4种重金属离子对多刺裸腹溞的联合毒性效应

在研究了铜、铅、镉和锌4种单一因子对多刺裸腹溞（Moina macrocopa）急性毒性作用基础上,采用Marking 相加指数法研究了联合毒性效应.实验结果表明：4种重金属离子的毒性大小依次为Cd2＋＞Cu2＋＞Pb2＋＞Zn2＋,对多刺裸腹溞48h的LC50分别为0.0076mg/L,0.0306mg/L,0.0532mg/L,0.3568mg/L;Pb2＋-Cu2＋-Cd2＋、Pb2＋-Zn2＋-Cd2＋3种离子和Cu2＋-Pb2＋-cd2＋-Zn2＋4种离子共存时的毒性效应表现为拮抗作用;Cu2＋-Zn2＋-Cd2＋和Pb2＋-cu2＋-Zn2＋共存时的联合毒性较为复杂,三者浓度比1：1：1时表现为协同作用,而毒性比1∶1：1时在24h内表现为协同作用,至48h时为拮抗作用.     

四种重金属对中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)胚胎发育的影响

分析了不同离子浓度的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd对中国鲎胚胎发育的影响.结果表明①4种金属离子浓度≤渔业水域水质标准浓度4倍时,对中国鲎胚胎发育无明显毒性效应;≥渔业水域水质标准浓度8倍时,Cd离子和Cu离子对中国鲎胚胎发育无明显影响,而Zn离子组Pb离子组胚体发育随离子浓度提高而卵径变小,发育速度下降;②浓度为1.6mg/L时,Zn和Pb离子组胚胎致畸率分别为44%和58%,Pb离子组胚体孵化率仅2.67%;③4种重金属对中国鲎胚胎发育的毒性效应表现为Pb＞Zn＞Cu=Cd;④中国鲎胚胎对重金属有蓄积作用,蓄积效应随金属种类不同而异.     

重金属复合污染对小麦种子根活力的影响

应用二次回归旋转设计法,以小麦种子为材料,研究了水培条件下重金属复合污染对其根生长及活力的影响;借助回归分析建立了相应的数学模型,分析了Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb4种重金属对根活力的毒性、两两重金属问的联合作用以及各重金属的边际毒性效应．结果表明重金属对根活力的影响顺序为Pb＞Cu＞Cd＞Zn;Cu与Cd、Cu与Zn、Zn与Cd以及Cd与Pb元素间的互作效应显著;在0-20mg.L^-1浓度范围内,Cu和zn两元素在最小浓度时的边际效应值最大,Cd和Pb两元素的边际效应最大值却出现在最高浓度处．     

重金属对绿球藻硝酸还原酶活性的影响

研究4种重金属离子(Cu2 、Cd2 、Zn2 、Pb2 )对绿球藻硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响。4种重金属离子的实验浓度分别为0.01、0.1、1、10、50、100、200 mg/L;0.1、1、5、10、50、100、200 mg/L;0.1、1、5、10、50、100、200 mg/L;0.1、1、10、50、100、200、400 mg/L,BG11培养基作对照。研究结果表明:Cu2 、Cd2 分别在低浓度0.01、0.1 mg/L时,便开始抑制硝酸还原酶活性,随着Cu2 、Cd2 浓度增加,抑制作用增强,酶活性逐渐降低;当Cu2 、Cd2 ≥10 mg/L时,NR活性检测不到。当Zn2 、Pb2 浓度分别低于0.1 mg/L和50 mg/L时,NR活性随着培养基中Zn2 、Pb2 浓度的增大逐渐增强;当Zn2 、Pb2 浓度分别大于0.1 mg/L和50 mg/L时,NR活性逐渐降低。结果提示:从4种重金属离子对NR活性的影响看,绿球藻对Zn2 、Pb2 耐受力高,特别是Pb2 ,而对Cu2 、Cd2 的耐受能力要低些。     

