粉煤灰基质上草坪草苗期生长状况及其评价

在未施肥的条件下,采用盆栽试验对粉煤灰、粉煤灰 泥炭土、粉煤灰 黄砂土、泥炭土、黄砂土5种基质上8种草坪草的苗期生长状况进行了研究。结果表明,白三叶、红三叶、黑麦草、高羊茅和马蹄金种子在粉煤灰基质上出苗快,其出苗率、苗高、分蘖数均高于粉煤灰 泥炭土和粉煤灰 黄砂土基质;但在后期出现叶片纤细、叶绿色浅淡。剪股颖在粉煤灰基质上出苗率低,结缕草和紫羊茅在粉煤灰基质上不出苗。     

AMF和坪床基质对草坪草水肥流失影响

水肥管理是运动场草坪草养护管理的重要内容,基于丛枝菌根真菌(Abuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)具有促进植物生长、吸收土壤水分和养分等生理生态效应,笔者提出AMF和草坪草共生体将有效减少草坪草生长过程中的水肥流失的假设。试验通过构建3种不同土砂体积比的坪床基质,种植"兰引3号"结缕草(Zoysia japonica cv.Lanyin No.3),并分别设置接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,Gm)或根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Ri)以及不接种(ck)3个处理,以探讨和评价AMF共生体在不同基质下对草坪草水分以及养分截留能力影响。结果表明,土壤基质是影响渗滤液的相对体积(P=0.000)以及渗滤液中硝酸根离子(P=0.000)、钾离子的总量(P=0.000)的主要因素;AMF可以减少渗滤液的相对体积以及渗滤液中硝酸根离子、钾离子的流失,但作用未达显著水平,而对渗滤液中的磷元素的总量影响极显著(P=0.000);通过基质与菌剂对磷酸根离子总量的交互效应进行简单效应分析后发现,土砂比2∶8基质下,ck的渗滤液中磷酸根离子总量极显著高于Gm(P=0.000)与Ri(P=0.000);土砂比4∶6基质下,ck也显著高于Gm(P=0.001)与Ri(P=0.025),而土砂比6∶4基质下,ck与Gm和Ri没有显著差异。综上,接种AMF能有效减少磷酸根离子的流失,而对于水分以及硝酸根离子、钾离子的流失而言,基质更显重要。故选取适当的土壤基质并辅以AMF菌剂,能够减少土壤中水分、硝酸根离子、磷酸根离子、钾离子的流失。根据本试验结果,在采用"兰引3号"结缕草作为草坪草的情况下,4∶6土砂比+AMF的组合是有效减少坪床养分流失的水肥管理策略。     

香根草和百喜草对铅锌尾矿重金属的抗性与吸收差异研究

铅锌尾矿是一类重金属含量极高,对植物生长产生毒害的生境.盆栽实验的结果显示,香根草和百喜草在纯尾矿或由尾矿和垃圾组成的混合基质上都能生长,但植物的长势随基质中重金属含量的增加而减弱,其中香根草的生物量所受的影响比百喜草的更大,即百喜草有比香根草更强的重金属抗性.2种植物体内的重金属含量高低均为Zn＞Pb＞Cu,但二者对它们的富集能力大小分别是,香根草为Zn＞Cu＞Pb,百喜草则为Cu＞Zn＞Pb.香根草和百喜草的根系对3种重金属都有较强的滞留效应,滞留率均在50%以上;其中香根草对重金属的滞留率又明显高于百喜草;而且,同一植物对不同的重金属的滞留率也明显不同,香根草对Pb的滞留率最高,而百喜草对Cu的滞留率显著高过对Zn和Pb.由于香根草的生物量明显大于百喜草,结果香根草对Pb、Zn的吸收量比百喜草高.当用25%的垃圾改良金属尾矿时,百喜草对重金属的吸收量即达最大;而香根草则在尾矿和垃圾各占50%的基质中吸收最多的重金属;因此,添加一定量的垃圾(25%～50%左右)用于尾矿改良时,不仅能使尾矿得到更快的植被恢复与更高的植物修复效果,而且能使垃圾资源得到充分合理的利用.总之,当开展对金属尾矿的植被恢复时,可选择种植抗性强、覆盖快的百喜草,但如果要对尾矿中的重金属进行生物净化,则应选择种植生物量大的香根草,种植香根草还可较好地防止重金属的二次污染或生物富集.     

