Changes of China agricultural climate resources under the background of climate change: IX. Spatiotemporal change characteristics of China agricultural climate resources

Based on the 1961-2007 ground surface meteorological data from 558 meteorological stations in China, this paper analyzed the differences of agricultural climate resources in China different regions, and compared the change characteristics of the agricultural climate resources in 1961-1980 (period I) and 1981-2007 (period II), taking the year 1981 as the time node. As compared with period I, the mean annual temperature in China in period II increased by 0.6 degrees C, and the > or = 0 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased averagely by 123.3 degrees C x d and 125.9 degrees C x d, respectively. In 1961-2007, the mean annual temperature increased most in Northeast China, and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased most in South China. The whole year sunshine hours and the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops in period II decreased by 125.7 h, 32.2 h, and 53.6 h, respectively, compared with those in period I. In 1961-2007, the annual sunshine hours decreased most in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, while the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops decreased most in North China and South China, respectively. In the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops, both the precipitation and the reference crop evapotranspiration in this country all showed a decreasing trend, with the largest decrement in the precipitation in the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in North China, the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, and the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops in Northwest China. In 1961-2007, the climate in China in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops showed an overall tendency of warm and dry, and the climate in the growth periods of thermophilic crops became warm and dry in Southwest China, North China, and Northeast China, but warm and wet in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Northwest China, and South China, whereas the climate in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops became warm and dry in North China, but became warm and wet in Northwest China.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅸ.中国农业气候资源时空变化特征

利用中国558个气象台站1961-2007年地面气象观测资料,分析了不同区域农业气候资源变化的差异,并分析和比较了1961-1980年(时段Ⅰ)和1981-2007年(时段Ⅱ)的农业气候资源变化特征.结果表明： 与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ中国年均气温增加了0.6 ℃,喜凉作物生长期内≥0 ℃积温和喜温作物生长期内≥10 ℃积温分别平均增加123.3和125.9℃·d;1961-2007年,年均气温增幅最大的区域是东北地区,喜温作物生长期内≥10 ℃积温增幅最大的是华南地区.对全国而言,与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内日照时数分别减少了125.7、32.2和53.6 h;1961-2007年,长江中下游地区年日照时数的减幅最多,喜凉和喜温作物生长期内日照时数减少量最大的地区分别是华北和华南地区;在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内,中国的降水量和参考作物蒸散量总体均表现为减少趋势,其中,华北地区在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内降水量的减幅均最大,长江中下游地区参考作物蒸散量在全年和喜温作物生长期内的减幅最大,西北地区参考作物蒸散量在喜凉作物生长期内的减幅最大.研究期间,中国气候在全年和喜温作物生长期内总体表现为暖干趋势,其中,喜温作物生长期内西南、华北和东北地区为暖干趋势,长江中下游、西北和华南地区为暖湿趋势,喜凉作物生长期内华北地区为暖干趋势,西北地区为暖湿趋势.     

Intracellular pH in hibernation and respiratory acidosis in the European hamster

Intracellular pH was determined (DMO method) in European hamsters, in the spontaneously-occurring respiratory acidosis of hibernation, in hypercapnia due to breathing 12% CO2 in air in euthermy in spring, and in euthermicnormocapnic controls. From euthermy to hibernation, the temperature coefficient of pH was lowest in blood plasma and brain, intermediate in striated muscles (thigh muscles and diaphragm), and highest in heart and liver (Fig. 1). Correspondingly, the estimated dissociation ratio of the protein imidazole buffer groups, alpha Im, decreased markedly in plasma and brain, denoting an acid titration, but varied little in liver and heart. Striated muscles were intermediate (Fig. 2). Like in other mammals, intracellular responses to short-term euthermic respiratory acidosis were characterized by a partial metabolic compensation in the brain and a small metabolic acidification in striated muscles. In hibernation, a powerful metabolic compensation took place in liver and heart, nearly restoring alpha Im, but none occurred in brain (Figs. 3 to 5). The existence of an intracellular acidosis in brain and striated muscles during hibernation is in keeping with an inhibitory role of acidosis, whereas the homeostasis of intracellular alpha Im in liver and heart would subserve the eurythermal functioning of metabolic regulations in these organs, like in most organs of ectotherms.     

