力竭性运动后鲇鱼幼鱼乳酸、糖原和葡萄糖水平的变动

于(25±1)℃的条件下分别测定了鲇鱼(Silurus asotusLinnaeus)幼鱼静止状态(对照组)与力竭性运动后不同恢复时间(0、0.5、1、2、48、、16h)肌肉、血液和肝脏三种组织中乳酸、糖原和葡萄糖的含量水平。结果显示:鲇鱼幼鱼力竭性运动后肌乳酸和血乳酸水平迅速上升并即刻达到峰值(12.13±0.19)μmol/g和(4.57±0.23)mmol/L,而肝乳酸的峰值((9.78±0.69)μmol/g)却出现在运动后恢复1h;肌组织乳酸的迅速上升伴随着糖原的快速下降,葡萄糖含量保持相对稳定;肌乳酸恢复历时为8h,清除速率为0.9μmol/h.g。实验结果表明鲇鱼力竭性运动后存在着明显的"乳酸泄露"现象,其无氧代谢的底物主要是糖原;肝组织可能是一个乳酸的临时贮存库。     

饥饿及再投喂对日本囊对虾糖代谢的影响

研究了日本囊对虾在饥饿和再投喂下血糖、肝胰脏糖原和肌糖原含量的变化.结果表明：在饥饿状态下,日本囊对虾肝胰脏糖原含量和血糖浓度在饥饿开始时迅速下降,肌糖原含量在饥饿10 d时下降到最低值,在饥饿10~15 d时通过糖原异生作用又恢复至最初水平,但随着饥饿时间的延长,糖原含量持续下降.恢复投喂后,肝胰脏糖原含量和肌糖原含量均能得到较好恢复,饥饿10 d和 15 d组的血糖浓度在恢复投喂10 d后显著高于对照组,但饥饿25 d组的血糖浓度始终显著低于对照.表明饥饿时间过长,对血糖浓度的恢复有较大影响     

急性高渗胁迫对中华绒螯蟹雄蟹组织中可溶性蛋白质、血蓝蛋白、血糖与肝糖原含量的影响

实验以淡水(0.3‰)处理组为对照,研究了急性高渗胁迫(盐度16‰和30‰)对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)雄蟹血淋巴和肝胰腺中可溶性蛋白质、血蓝蛋白、血糖及肝糖原含量的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,进入16‰及30‰盐度后,蟹的血淋巴中可溶性蛋白质含量从6—48h显著降低(P<0.05),至72h时显著增加(P<0.05),而机体肝胰腺的可溶性蛋白质含量从12h开始至96h显著降低(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白含量在前24h显著降低(P<0.05),48h开始显著升高(P<0.05);肝糖原含量在6—96h与对照组相比有显著的降低(P<0.05);16‰盐度组蟹的血糖含量在24—48h时显著下降(P<0.05),到72h开始逐渐恢复(P>0.05),而30‰盐度组其血糖含量早在6—12h时就有显著的下降(P<0.05),到24h则开始逐渐升高。研究表明,在急性盐度胁迫下,糖类和蛋白质对中华绒螯蟹渗透压调节起重要的作用,其优先利用糖类的分解获得所需的能量,其中盐度越高,机体内葡萄糖的消耗越快,血糖水平的恢复也相应较快。对蛋白质的利用稍次之,机体可利用蛋白质的分解获得其渗透压调节的效应物游离氨基酸以维持渗透压平衡。     