Cu2+与Zn2+递进胁迫下高羊茅的初期生长效应及生态阈限研究

通过重金属 Cu2 +、Zn2 +递进胁迫高羊茅初期生长效应及生态阈限的研究 ,结果表明 :在 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +递进胁迫作用下 ,高羊茅生长在各处理浓度均不同程度上受到抑制作用 ,其抑制效应随重金属浓度的增加而增强 ,各项测定指标与胁迫浓度呈极显著负线性关系 ,并各相关系数均达到极显著水平 ( r>-0 .90 0 0 * * ) ;生长综合效应分析比较 ,Cu2 +比 Zn2 +的负向效应为明显。根与茎叶对 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +的富集状况分析采用 ICP-AES法 ,分析结果表明 ,随着重金属 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +胁迫浓度的增加 ,高羊茅根系和茎叶的重金属含量均随之增加 ,根系对 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +的富集系数均明显大于茎叶。从绿度分析看 ,本实验条件下的 Cu2 +与 Zn2 +胁迫 ,均未出现草坪草绿度的明显变化。     

接种AMF对煤矿废弃物上高丹草的生长和叶绿素荧光的影响

为改善采矿废弃物上植被生长状况,提高植物成活率,该研究采用盆栽试验法,以高丹草为材料,选用摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,G.m)和地表球囊霉(G.versiforme,G.v)两种AM真菌,分别研究单接种和混合接种对粉煤灰(S1)、煤矸石(S2)和粉煤灰与煤矸石混合物(S3)三种煤矿废弃物基质上高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)生长及叶绿素荧光的影响,并以正常沙土(S4)作为对照。结果表明:(1)4种基质上,3种接种处理均获得较高侵染率,在基质S1、S3和S4上均为接种摩西球囊霉对高丹草根系侵染率最高,分别为49.04%、57.40%、43.34%,在基质S2上,混合接种处理对高丹草根系侵染效果最好,达49.33%。(2)3种煤矿废弃物基质上高丹草根长、干重、叶绿素含量、F_v/F_o、q P和Yield显著降低。接种AM真菌显著提高了高丹草的生长和光合效率。与其他处理相比,在基质S1、S3和S4上,接种摩西球囊霉显著增加了根长、干重、叶绿素含量、F_v/F_o、q P和Yield,在基质S2上,接种地表球囊霉显著增加了根长、干重,接种地表球囊霉和摩西球囊霉+地表球囊霉(G.mv)处理间叶绿素荧光参数均无显著差异。这表明在煤矿废弃物基质的复合逆境中高丹草生长和光合作用显著受到抑制,AM真菌可通过提高高丹草叶绿素含量,改善叶片叶绿素荧光和光合作用,促进植物生长,来缓解该复合逆境对高丹草造成的伤害,增强其对煤矿废弃物不良环境的抗逆性,提高煤矿区植被恢复效果。接种摩西球囊霉对粉煤灰以及粉煤灰和煤矸石混合基质上高丹草的促进作用最佳,而接种地表球囊霉更适于煤矸石基质上高丹草的生长。     

生活垃圾生产地毯式草皮环境生态工程基质选配研究

以生活垃圾为基质,选用几种可行性强的材料为配材,进行了生活垃圾生产地毯式草皮基质的选配,通过几种草坪草在各选配基质上的生长效应,及对选配基质的ｐＨ值及水分胁迫性能进行了研究。结果表明,不同选配基质对草坪草的生长效应差异较大,锯木屑可通过增强基质的保水性能而提高草坪草的抗干旱胁迫能力,并能促进草坪草的生长,草木灰显较强的碱性,当其占基质２５％时,则ｐＨ值可达９以上,细河沙可改善基质的通透性,但配施量     