Interaction of mineral elements in sea water and shell of oysters (Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)) cultured in controlled and natural systems

The interaction is reported of selected chemical elements (cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, strontium, and zinc) in cultured sea water, with soft tissues, prismatic calcite of the right valve, and foliated calcite of right and left valves of genetically similar American oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) grown in a natural habitat and in two environmentally controlled experimental systems (flow-through and recycle). The addition of trace elements as algal nutrients in ambient sea water was reflected in higher concentrations of trace metals in shells and soft tissues of oysters grown in experimental systems. Calcium was relatively uniformly distributed in major regions of valves from the three habitats, even though its concentration fluctuated widely in sea water in experimental systems. Magnesium and strontium were most concentrated in valves of oysters grown in the recycle system (magnesium in the prismatic layer of the shell and strontium in the foliated calcite). Iron was uniformly distributed. Cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc were most concentrated in the prismatic calcite of valves from the flow-through system. In soft tissues, calcium was more concentrated in oysters from experimental systems than in those from the natural habitat. Manganese was about equally distributed in soft tissues from the three habitats, whereas copper and iron were more concentrated in soft tissues in experimental systems than in the natural habitat, and were many times more concentrated in soft tissues than in valves from all three habitats. As concentrations of magnesium, strontium, mangenese, zinc, and cadmium increased in valves in experimental systems, pigmentation of valves decreased. The study confirmed the capacity of oysters to concentrate several elements in their valves as concentration of these elements increased in ambient sea water and disclosed the heterogeneous distribution of these elements in major regions of the valves.     

THE EFFECTS OF PENTOBARBITONE-SODIUM ANAESTHESIA, SHOCK AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING AND ELECTRICAL SHOCK ON ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN

Abstract— Pentobarbitone sodium anaesthesia was found to produce an increase in protein content in some regions of the rat brain, i.e. posterior cortex, caudate nucleus, and a decrease in protein content in the ventral cortex.
Acetylcholinesterase expressed in terms of wet weight was found to increase in the cerebellum, medulla, and to decrease in the medial cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and caudate nucleus. The changes in activity were not explicable in terms of a direct effect of the anaesthetic on the enzyme. A decrease in protein content of rat brain was observed in the frontal cortex, ventral cortex, hippocampus and caudate nucleus after electrical shocks. Following shock avoidance conditioning procedure (shuttle-box), decreases in protein content were observed in the medial cortex, posterior cortex, cerebellum and ventral cortex; in the thalamus an increase in protein content was observed.
Changes in AChE activity were observed following footshock in the frontal cortex and medulla where there was an increase in activity and in the caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and olfactory tubercle where there was a decrease in activity.
Following shock avoidance conditioning the activity of the AChE increased in posterior cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus and the activity of the enzyme decreased in the ventral cortex.     

不同生态系统对湘西洛塔降雨量及岩溶效应的影响

采用雨量器、滤膜法、CO2气体监测管法、标准试片对湘西洛塔不同生态系统降雨量、泥沙量、土壤CO2浓度、溶蚀速度进行了研究。结果表明:森林生态系统降雨量高于灌丛生态系统,观测第一年高6.84mm,第二年高218.08mm,且时间趋向均匀;灌丛生态系统水土流失严重,其泥沙含量是森林生态系统的1.53倍,土壤侵蚀为强度,而森林生态系统为微度;不同深度土壤CO2浓度在森林和灌丛生态系统中具有相同的变化趋势,在春季、秋季、冬季随土层加深而增大,在夏季,随土层加深先减少后增大,但季节变化动态略有差异,森林生态系统不同深度、不同季节土壤CO2浓度均大于灌丛生态系统;从全年土壤CO2浓度对比来看,10、20、40cm处,森林生态系统分别是灌丛生态系统的1.66、1.59和1.90倍;不同深度上,溶蚀速度在森林和灌丛生态系统具有相同的变化趋势,15cm处均大于地面,从同一深度来看,森林生态系统溶蚀速度均大于灌丛生态系统,地面、15cm处溶蚀速度分别是灌丛生态系统的1.11倍、2.57倍,说明森林生态系统具有较好的岩溶效应。     