桃小食心虫越冬幼虫过冷却能力及体内生化物质动态

为研究桃小食心虫Carposina niponensis Walsingham自然种群过冷却能力的变化动态,从生理生化水平上探讨桃小食心虫幼虫耐寒机制,测定了桃小食心虫幼虫在越冬前后不同月份的过冷却点、体内含水量、脂肪、蛋白和糖原的含量。结果表明:桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的过冷却点(super-cooling point, SCP)和结冰点(freezing point, FP)随越冬期温度降低而逐渐降低, 并在冬季过后随温度升高而逐渐升高,其中在3月份时最低,分别为-14.89℃和-9.95℃,显著低于其它月份。幼虫体内含水量、总蛋白含量、糖原含量在越冬前后变化趋势与SCP变化相似并且各自又有不同的特点,但在2月份时都达最低,分别为44.83%、32.44μg/mg、1.95μg/mg。幼虫体内的总脂肪含量由越冬初期(2008-10)的29.04％逐渐降低至越冬后期(2009-06)的15.56％。结果说明桃小食心虫幼虫越冬过程中体内水分、总蛋白、糖原等生化物质含量的变化与其抗寒能力存在一定的联系,显示了其对冬季温度变化的生态适应。     

低氧对动物组织糖原含量和血糖水平的影响

比较不同年龄组大鼠和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的心肌、骨骼肌和脑皮层组织的糖原含量,以及血糖浓度在模拟高原低氧的变化,发现急性高原低氧暴露24小时,老年组大鼠心肌、骨骼肌糖原含量在海拨8000米高度时有不同程度升高。血糖水平在8000米高度也有明显上升。成年组大鼠心肌、骨骼肌和脑皮层组织糖原含量随海拔升高而增加。慢性低氧暴露25天,大鼠脑组织糖原含量在海拔7000米时略有升高,心肌和骨骼肌糖原含量在海拔7000米时明显升高。低氧暴露7天和48小时,大鼠血糖浓度无明显变化。 高原鼠兔在急性低氧暴露期间,成年组脑糖原含量在海拔5000米和8000米高度时均有明显下降,心肌糖原在8000米高度时明显升高。骨骼肌糖原含量随海拔升高而略有降低。幼年组高原鼠兔脑糖原含量随海拔升高而下降,心肌和骨骼肌糖原在海拔升高时有增加倾向。成年和幼年组鼠兔血糖水平则随海拔上升而升高。     

异育银鲫口服不同剂量葡萄糖后的代谢反应

平均体重为 16 4± 12g的异育银鲫 (方正银鲫♀×兴国红鲤♂ )禁食四周 ,以使肝糖原含量充分下降 ,然后灌喂不同剂量的葡萄糖 ,研究葡萄糖负荷后的代谢反应。实验结果表明 ,不管口服剂量是多少 ,异育银鲫在口服葡萄糖后都出现持久的高血糖 ;口服后 1h血浆总氨基酸、甘油三酯和乳酸水平显著上升 ,然后迅速下降 ;肝糖原含量先降低 ,2h左右开始回升。血糖、总氨基酸、甘油三酯、乳酸及肝糖原的变化幅度也随口服剂量变化而变化 :血糖升幅随口服剂量增加而加大 ;在口服后 1h ,总氨基酸含量随着口服剂量的增加而增加 ,甘油三酯和乳酸含量随着口服剂量的增加而减少 ,而在口服后 2— 10h内 ,口服剂量越高 ,总氨基酸、甘油三酯水平越低 ,乳酸水平越高 ;肝糖原含量随着口服剂量的增加而减少。上述结果提示异育银鲫在口服高剂量葡萄糖之初的 1h内生长抑素和胰高血糖素水平较高 ,而胰岛素的分泌可能受到了抑制 ;推测当口服剂量较低时胰岛素则能正常分泌     

肌糖原对维持血糖浓度稳定无关吗?

答：高级中学课本《生物》（全一册）（必修）中关于肌糖原和肝糖原有这样的叙述：“肝脏中的糖原（叫肝糖原）是作为能量的暂时储备。血液中的葡萄糖——血糖的浓度是相对稳定的,大约维持在0．1％左右。当血糖浓度由于消耗而逐渐降低的时候,肝脏中的糖原又转变成葡萄糖,陆续释放到血液中,以供各种组织的需要;而肌肉中的糖原（叫肌糖原侧是作为能源物质,为肌肉活动提供能量。”学生学后往往认为肝糖原对维持血液血糖浓度稳定有重要作用,而肌糖元对维持血糖浓度的稳定没有什么关系。其实不然,肌糖原虽不能直接分解成葡萄糖,但却能通…     