香根草在铅锌尾矿上生长及其对重金属的吸收

通过野外小区实验 ,研究了垃圾和 NPK肥对铅锌尾矿地中香根草 (Vetiveria zizanioides)生长及其对重金属吸收的影响。结果表明 ,添加垃圾后香根草生物量显著增加 ,而仅加入 NPK肥对其并无显著影响 ,同时添加垃圾和 NPK肥最有利于香根草在铅锌尾矿中生长。尾矿中重金属形态的变化受金属特性和尾矿理化性质的双重影响。对纯尾矿而言 ,种植香根草后尾矿中重金属总量有所减少。尾矿在施加垃圾和 NPK肥后 ,尾矿中 Pb和 Zn总量减少了 13.6 5 %和 32 .4 0 % ,Cu总量则增加了2 3.5 2 %。可交换态和总量 Cu、Pb、Zn变化趋势一致 ,特别是 Cu和 Pb更为显著。香根草积累的 Pb和 Zn显著高于 Cu,并且重金属主要积累在根部。添加垃圾和 NPK肥料对 Cu的积累无显著差异 ,而显著减少香根草茎和根中 Zn和 Pb的积累 ,但显著增加单位面积上茎中 Zn、Pb和 Cu的总积累量 (p<0 .0 5 )。研究表明垃圾和 NPK肥的综合使用是一个较为经济有效的尾矿改良措施 ,但对于尾矿 -植被系统中的重金属迁移问题应引起关注。综合生物量与重金属的吸收特征 ,香根草对于尾矿的植被重建有较高价值     

几种重金属离子对光倒刺鲃胚胎发育的毒性

在水温24～26℃条件下,采用半静止式生物毒性实验法,分析了不同浓度的Cu2 、Zn2 、Cd2 对光倒刺纪(Spinibarbus hollandi)胚胎发育的毒性效应,以及Cu2 -Cd2 、Pb2 .-Zn2 对光倒刺钯胚胎发育的联合毒性效应.结果表明,在各种不同浓度的重金属离子溶液实验组中胚胎的孵化率均较低,与对照组差异极显著(P＜0.01);各种重金属在胚胎发育过程中引起各种畸形;除了Cu2 ≥0.10 mg/L、Cu2 -Cd2 ≥0.50 mg/L、Pb2 -Zn2 ≥2.00 mg/L实验组会促进胚胎发育速率外,其余各种离子溶液的各实验组均在不同程度上减慢胚胎的发育速率.3种重金属对光倒刺(鱼巴)胚胎发育的毒性效应表现为Cu2 ＞Cd2 ＞Zn2 .Cu2 、Cd2 、Zn2 、Cu2 .-Cd2 混合、Pb2 -Zn2 混合离子对光倒刺(鱼巴)胚胎发育的安全浓度分别为0.009 ms/L、0.065 mg/L、0.023mg/L、0.011mg/L、0.523 mg/L.Cu2 与Cd2 对光倒刺(鱼巴)胚胎的联合毒性为拮抗作用.     

崇明东滩湿地营养盐与重金属的分布与累积

测定了崇明东滩湿地盐沼植物和沉积物中TN、TP、重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,阐明了它们在湿地中的分布与累积特征,评估3种盐沼植物对营养盐和重金属的富集能力,并讨论了互花米草入侵对长江口湿地生态系统可能造成的影响.海三棱镳草地上部分的TN、Cu、Pb和Cd的含量均显著高于芦苇和互花米草（p＜0.01）,而地上部分TP和Zn却表现为：海三棱镳草和互花米草无显著性差异（p＞0.05）,但均显著高于芦苇（p＜0.01）.东滩湿地沉积物中TN和重金属的分布与累积特征为：芦苇带＞互花米草带＞海三棱镳草带＞光滩,即随着高程的增加,沉积物中TN和重金属的含量逐步上升;但沉积物中TP含量变化不大,基本维持在0.06%左右.基于盐沼植物地上部分的生物量,估算了3种盐沼植物地上部分的营养盐和重金属库,结果表明：互花米草地上部分的养分库和重金属库均大于芦苇和海三棱镳草,表明收获互花米草对环境的净化效果最佳,特别对磷的去除效率是最高的.     