镉、铜和锌胁迫下黑藻活性氧的产生及抗氧化酶活性的变化研究

研究了不同Cd、Cu、Zn处理浓度对黑藻体内活性氧()产生及对抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的分子毒理学效应以探讨高等水生植物抗氧化酶对重金属胁迫的反应。结果表明,三种重金属都不同程度地加快了产生速率;Cu使SOD、POD、CAT活性下降;Cd也都减弱了SOD和POD活性,而CAT活性在0.5—5mg/L处理浓度时增加;Zn对SOD活性也为抑制作用,当浓度为0.5—5mg/L时POD和CAT活性都上升。关联度分析发现Cd、Cu和Zn胁迫下黑藻起主要保护作用的分别为SOD、POD和CAT,而SOD最易受到影响。Cd、Cu处理下的叶绿素含量也都呈下降趋势,而0.5—5mg/L的Zn浓度刺激了叶绿素合成。所有Zn处理、0.5mg/L的Cu处理和0.5—1mg/L的Cd处理的叶绿素a/b值都大于对照值。除了Cu使可溶性蛋白含量减少外,0.5—5mg/L的Zn和0.5—1mg/L的Cd都使其含量增加。综合起来,Cu的毒性最强,其次为Cd,Zn最弱。致死阈浓度分别为:Cu:0.5—1mg/L;Cd:1—2mg/L;Zn:5—6mg/L。SOD是评价重金属对沉水植物毒性效应的灵敏指标。黑藻对水环境Cu污染反应敏感。       

铜、锌、镉对唐鱼胚胎及初孵仔鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价

采用静水法生物测试研究铜（Cu2＋）、锌（Zn2＋）和镉（Cd2＋）对唐鱼（Tanichthys albonubes）胚胎和初孵仔鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价。结果显示,Cu2＋对唐鱼胚胎12、24h LC50分别为2.4092mg/L和0.4039mg/L;Zn2＋和Cd2＋对唐鱼胚胎24h LC50分别为372.9mg/L和50.0mg/L。Cu2＋对唐鱼初孵仔鱼12、24和48h LC50都是0.3228mg/L,其安全浓度为0.0986mg/L;Zn2＋对唐鱼初孵仔鱼24、48h LC50分别为72.44mg/L和25.17mg/L,其安全浓度为0.9116mg/L;Cd2＋对唐鱼初孵仔鱼24、48h LC50分别为36.5mg/L和20.59mg/L,其安全浓度为1.9654mg/L。结果表明,重金属元素对唐鱼胚胎和初孵仔鱼毒性依次为Cu2＋〉Cd2＋〉Zn2＋。     

四种重金属胁迫下朝天委陵菜的生长特性及富集能力

通过砂基培养,研究了朝天委陵菜(Potentilla supina)在不同浓度Cd2 、Cu2 、Pb2 、Zn2 胁迫下的生长特性及富集能力.结果表明,朝天委陵菜对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Cd2 的耐受性较强,在≤130 mg/L的胁迫下未出现死亡,仅随浓度增大而植株生长减慢;Cu2 的富集量及富集系数为50 mg/L组最大,分别达1 422.91 mg/kg和28.46;Pb2 的富集量及富集系数为70 mg/L组最大,分别达1 148.92 mg/kg和16.41;Zn2 的富集能力较弱,富集系数在1.48～6.33之间;Cd2 的富集量最少,各浓度组富集系数均小于0.1.在砂培条件下,朝天委陵菜对四种重金属的富集能力,各浓度组均为Cu2 ＞Pb2 ＞Zn2 ＞Cd2 ;当Cu2 、Pb2 污染物浓度≤90 mg/L时,朝天委陵菜对Pb2 和Cu2 的富集达到超富集植物的富集水平,可选作Cu2 、Pb2 污染土壤的修复植物;Cu2 、Pb2 污染土壤上生长的朝天委陵菜,因Cu2 、Pb2 含量超标不宜采食或药用.     