海蛇乙醇浸出物对小鼠抗疲劳作用的实验研究

目的　以小鼠为实验对象 ,研究海蛇乙醇浸出物 ( AEBFSS)的抗疲劳作用。　方法　每天灌胃给予小鼠 1次海蛇乙醇浸出物 ( AEBFSS) ,2 8天后测定小鼠的运动耐力 ,30天后测定小鼠的血清乳酸脱氢酶活力和肌糖原及肝糖原的含量。　结果　当海蛇乙醇浸出物 ( AEBFSS)灌胃剂量达到浸出蛋白5.0 mg/kg,与正常对照组比较 ,实验组的运动耐力和血清乳酸脱氢酶活力显著增强 ( P <0 .0 1) ,肌糖原和肝糖原的贮备量大大增加 ( P <0 .0 1)。　结论　海蛇乙醇浸出物 ( AEBFSS)具有明显增强小鼠运动耐力和延缓疲劳的作用     

三疣梭子蟹肌肉组织中甜菜碱、糖原及无机盐变化研究

为了探讨甜菜碱、糖原及无机盐含量对三疣梭子蟹肌肉口感品质的影响,采用可见分光光度法、蒽酮比色法和原子分光光度法,分别测定了3个发育阶段（8月份幼蟹阶段、10月份交配前和12月份交配后）的野生三疣梭子蟹肌肉组织中甜菜碱、糖原及无机盐含量。结果表明：1）肌肉中甜菜碱含量在第一阶段（8月幼蟹）甜菜碱含量最低,为172 mg/100 g,10月交配前雌蟹肌肉甜菜碱含量最高,达473 mg/100 g,但12月份交配后含量减半;雄蟹肌肉则表现为从第1到第3阶段逐渐升高趋势。2）幼蟹的糖原含量极低,仅为0.8μg/mg,交配前雌雄蟹仍保持较低水平,交配后糖原含量急剧升高,雌雄蟹分别上升至11.26μg/mg和9.61μg/mg,各是交配前的6.5倍和10倍。3）肌肉无机盐中K、Na是宏量元素,含量最高,K含量336~457 mg/100 g,Na含量131~185 mg/100 g,Fe为微量元素,含量最低,仅有1.12~1.26 mg/100 g。三疣梭子蟹肌肉中的甜菜碱含量远高于一般水产品,故蟹肉入口爽滑带有甜味,且随着肌肉中糖原含量不断增加,其风味也更佳。     

应用氧化酶法对高糖高脂动物模型肝糖原含量的测定

目的建立氧化酶法检测肝糖原的方法。方法采用碱中和与缓冲液相配合调节水解液pH至中性,然后用氧化酶法检测肝糖原含量。结果用10μL6mol/LNaOH加入等量肝糖原水解液后,再加入4mLpH7.2磷酸盐缓冲液,可使糖原水解液pH值调为7.2,用于氧化酶法测定糖含量。结论该法操作简便易行,结果稳定、重复性好。     

Seasonal rhythms in the functioning of the hypophyseo-thyroid system of the suslik Citellus parryi

In experiments on the Arctic ground squirrel Citellus parryi, radioimmune assay of the content of thyrotropin of the hypophysis and thyroxine and triiodothyronine of the thyroid in the peripheral blood has been made at monthly intervals from July until May. It was found that during hibernation period, thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in the blood of sleeping animals are high as compared with those during pre-hibernation period in autumn and active period in May. Thyrotropin content of the blood increases from October to May, being the lowest however during the season of the deepest hibernation from December to February. It is suggested that activation of the hypophysial--thyroid system after resting period in summer and autumn begins in October. During deep sleeping, it is depressed, being recovered in March. High levels of the thyroid hormones during hibernation period may be explained by metabolic strategy of the organism in hibernating animals which is directed to optimization of energy supply of hibernation.     

Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the testis of the Mexican big-eared bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus) during its annual reproductive cycle

The reproductive physiology of Corynorhinus mexicanus includes a testes growth-involution cycle. Testis recrudescence begins in May-June, peaks in August and then undergoes a profound involution being totally regressed in November. Adult, male individuals were captured monthly during one year and ROS scavenging enzyme activities were measured in testes and expressed per total wet-weight and per mg protein. SOD total activity is very low from October to February; increases sharply one full month before testes recrudescence starts, and in August, when testis activity was at its peak, SOD is 3-4 times lower than in July. Catalase total activity is bimodal. The main peak of activity occurs during testicular recrudescence with an additional smaller peak, two months before the onset of recrudescence. Glutathione peroxidase total activity parallels almost exactly the testis growth cycle, increases in July, reaches a peak in August and decreases through September to almost disappear in October. SOD specific activity shows a pre-testicular increase of activity, maintains its activity from March to July and then descends drastically to almost nil in August, maintaining these low values until February. Catalase specific activity is particularly important during the period of testicular regression. GPX specific activity is low from March to July, months of testicular recrudescence; whereas its activity increases in August and peaks in November, when testes regression occurs. Our data show that ROS-scavenging enzymes may play a very important role during testes involution-recrudescence in C. mexicanus, and we believe their participation could be equally important in all seasonally breeding mammals.     

折翼蝠冬眠期几项生理常数的测定及分析

折翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersii chinensis Thomas)在皖南地区数量较多、分布较广,是哺乳类中具冬眠习性的异温动物。这种异温动物的生理生态研究,国内极少报道。我们于1981年10月至1982年5月对折翼蝠冬眠期的几项生理常数做了测定和分析,目的在于了解它们在冬眠期间的生理变化及其与外界环境因子之间的相互关系,从而进一步探讨异温动物冬眠期的代谢规律,为休眠的理论和动物资源的利用提供一点参考资料。     

Some effects, especially on yield, of artificially defoliating sugar beet

The effects of completely defoliating sugar beet at different dates from May to October were examined in four years. In each year there were plots given the usual nitrogen fertiliser application to the seedbed, and also in two of the years plots given no nitrogen. At harvest in mid-November, minimum root weights followed defoliation in July or August, but defoliation in August or later gave minimum sugar contents. When nitrogen was applied to the seedbed sugar yields were smallest after August defoliation; in the absence of nitrogen, July defoliation gave the lowest sugar yields, root yield being smaller but sugar content usually greater than with nitrogen. Up to 40% of the sugar yield was lost by July or August defoliation and late defoliation increased some of the impurities in the root juice. Yields, and recovery from defoliation, were greater with nitrogen than without. Partial defoliation in May had relatively little effect on yield. Defoliation affected the incidence of virus yellows differently in different years.     

Annual variation in energy reserves in male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatm L. (Pisces, Gasterosteidae)

Wet and dry weights of tissue were measured and concentrations of glycogen, lipid and protein were estimated for the liver, gonad and carcass of male sticklebacks from an annual population collected each month over one complete year. In young-of-the-year there is one period of rapid weight gain, in all three body regions (liver, carcass and gonads) but particularly of the carcass, in the autumn and a second in spring and early summer. This is accompanied by an increase in the water content of all three body regions. The gonadosomatic index also increases sharply in spring and early summer. Young sticklebacks accumulate lipid and glycogen slowly during the autumn and winter of their first year of life and more rapidly from late winter to early summer. Thus, the period of most rapid accumulation of these reserves coincides with the time when body weight and gonad maturation are also increasing sharply. Lipid and glycogen levels fall during the reproductive season in those males that breed, so that by July they are reduced to 43% and 37% (respectively) of their peak values in May. Levels of protein increase throughout the year as the fish grow, but in breeding males by July the concentration of protein in the carcass falls to 70% of pre-breeding levels. Breeding males therefore reach the end of the reproductive season with their total energy reserves severely reduced, and consequently they suffer a very high mortality. In contrast, adult males that fail to reproduce survive beyond the breeding season. They continue to gain weight and to accumulate lipid and glycogen from August to September, but these energy reserves fall (to levels comparable to those of post-breeding fish) in December, when these fish probably die. These results demonstrate that in male sticklebacks, growth and gonad maturation can be sustained in parallel with the accumulation of energy reserves, which are subsequently extensively depleted as a result of reproductive activities.     