废橡胶颗粒浸提液物质释放及其浸种对草坪植物生长的影响

纯胶粒浸提液、胶粒与壤土混合的浸提液中重金属含量分析表明,纯胶粒浸提液中Zn含量最高,其次为Pb,而Cd与Cu最少;与纯胶粒浸提液相比,胶粒与壤土混合的浸提液中Zn含量显著降低.紫外吸收光谱图显示,胶粒粒径越小,浸提液中有机物越复杂.用4种不同粒径胶粒的浸提液对2种草坪植物种子浸种处理后进行培养,研究了草坪植物的生长效应.结果表明,胶粒浸提液浸种对2种草坪植物的种子萌发率影响不大,但对株高产生不同的影响.对黑麦草而言,以2～4 mm胶粒浸提液浸种的株高为最高,1～2和4～6 mm胶粒浸提液浸种株高与之差异较大,分别降低1.52和1.32 cm,但均与对照无显著差异.对于高羊茅,以粒径1～2 mm胶粒浸提液浸种的株高为最低,比对照降低了18.76%,其它处理间无明显差异.浸提液浸种对黑麦草地下生物量有明显的抑制作用,但对根长生长有促进作用.胶粒浸提液浸种对2种草坪植物的地上生物量无明显影响.从胶粒浸提液的物质释放及其浸种对草坪植物生长的影响来看,废胶粒可用于运动场草坪的基质组配.     

Soil properties and turf growth on a sandy soil amended with fly ash

Field lysimeters of a sandy soil were amended to a depth of 100 mm with four rates (0, 5, 10 and 20%, wt/wt) of fly ash, and effects on soil water content, nutrient leaching, turf growth and nutrition, and uptake of trace elements by turf were assessed. Measurements were taken for 70 days for lysimeters either planted with rhizomes of Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers., cv. `Wintergreen', or left bare. When irrigated daily, soil water content increased progressively with increasing rates of fly ash and leachate volumes were decreased by 17–52% for lysimeters containing fly ash amended soil. Fertiliser was applied equivalent to 28.4 g N m<sup>–2</sup> and 10.3 g P m<sup>–2</sup> for the entire 70 days (including pre-plant application). Macronutrient concentrations in leaf tissue were within levels regarded as sufficient. Total dry mass (root plus shoot) decreased when fertiliser application rates were reduced by 25%, irrespective of fly ash treatment. In `bare' lysimeters containing fly ash amended soil, cumulative leaching of NO₃ ^–, NH₄ ⁺and P were 0.32–0.88 of the values in non-amended soil. When planted with turf, leaching of those nutrients was minimal (equivalent to 3% of total N applied) and leaching loses did not differ among fly ash rates. Extractable soil P levels were increased 2.5–4.5-fold in the fly ash amended zone, compared with non-amended soil. Root mass in the top 100 mm was 1.2–1.5-fold larger for turf in fly ash amended soil, compared to non-amended soil. The Se concentrations were higher in leaf tissue grown in fly ash amended soil (being at most 0.63 g g^–1), but there was no effect of fly ash amended soil on As, Ba, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mn, Ni, Ag or Zn in leaf tissues. Thus, fly ash amendment may be a suitable management option for turf culture on sandy soils, since fly ash improved soil water holding capacity and root growth in the amended zone.     