Distribution of high mobility group proteins in different tissues of rats during aging

The distribution of high mobility group (HMG) proteins has been studied in the liver, brain, kidney, lung, spleen, testis, thymus, and heart of young (19 weeks) and old (118 weeks) rats. These proteins were extracted with perchloric acid, fractionated by CM-Sephadex column chromatography, and analysed by acetic acid-urea polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. As compared with that in young rats, the level of total HMG proteins in the old increased in liver and lung, decreased in thymus, heart, brain, and kidney, and remained unchanged in spleen and testis. In particular, the levels of HMG 1 and 2 were maximum in the thymus of young rats and dropped drastically in the old. However, the amount of HMG 17 was high in the spleen of both young and old rats, though it was comparatively higher in the former. Such age-dependent variation in the level of HMG proteins of different tissues denotes indirectly differences in the functional state of chromatin, and in growth and activity of cells, during aging.     

In vivo and in vivo/in vitro kinetics of cyclophosphamide-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse bone marrow and spleen cells

In several acute and chronic exposures to various chemicals in vivo and in vitro, the average sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies in human, mouse, rat, and rabbit lymphocytes generally decrease with time following treatment. The rate of this decline varies, but little data have been published pertaining to the comparative kinetics of SCEs both in vivo and in vivo/in vitro (exposure of animals to the test compound and culturing of cells) simultaneously in the same tissues. In this study, a single dose of cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg) was injected for varying periods (6-48 h) and its effects, as assessed by the induction of SCEs, were analyzed under both in vivo and in vivo/in vitro conditions in mouse bone marrow and spleen cells. In vivo, the cyclophosphamide-induced SCEs increased with increasing time up to 12 h, stayed at approximately the same level until 24 h, and then decreased with increase in post-exposure time. However, the SCE levels remained significantly higher than controls at 48 h post-exposure time in both bone marrow and spleen cells. Under in vivo/in vitro conditions, the SCEs in bone marrow decreased with increase in post-exposure time until reaching control values by 48 h post exposure. However, in spleen cells, the decrease in SCE level was gradual, and by 48 h post-exposure time, the cells still had approximately 6 times higher SCEs than the control values. These results suggest that there are pharmacokinetic differences for cyclophosphamide in mouse bone marrow and spleen. Also, there is a differential SCE response to cyclophosphamide under in vivo and in vivo/in vitro conditions.     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

The differentially expressed C21orf5 gene in the medial temporal-lobe system could play a role in mental retardation in Down syndrome and transgenic mice