匍茎翦股颖对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+与Pb2+ 胁迫的生长响应与阈限浓度

采用砂培法,研究了匍茎翦股颖对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+与Pb2+胁迫的生长响应及阈限浓度,结果表明:种子萌发率随着4种重金属浓度的增加而下降。对株高的影响是当重金属浓度小于100mg/L时会促进株高生长,高于100mg/L则产生抑制作用。Cu2+显著抑制根系生长,并随浓度的增加抑制效应愈加显著;在Cu2+浓度为600mg/L时匍茎翦股颖的根长比对照下降了93.75%。Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+浓度小于200mg/L时会促进地上生物量的增加,但高于200mg/L时,地上生物量会随着3种重金属的增加而减少。Cu2+、Zn2+浓度小于100mg/L或Cd2+、Pb2+浓度小于200mg/L会增加叶绿素的含量,高浓度会降低叶绿素的含量;Cd2+在浓度为600mg/L时显著降低叶绿素含量,与对照相比,下降了43.55%。匍茎翦股颖生长的综合效应分析表明,匍茎翦股颖对Cu2+胁迫最敏感,具有较低的阈限浓度,而Zn2+胁迫对匍茎翦股颖的生长影响最小,阈限浓度相对较高。     

重金属Cd2+、Pb2+ 和Zn2+ 对泥鳅 DNA损伤的研究

采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE),研究重金属Cd2 、Pb2 、Zn2 在不同暴露时间(1—35d)、单一重金属离子不同暴露浓度(0.05mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L)或混合重金属离子(Cd2 Pb2 、Cd2 Zn2 、Pb2 Zn2 、Cd2 Pb2 Zn2 )相同浓度(0.5mg/L)条件下对泥鳅肝胰脏细胞核DNA的损伤作用。以带彗尾核DNA百分率和彗尾长度(TL)与核直径(D)比值为指标,探讨DNA损伤级别与处理浓度间的相关性。结果显示,随着处理时间的延长,带彗尾核DNA百分率和TL/D值均呈上升趋势,5.0mg/L Zn2 组28d时带彗尾核DNA百分率最高(84.85%),35d的TL/D值亦为所有组中最高(2.50);对DNA损伤作用,初期以1级损伤为主,7d后以3级损伤为主,且损伤率超过80%;Cd2 、Pb2 和Zn2 之间的联合毒性表现复杂,但总体表现为Cd2 存在时能增强Pb2 或Zn2 对DNA的损伤作用。总之,重金属Cd2 、Pb2 和Zn2 对泥鳅肝胰脏细胞核DNA损伤具有明显的浓度和时间效应,利用SCGE技术可对水环境污染导致的生物基因毒性作用进行监测。     

芜湖钢铁厂周边土壤及油菜籽中镉、铜、锌、铅含量和形态分布研究

研究了污染土壤、油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量、形态分布特征和重金属富集状况及可能存在的生物毒性.结果表明,土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态、Cu以残留态占5种形态最高比例,分别为31.1%、39.3%、53.79%、46.24%;Cd、Pb交换态比例较高,为23.47%、16.32%,Cu、Zn的交换态比例较小,为3.14%、0.54%;土壤中不同重金属与各重金属形态相关关系有差别,5种重金属形态转化为有效态重金属难易程度不同;油菜籽和油菜籽壳中不同重金属累积趋势有差异,Cu易在油菜籽壳中累积,Cd、Zn、Pb易在油菜籽中累积;油菜籽中不同重金属累积率不同,Cd累积率最高,为0.56.油菜籽中重金属累积率与土壤中重金属总量呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.05),土壤中重金属的形态、转化差异是此种负相关关系的主要原因;油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Pb以氯化钠态为主,分别为32.50%、22.94%、34.69%,Zn以EDTA态为主,为45.97%.油菜籽中重金属形态可能影响其毒性,但其毒性的人类膳食风险还需进一步研究证实.油菜籽中重金属形态与油菜中重金属总量相关性不好.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.