The heterogeneity of the protein content of liver and muscle glycogens

The portions of both liver and muscle glycogen that have a high protein content have been investigated. In liver the high molecular weight protions of glycogen may be rendered insoluble by treatment with trichloroacetic acid. This shows that reported desmo- (or insoluble) glycogen is an artefact of the extraction process and therefore of no physiological significance. In contrast, muscle glycogen isolubility is not associated with any specific molecular size range. Insolubility of muscle glycogen is shown to be related to partial degradation of the polysaccharide and to the high protein content remaining after the gentle extraction procedure. Since the molecular weight profile is unaltered by the removal of the insoluble glycogen it does not interfere with the interpretation of metabolic studies.     

明亮熊蜂的生物学特性及其授粉应用

明亮熊蜂Bombus lucorumL.是我国重要的授粉昆虫之一,该种熊蜂在北京地区1年1代,以蜂王休眠方式越冬。越冬蜂王4月中旬出蛰,2周以后开始产卵,5月下旬第1批工蜂开始出房,7月上旬工蜂数量达到150只左右,随后蜂群中出现雄蜂和蜂王,8~9月蜂王和雄蜂交配。10月上旬,天气逐渐变冷,交配后的蜂王开始在地下休眠越冬。在人工控制条件下可以打破蜂王的休眠期、实现1年多代繁育,提供设施农业授粉应用。     

人工诱导冬眠对中华蟾蜍血液和组织中宏量营养素的影响

为探寻冬眠期间两栖动物血液和组织中宏量营养素的适应性改变过程,经人工诱导冬眠,检测了中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)在冬眠第1、3、7、14、28、42、56天的体重和脏器指数,以及血液、心、肝和骨骼肌组织中宏量营养素的含量。结果显示:1)冬眠期间中华蟾蜍体重未出现显著性变化,无性别差异。雄性蟾蜍的心、肝和腓肠肌的脏器指数显著性大于雌性(P0.01),但同一性别的脏器指数在冬眠期间无显著性变化。2)血中葡萄糖浓度自冬眠第42天起显著下降(P0.01);总蛋白在冬眠后第56天显著降低(P0.05),总胆固醇变化不显著。血中宏量营养素无性别差异。3)肝糖原自冬眠第42天起显著下降(P0.01),肌糖原自冬眠第1天起显著性下降(P0.05),而骨骼肌和心肌组织蛋白含量无显著变化。组织中宏量营养素无性别差异。人工诱导冬眠条件下,中华蟾蜍血液和组织中的糖类含量先迅速下降,血液中的蛋白成分只在深眠时才显著减少,但血液和组织中的宏量营养素水平可在1个月内维持稳定,这可能是其适应冬眠的主要生理学机制之一。     

Seasonal variations in biochemical composition during the reproductive cycle of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) from the northern coast of China

Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition of Rapana venosa in relation to reproductive cycle and environment on the northern coast of China were investigated from March 2012 to February 2013. The results indicated that R. venosa has an annual reproductive cycle with synchronized gonad development in both females and males. Gametogenesis was initiated in September and gametes developed slowly during the winter, followed by rapid gonad development during spring and summer. Most individuals from this study were sexually mature between May and June, and gamete release occurred mainly between May and August. The peak of spawning was found in July and the recovery of the gonad was observed between August and November. The key biochemical components including glycogen, protein and lipid were analysed in four tissues, specifically the gonad, digestive gland, mantle and foot. The declining glycogen content in the gonad, digestive gland and mantle during maturation suggested that glycogen was consumed during the development of the gonad. Lipids and protein can be stored in the digestive gland and used during the winter in a period of food shortage. The protein and lipid contents in the ovaries increased during gonad development, which suggested that the protein and lipid had been accumulated as vitellin in oocytes.