%、16.9%和18.3%,对三种含酶抑制剂的耐药率均＜30.0%,其余抗菌药物除环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星外,均＞85.0%。结论 脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌引发的医院感染已日益严重,该菌对临床常用的头孢类、碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及多种β-内酰胺类抗生素呈高度耐药,临床应加强耐药性监测,防止医院感染,治疗脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染首选万古霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、米诺环素、利福平和含酶抑制剂。     

重症患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因与耐药性

目的分析重症监护病房患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因和耐药特点,为临床治疗和预防脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染提供依据。方法收集2011年1月至2014年12月重症监护病房患者临床标本,常规分离培养细菌,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,利用WHONET 5.6软件分析处理试验数据。结果造成脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌主要危险因素有中央静脉插管、应用广谱抗生素、严重的基础疾病、使用免疫抑制剂、入住ICU时间等;检出的71例阳性标本以下呼吸道为主,占87.3%,其次为血液和尿液,分别占5.6%和2.8%;药敏试验表明脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌对万古霉素、磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶、利福平和米诺环素的耐药率最低,分别为0.0%、15.5%、16.9%和18.3%,对三种含酶抑制剂的耐药率均30.0%,其余抗菌药物除环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星外,均85.0%。结论脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌引发的医院感染已日益严重,该菌对临床常用的头孢类、碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及多种β-内酰胺类抗生素呈高度耐药,临床应加强耐药性监测,防止医院感染,治疗脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染首选万古霉素、磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶、米诺环素、利福平和含酶抑制剂。     

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria isolated in haemodialysis water and dialysate of renal units: results of a Greek multicentre study

AIMS: To evaluate the occurrence, identity and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from municipal water supplies, treated water, and dialysate of all 85 Greek haemodialysis centres. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 141 Gram-negative bacterial isolates (98 non-fermentative and 43 enterobacteria) were recovered from 255 water samples. Twenty-four of them were isolated from tap water, 31 from treated water, and 86 from dialysate samples. The mean concentrations (CFU per 100 ml +/- s.d.) of the positive Gram-negative bacteria samples were 69.2 +/- 43.9, 31.2 +/- 28.7 and 3552.3 +/- 4485.0, respectively. The most common isolates, in order of frequency were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.7%), Chryseobacterium meningosepticum (14.9%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (13.5%), Escherichia coli (12.8%) and Enterobacter cloacae (7.8%), representing 71.6% of all isolates. Ps. aeruginosa was the most prevalent isolate in all types of water sample followed by C. meningosepticum in tap and treated water and by E. coli in dialysate. Nineteen per cent of the enterobacteria and 35% of the non-fermenters were resistant against three or more of the nine antibiotics tested. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that dialysate and treated water could be a source of infection for several non-fermentative and enterobacterial species. IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Microbiological monitoring of such samples is needed in order to know the identity and antibiotic resistance profiles of their potentially pathogenic bacterial population.     

Analysis of an outbreak due to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum in a neonatal intensive care unit

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of an outbreak due to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum. During a 11-day period, the outbreak was observed among four newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a teaching hospital. All patients yielded C. meningosepticum in their blood cultures, in addition one was colonised in the throat. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed complete resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, imipenem, aztreonam, and tetracycline, sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All patients were empirically treated with amikacin and meropenem. The neonate who was the first to develop sepsis died before the culture result. When C. meningosepticum was identified, antimicrobial therapy was changed to a combination of ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin, and three neonates were treated successfully. Environmental screening recovered C. meningosepticum from two venous catheter lines and one nutritional solution that was opened by health care staff and used for two neonates. Arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction and antibiogram typing indicated that all isolates were epidemiologically related. This study demonstrates that rapid selection of appropriate antibiotics is critical for clinical cure and standard precautions should be reconsidered to limit the spread of this bacterium on the NICU in our hospital.     

Molecular characterization of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) indologenes

Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) indologenes 001 clinical strain was resistant to several beta-lactam classes including carbapenems. Shotgun cloning experiments of Sau3AI restricted genomic DNA of C. indologenes 001 into pBKCMV cloning vector followed by transformation into Escherichia coli DH10B gave one recombinant plasmid possessing a 4.2-kb DNA insert. It encoded a pI 7.2 beta-lactamase of 239 amino acids (IND-1) which is a metallo-enzyme with a broad spectrum beta-lactam hydrolysis profile. This class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase shares the highest identity (43%) with BlaB from C. meningosepticum, thus showing heterogeneity of carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases in Chryseobacterium spp.     

A polyphasic taxonomic study of Chryseobacterium strains isolated from dairy sources

A polyphasic taxonomic study, employing protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), gas chromatographic analysis of cellular fatty acids (FAME), mol% G+C determination and DNA-DNA hybridizations, was undertaken on 103 dairy isolates shown to belong to Chryseobacterium. Reference strains of the Chryseobacterium species, CDC group IIb and Embedobacter brevis were included. SDS-PAGE analysis yielded good differentiation between the investigated species. About half of the strains could be clustered into nine major groups while the other half occupied a separate position. With FAME analysis no clear differentiation of the Chryseobacterium species (except C. meningosepticum) and SDS-PAGE groups could be achieved. FAME analysis, however, gave good differentiation between the Chryseobacterium and Empedobacter strains. The mol% G+C of the isolates tested, ranged between 36.4 and 39.0. The combination of SDS-PAGE and DNA-DNA hybridization identified a large group of dairy isolates as C. indologenes, one isolate as C. gleum and two new genotypic groups, comprising five and 15 dairy isolates respectively, emerged from the polyphasic study. Another large part of strains have a separate or uncertain position in Chryseobacterium and remained classified as Chryseobacterium species CDC group IIb.     