Plant uptake and phytotoxicity of boron in Australian fly ashes

Summary French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Redland Pioneer) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Pioneer) were grown in glasshouse experiments to examine the potential for phytotoxicity of B in a range of Australian fly ashes. In each experiment, the ashes used were either untreated, leached or adjusted to pH 6.5 and subsequently leached.In the first eperiment, the yield and B status of plants grown on five fly ashes mixed (5 and 10% by weight) with an acid-washed sand were measured and, with the exception of one ash, yield differences among ash sources and among ash treatments were attributed to differences in the degree of B toxicity. In a subsequent experiment, a fly ash with properties representative of most Australian ashes was mixed (0, 15, 30, 70 and 100% by weight) with a sandy loam, and the yield and mineral composition of plants grown on these mixtures determined. Although the available water capacity of the soil was substantially increased by fly ash addition, incorporating large proportions of untreated fly ash resulted in poor plant growth primarily due to B toxicity. In both experiments, leaching the ash reduced the potential for B toxicity, whereas adjustment of the pH to 6.5 and subsequent leaching of the fly ash resulted in plants with normal levels of B.There were marked differences in both the tissue levels of B and the extent of B toxicity symptoms between the two species. Rhodes grass appeared to be able to tolerate higher B contents in the growing medium by taking up much less of the element than French bean. The results indicate that phytotoxicity of B would be a major problem in establishing vegetation on ash dams and in the agronomic utilization of unweathered fly ashes in Australia.     

煤矿固废资源化利用的生态效率与碳减排——以淮北市为例

工业固废的大量堆积产生多种环境危害,工业固废的资源化利用能够节约资源和缓解环境压力。建筑行业是能源消耗和碳排放的主要部门之一,其中建筑材料生产阶段的能耗和碳排放占有重要的地位。粉煤灰、煤矸石是常见的工业固体废物,尤其是在以煤炭为主要能源的地区。粉煤灰、煤矸石资源化利用的途径之一是用于制造新型墙体砖。本文以煤炭资源型城市淮北市的新型墙体砖(粉煤灰砌块、煤矸石砖)和传统墙体砖(粘土砖、粘土多孔砖)为案例,对墙体砖生产过程的生态效率和碳排放进行分析和比较。在淮北市墙体材料行业碳排放不增加的前提下,以最优生态效率为目标,建立线性规划模型,对淮北市4种主要墙体材料的产量进行规划。分析结果表明:新型墙体材料的生态效率高于传统墙体材料;煤矸石砖生产过程的碳排放系数高于传统墙体砖;粉煤灰砌块生产过程的碳排放系数介于粘土砖和粘土多孔砖之间。在淮北市墙体材料行业碳排放不增加的前提下,与现有的产量相比,淮北市应禁止粘土砖的生产,适当减少粘土多孔砖的产量,适当增加粉煤灰砌块和煤矸石砖的产量,以达到最优生态效率。在最优生态效率的情况下,淮北市新型墙体材料煤矸石砖对煤矸石工业固废的利用率将由目前的15.8%增加到25.2%。     

Turf culture under declining volume and frequency of irrigation on a sandy soil amended with fly ash

The effects of four rates (0, 5, 10 and 20%, wt/wt) of fly ash amendment in a sandy soil (top 100–120 mm) on soil properties, turf (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., cv. Wintergreen) water relations, growth and colour, were assessed during 84 days of irrigation treatments (irrigated daily, every 3^rd day, or every 4^th day) imposed during summer in a Mediterranean-type climate. In plots irrigated at 40% of net evaporation summed and applied every 3^rd day: (i) soil water contents were 14–33% higher in the fly ash amended soil zone when compared to values in plots with non-amended soil; (ii) soil water content below the root zone (i.e., 1500 mm) during that period remained low (being only 1–2% above the permanent wilting point), indicating minimal, if any, deep drainage. Extractable soil P was 2.0- to 3.8-fold higher in the fly ash amended soil compared to non-amended soil. By contrast extractable P was 1.7- to 2.1-fold higher in the soil 100–500 mm below the surface in non-amended plots, compared with fly ash amended plots. Irrigation at 40% replacement of net evaporation summed and applied every 3^rd day did not adversely impact on turf growth or colour, when compared to plots irrigated daily, irrespective of fly ash treatments. However, extending irrigations (at 40% of net evaporation) to every 4^th day reduced turf growth and colour, but the turf recovered fully from the mild water stress within 21 days of being irrigated daily at 100% replacement of net evaporation. Therefore, 40% replacement of net evaporation summed and applied every 3^rd day was a suitable watering schedule for maintenance of turf, with minimal risks of deep drainage.     