Mental retardation represents the more invalidating pathological aspect of Down syndrome, DS, and has a hard impact in public health. Modifications in DS brain, concerning abnormal size, neuronal differentiation, and cell density, cause changes in the neurophysiology and behavior of DS patients, and could be determined by dosage imbalance of genes localized in the DS critical region, DCR. Among these genes, C21orf5 showed high homology with Caenorhabditis elegans Pad1 involved in cellular differentiation and patterning. To shed light on C21orf5 role in DS, we performed molecular characterization of human and mouse orthologs, their spatio-temporal expression during development and in adult, and overexpression in DS and transgenic mice. C21orf5 was widely expressed early in embryogenesis in the nervous system. Later, its expression became differential and increased in mesencephalon and rhomboencephalon. This developmental expression profile evolves selectively in adult brain with higher signals in hippocampus, cerebellum, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortex, compared to the other cortical regions. Cellular specificity was detected in hippocampus with higher C21orf5 mRNA level in CA3 cells. Our findings appoint C21orf5 as candidate gene for mental retardation: Its overexpression in DS cells may contribute to gene imbalance in DS.Its specific expression in normal and its mirroring pattern in transgenic mice correspond to abnormal regions in DS patients and to neurological phenotype of transgenic mice. Altered cortical lamination in transgenic mice and the Pad1 ortholog function suggest a potential role of C21orf5 in cell differentiation. Its patterned differential expression in the medial temporal-lobe system, including hippocampal formation and perirhinal cortex involved in memory storage, and learning and memory defects in the transgenic mice suggest a specialized role for C21orf5 in cognitive processes. These evidences suggest that C21orf5 is an attractive candidate gene contributing to neurological alterations responsible for mental retardation in DS patients.     

c-fos和c-myc在北方山溪鲵精子发生中的表达

用免疫组织化学方法检测原癌基因cf-os和c-myc蛋白在北方山溪鲵(Batrachuperus tibetanus)精子发生中的表达定位。结果显示,在精原细胞缓慢增殖期,8、9月,FOS阳性反应物出现在精原细胞的胞质及核膜外,10、11月,FOS在少量精原细胞的胞核中表达。在精原细胞快速增殖期,即翌年4月,FOS定位在精原细胞的胞质中;5月,FOS在大量的胞核中强阳性表达;6月,FOS定位于部分精母细胞核质和核膜下;7月,FOS在一些精子细胞的核质和核膜下表达。MYC在8、9月的部分精原细胞胞质中表达较弱,在101、1月阳性反应出现在个别精原细胞的核质中。翌年4月,MYC在精原细胞核周围的胞质中表达;5月在大量的精原细胞核膜下有强表达;6月,MYC在一些精母细胞核膜下表达;7月,MYC在部分精子细胞的核膜下弱表达。结果表明,北方山溪鲵的原癌基因cf-os和c-myc表达大强度在生精细胞发育中呈阶段性,表达的强度和细胞数量与细胞增殖的速度相一致。FOS和MYC在精原细胞内从胞质向胞核的转移与细胞快速增殖的时期相吻合。说明cf-os和c-myc对精原细胞有丝分裂有促进作用,并参与精母细胞成熟分裂的调控。     

马鹿和狍饲料植物的营养质量

本项研究测定了１４种木本植物的枝和叶以及苔草、非禾本和莎草科草、蕨、榆树皮的粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）、酸性洗涤纤维（ＡＤＦ）、钙（Ｃａ）、磷（Ｐ）、钠（Ｎａ）、钾（Ｋ）等营养成分和体外干物质消化率（ＩＶＤＤＭ）。结果表明,各类饲料植物中营养成分的含量存在显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。木本植物叶中ＣＰ的含量在全年呈最高趋势,枝条中ＣＰ含量为最低;木本植物枝条中ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的四季含量最高,非禾本和莎草科草中的ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的含量最低。Ｃａ在木本植物的枝条和非禾本及莎草科草中的四季含量最高,在苦草中的含量最低;Ｋ在非禾本和莎草科草以及蕨类中的四季含量最高,在木本植物枝条中的含量最低;Ｐ和Ｎａ在各类饲料植物中的四季含量变化很大。木本植物枝条中ＣＰ含量的季变化很小,木本植物的叶、苔草、非禾本和莎草科草及蕨中ＣＰ的含量从春到秋逐渐减少。各类饲料植物中ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ在春季的含量明显地低于其它季节。Ｋ在各类饲料植物中的含量由春季到冬季呈下降趋势,而Ｃａ、Ｐ、Ｎａ在不同饲料植物中的含量表现出不同的季节变化。马鹿和狍对饲料植物干物质的体外消化率与饲料植物中ＣＰ的含量存在显著的正相关,与ＡＤＦ存在显著的负相关。     