Purification and characterization of a keratinolytic metalloprotease from Chryseobacterium sp. kr6

The Chryseobacterium sp. kr6 strain has been described as a highly keratinolytic bacterium showing effective feather-degrading and de-hairing activities. A keratinase Q1 enzyme was purified from Chryseobacterium sp. kr6 culture by Phenyl Sepharose and Superose 12HR chromatography. This enzyme showed a specific activity of 967U/mg for keratin azure. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed a monomeric protein with approximately 64kDa. The enzyme showed pH and temperature optima of 8.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The inhibitory effect of EDTA, EGTA and 1,10-phenanthroline characterized Q1 enzyme as a Zn-metalloprotease. Its activity was increased by three-fold in the presence of Ca(2+). ESI-MS/MS analysis of peptides generated from a tryptic digestion revealed sequence homology which may characterize the Q1 keratinase as a member of the M14 metalloprotease family, with a consensus glycosylation region similar to proteins from Chryseobacerium meningosepticum.     

脑膜炎败血伊丽莎白菌耐药性的研究进展

脑膜炎败血伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, EM)可引起肺部感染、新生儿脑膜炎、菌血症等疾病,医院重症监护病房检出率较高,是院内感染的重要病原体之一。随着抗菌药物的广泛使用,EM对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类等临床常用抗菌药物呈多重耐药,给临床治疗带来极大困难。目前EM的耐药机制研究主要集中于产生药物灭活酶、药物作用靶位改变、外排泵、形成生物膜等方面。EM可同时携带多个耐药基因,如GOB、BlaB、CME等,从而介导多重耐药。本文就国内外EM耐药现状、耐药机制进行综述,旨在为预防和控制EM的医院内感染提供参考。     

Invasion of murine respiratory tract epithelial cells by Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and identification of genes present specifically in an invasive strain

Chryseobacterium meningosepticum causes severe infections in infants or adults with underlying illness. The species is highly heterogeneous, genetically composed of subgroups with different pathogenicity. Eight strains of C. meningosepticum, representing four different genomic subgroups, were evaluated for their ability to penetrate Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell monolayers and serum resistance. None of the strains showed cytotoxicity or penetration to the MDCK cells. All displayed resistance to the bactericidal activity of various normal human sera. A murine pulmonary infection model was used to compare the pathogenicity between a clinical isolate and an environmental isolate. C. meningosepticum were cleared from the lung of infected mice within 7 days following the intratracheal challenge. Electron microscopy demonstrated the large membrane protrusions, indicative of ruffles, and smaller, less organized membrane structures of the respiratory epithelial cells induced by the clinical isolate. Bacteria were observed to enter the cells as single entities in spacious vacuoles. Suppressive subtraction hybridization identified in the invasive isolate 35 distinct sequences associated with systems of energy production and conversion, transport, and secretion. In most cases, the identities between the references and the amino acid sequences deduced were low, suggesting that the functions of these sequences remain unknown.     

革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率的变迁

目的调查革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率变化。方法收集2004年1月至2007年12月从我院住院患者各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌,使用VITEK-60全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种的鉴定,采用K-B法对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦进行药敏试验,对结果进行回顾性凋查。结果肠杆菌科细菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率较低,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率分别为1．7％,7．7％和5．8％。嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率分别为27．6％、38．0％、2．3％、23．5％和4．8％。铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率从2004年的35．1％和23．7％下降至2007年的12．4％和0．4％。结论头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对肠杆菌科细菌具有非常强的体外抗菌活性,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率呈下降趋势。     

Chryseobacterium miricola sp. nov., a novel species isolated from condensation water of space station Mir

Classification of strain W3-B1, which was isolated from condensation water in the Russian space laboratory Mir, was investigated by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain W3-B1 were nonmotile, asporogenous, gram-negative slender rods with rounded ends. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that organism should be placed in the genus Chryseobacterium. This organism contains menaquinone MK-6 as the predominent isoprenoid quinone and 3-OH iso 17:0 (40%), iso 15:0 (33%) as the major fatty acids. Phylogenetically, the nearest relative of strain W3-B1 is Chryseobacterium meningosepticum with sequence similarity of 98.4%, but DNA-DNA hybridization resulted in similarity values of only 52.3%. The G+C mol% is 34.6 mol%. Based upon results obtained by morphological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and molecular methods, strain W3-B1 was clearly distinguishable from other Chryseobacterium species. For these reasons, a novel species of family Flavobacteriaceae is proposed; strain W3-B1(T) (= GTC 862(T) = JCM 11413(T) = DSM 14571(T)) is the type strain.