草坪建植体系构建中的生态问题

草坪建植体系对城市复合生态系统具有重要的调控能力与服务功能,使草坪建植体系构建成为现代城市生态建设中必须考虑的重要内容之一。在分析国内外草坪建植体系构建现状及其主要制约因素的基础上,进一步探讨了草坪绿化体系构建中草皮建植、植生带建植及运动场草坪建植体系的几个主要生态问题,指出土壤基质草皮建植方式的弊端在于消耗土壤资源,破坏农田生态系统,草皮杂草控制难;植生带草坪建植方式的问题在于复杂的工艺和无纺布的高成本,这与节约型生态经济发展模式相矛盾;运动场草坪建植体系存在的问题则是场地长期处于高强度践踏下,导致基质紧实而失去弹性,使生态适宜性降低。在构建城市草坪建植体系中,寻找低成本廉价的草坪建植材料的替代物,开展环境友好的草坪建植材料选择应用及其生态适宜性研究,则是解决城市草坪建植体系中上述几个突出生态问题的关键。     

The use of air bricks for planting roadside vegetation: A new technique to improve landscaping of steep roadsides in China's Hubei Province

Road construction is an important cause of environmental degradation, particularly in mountainous regions. However, re-establishing vegetation cover at the construction site can mitigate these problems, particularly on steep roadside slopes. In the present study, we developed two new planting techniques to increase vegetation cover on these slopes, in which planters fill the holes in air bricks (i.e., bricks with large holes that pass through the full depth of the brick) with soil, then plant grass or herbaceous species in the soil. Two variants of this technique (one in which the air bricks form a stairstep pattern, and another in which they form a smooth slope) were tested in an area with a warm climate near Shennongjia (Hubei Province) between 2006 and 2008. The new planting techniques promoted root growth, the development of a continuous vegetation cover, and the production of merchantable seeds compared with the conventional planting technique. This suggests that the air brick technique is more suitable for the study area, where the natural soils are thin, and may prove suitable for similar areas elsewhere in the world. The provisional results, based on 2 years of research, suggest that the new techniques represent a potentially valuable alternative for vegetation restoration, landscape conservation, and road maintenance/management in mountainous zones during and after highway construction. The techniques have strong potential for use in other areas. In addition, they provide a good example of using ecological engineering to increase vegetation cover on steep roadside slopes.     

Suitability of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.) cultivation on fly ash-amended soil for better growth and oil content

Abstract

Sustainable application of fly ash and its management in agriculture is a major challenge nowadays. A pot culture experiment was conducted to find out the most suitable level of fly ash application for soil amendments that can improve the plant growth and productivity of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.). After growing seedlings of B. monnieri under different levels of fly ash for 90?days, a significant increase in plant biomass, essential oil content and tolerance index (more than 100%) was observed under 25% of fly ash amended soil in comparison to garden soil and higher fly ash treatments. Leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic parameters were remained unchanged under 25% of fly ash as compared to seedlings grown on garden soil. However, these parameters were significantly declined under higher concentrations of fly ash treatments. Higher levels of fly ash caused oxidative damage and the induction of some antioxidative enzymes activities in B. monnieri indicates its capability to endure oxidative stress tolerance. Overall, our study showed that 25% of fly ash can be used as soil amendment for cultivation of B. monnieri L. leading to enhance plant biomass and essential oil production.     

垃圾堆肥基质对不同草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响

通过田间实验,研究了城市生活垃圾堆肥基质对高羊茅和黑麦草不同品种草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响。结果表明:堆肥能明显促进草坪植物生长,提高地上和地下生物量。与一茬草相比,垃圾堆肥对二茬草的促进作用更为明显,说明了垃圾堆肥营养具有缓释效应。另外,垃圾堆肥能加快草坪植物返青,对越年草坪植物盖度、株高以及生物量具有明显促进作用。不同品种草坪植物对垃圾堆肥的生长响应存在明显差异,在生长速度和生物量指标上,3种高羊茅品种表现较好。采用美国国家草坪评比体系NTEP(9分法)作为评比标准,对各草坪综合质量进行评定。结果垃圾堆肥建植的草坪综合质量均明显好于对照;不同草坪植物之间比较,以爱神综合质量为最佳,尤其表现在密度、颜色和质地方面。