东北刺猬非冬眠期体温和内脏器官重量的季节性变化

异温动物的体温和内脏器官重量与其所处的环境密切相关,具有一定的可塑性。本文以活捕于鲁西南山区的东北刺猬为对象,比较了其体温和内脏器官的性别差异和季节变化,旨在了解其对环境的适应性特征。结果表明:1)东北刺猬的体温以夏季最高,且与环境温度呈正相关关系,但性别间无差异;2)东北刺猬的肥满度指数以春季最高,秋季最低,亦无性别差异;3)东北刺猬的内脏器官重量与体重呈显著的正相关关系,雌雄脾脏重量以春季最大,夏季最小;4)季节与性别间交互作用对肾上腺重量的影响显著,雄体睾丸和附睾秋季最轻,雌体子宫则秋季最轻;5)雌体心率显著高于雄体,无季节性差异;非冬眠期心电图中各个波持续时间无性别差异,QRS 波群和T 波的持续时间在秋季显著长于夏季和春季,S - T 段相反,秋季最短。本文研究结果提示:东北刺猬非冬眠期的心率与体温变化无关,心脏功能受季节变化影响较小。体温、肥满度、脾脏、睾丸和附睾、子宫、心电等生理指标的可塑性对于东北刺猬适应环境具有重要意义。     

A quantitative study of some digestive enzymes in the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer

Digestive enzyme distribution and activity in the digestive tracts of the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer were studied. Quantitative determinations of digestive enzymes in the guts of both fishes showed that they were capable of digesting carbohydrates and proteins in their diet. The carbohydrases, amylase, laminarinase, maltase, sucrase and trehalase were detected in the rabbitfish; their activities being mainly in the stomach, intestine and pyloriccaeca. Amylase, maltase, trehalase and chitinase activities were recorded in the gut of the sea bass, primarily in the intestine and the pyloriccaeca. Their activities were significantly lower than those in the rabbitfish. Proteases (pepsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin) were found in both the rabbitfish and the sea bass. Pepsin activity however, was higher in the sea bass; while trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were higher in the rabbitfish. The activities of the various digestive enzymes in both fishes are discussed in relation to their feeding habits.     

Regulating the activity of a cardioacceleratory peptide

We measured the effect of crustacean cardioactive peptide on Drosophila heart rate in the animal and in a tissue preparation. Crustacean cardioactive peptide increased in vivo basal heart rate 1%, 6%, and 19% and increased in vitro basal heart rate 52%, 25%, and 35% in larvae, pupae, and adults, respectively. In the tissue preparation, the acceleratory period was followed by decreased in vitro heart rates of 42%, 16%, and 13% in larvae, pupae, and adults, respectively. The effects observed in the animal and tissue and in larvae, pupae, and adults suggest that Drosophila crustacean cardioactive peptide cardiac signaling is modulated and developmentally regulated.     

Immunohistochemical demonstration of vitronectin in association with elastin and amyloid deposits in human kidney

The multifunctional glycoprotein vitronectin, also called serum spreading factor and S-protein of complement, is a potent inducer of cell adhesion and spreading in vitro, and also has a regulatory function in the complement and coagulation pathways. It is present both in plasma and tissue. Recently, vitronectin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the elastic fibres of normal human skin. Normal and amyloid kidney tissue was investigated for vitronectin immunoreactivity using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique and in an alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase complex technique. Vitronectin was found in the elastic layers of normal vessel walls, and in glomerular sclerotic lesions in cases of benign nephrosclerosis, but not in normal glomeruli. Strong specific vitronectin immunoreactivity was found in the amyloid deposits in kidneys from cases with amyloid A type amyloidosis, and in cases with amyloid light chain type amyloidosis. Structures immunostainable with anti-amyloid A antiserum were invariably immunostainable with anti-vitronectin. An antiserum against serum amyloid P component stained the same structures as did the anti-vitronectin antibodies, and in addition stained normal glomerular basement membranes. In conclusion, vitronectin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in elastic tissue, in amyloid deposits and in sclerotic lesions in human kidney.     

李园节肢动物群落时间动态的聚类分析

为了了解李园节肢动物群落的结构、特征,发挥生态系统中自然因素对害虫的生态调控作用,采用系统调查方法,在分析李园节肢动物群落结构和组织水平的基础上,对李园节肢动物群落的时间动态进行聚类分析,结果表明,对不同时期的总群落、亚群落进行模糊聚类得出结果,总群落的12次调查结果可以聚为5类,D=0.2000,3、11、7和6月初各自归为一类,其余归为一类.天敌亚群落调查结果也聚为5类,D=0.2000,3、7、8月各自归为一类,9月和10月归为一类,其余归为一类.非天敌亚群落调查结果同样聚为5类,D=0.1000,4、7、6、11月各自归为一类,其余归为一类.聚类结果部分反映了群落状况的季节差异,聚类交替现象反映了群落结构复杂性.最优分割结果将总群落、各亚群落均分割为5个阶段,即4月6日为第一阶段,4月27日～6月8日为第二阶段,6月27日～8月27日为第三阶段,9月21日～10月19日为第四阶段,11月22日为第5阶段.反映了各阶段物种种类、数量等其他指标在发生时间上存在的差异.     

崇左金花茶花朵和叶片类黄酮UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析

以崇左金花茶（Camellia chuangtsoensis）为材料,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）联用技术定性定量分析其花朵（花瓣、雄蕊）和叶片（老叶、新叶）中类黄酮成分与含量。结果表明,崇左金花茶中共检测到14种类黄酮成分,木犀草素、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷为山茶属金花茶组植物中首次发现,其中槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷主要存在于花朵中,木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷为金花茶组植物叶片中首次发现,其叶片中含量远低于花朵,老叶中远低于新叶,雄蕊中远低于花瓣;儿茶素和表儿茶素在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素和山萘酚在花朵和叶片中含量均较低。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中含量较高的类黄酮为儿茶素类、木犀草素类和槲皮素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷;叶片中为儿茶素类和木犀草素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中儿茶素类、木犀草素类及类黄酮总量均高于叶片,且雄蕊高于花瓣;花瓣和雄蕊中槲皮素类远高于叶片,且花瓣中远高于雄蕊。     

Vitrification of bovine blastocysts obtained by in vitro culture of oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro.

Two experiments were conducted to assess the viability of bovine blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization of oocytes matured in vitro (IVM-IVF) and cryopreserved by vitrification. In Expt 1, the optimal concentrations of glycerol and 1,2-propanediol in the basic medium (modified TCM199) for cooling and warming without formation of ice crystals were determined by plunging the solution into liquid nitrogen and then warming it in a water bath at 15 degrees C; when both glycerol and 1,2-propanediol were present in the solution (> 45% v/v), vitrification of the medium was observed. In Expt 2, IVM-IVF blastocysts were equilibrated to the mixture of glycerol and 1,2-propanediol (0% to 45%) at 15 degrees C in a stepwise manner as follows: (i) in one step, for 18 min to the final vitrification solution; (ii) in two steps, for 8 min in the first step and 10 min in the second step; (iii) in four steps, for 4 min in the first three steps and 6 min in the last step; (iv) in eight steps, for 2 min in each step, but 4 min in the last step; and (v) in 16 steps, for 1 min in each step, but 3 min in the last step. After removal of cryoprotectants, the blastocysts were cultured for 24 h in vitro. The survival rates for the embryos equilibrated in 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 step(s) were 56, 89, 100, 100 and 100%, respectively. The blastocysts equilibrated in 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 steps were vitrified by plunging the straws containing them into liquid N2, thawed and cultured in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)