国外紫花苜蓿种质资源表型性状与品质多样性分析

本研究旨在利用形态指标、农艺性状指标和品质性状指标探讨引进紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)种质资源的遗传多样性,为紫花苜蓿品种改良和亲本选择提供科学依据。研究了不同地理来源的75份紫花苜蓿种质资源的21项指标,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析方法分析其多样性。结果表明,不同紫花苜蓿种质的各个特征存在广泛变异,农艺性状变异最大,其次是形态性状和品质性状;主成分分析结果显示前8个主成分累计贡献率达到82.7748%,其中茎秆干重、单株干重、单株鲜重、叶干重4个性状是构成紫花苜蓿种质表型差异的主要因素;以21个性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的75份种质材料分为5类,其中第Ⅱ类群的3号材料和第Ⅰ类群的25、31号材料农艺性状表现较好,可以作为苜蓿新品种选育和改良的优异亲本材料。     

134份国外陆地棉种质主要农艺性状与纤维品质性状的遗传多样性分析

为拓宽本地棉花种质基因库,筛选适于作杂交亲本的种质资源,以134份国外棉花种质为试验材料,研究了其主要品质与农艺性状的变异情况、遗传多样性指数、品质性状间的相关性,并以主要农艺与品质性状为指标,对134份种质进行了聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,纤维品质性状中整齐度指数的遗传多样性指数(5.16)最高,马克隆值的变异系数(11.96%)最大,农艺性状中霜前衣分的遗传多样性指数(5.42)最高,不孕籽率的变异系数(49.18%)最大,参试种质的遗传多样性丰富;整齐度指数与上半部平均长度、断裂比强度均呈极显著正相关,断裂比强度与上半部平均长度间也呈极显著正相关;10个农艺性状和5个品质性状的主成分分析结果表明,前6个主成分的累计贡献率达75.277%;Ward法聚类将134份参试种质按品质性状分为5类,其中第Ⅱ类群的35份种质棉纤维品质性状表现最好,按农艺性状分为3类,其中第Ⅰ类群的58份种质产量最高。通过综合35份纤维品质优异的种质与58份农艺性状优异的种质筛选出美1870、美1884、FM1830等14份品质与产量俱佳的优异种质。     

云南苦荞种质资源主要性状的遗传多样性分析

为了从云南苦荞种质资源中挖掘优异种质资源,拓宽苦荞遗传基础,以48份苦荞种质资源为材料研究了6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的遗传多样性。结果表明,云南的苦荞资源存在着丰富的遗传多样性,6个农艺性状中株粒重的变异系数为34.4%最大,品质性状中总黄酮含量的变异系数为51.72%最大。聚类结果表明,将48份材料聚为3大类,可区分为低产型、矮秆高产型和中秆高产型。6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的主成分分析结果表明,前3个累计贡献率分别达84.105%和80.332%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源的主要农艺性状,可为云南苦荞种质资源的利用提供有效的科学依据。     

黄淮海大豆种质农艺与品质性状分析及综合评价

以303份黄淮海地区大豆种质资源为研究对象,利用变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数对11个农艺性状和2个品质性状进行多样性分析,通过主成分、相关性以及逐步回归分析对大豆种质资源进行综合评价和评价指标筛选,为黄淮海大豆种质创新和品种选育提供参考.结果表明:13个性状变异系数的变化范围为5.52％～27.61...     

鹰嘴豆种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析

以100份鹰嘴豆种质资源为材料,应用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,对15个主要农艺性状的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,参试材料存在广泛的遗传多样性。其中,多样性指数最高的是株高,其次是百粒重;性状变异系数最大的是单株荚数,其次是单株粒重;基于各种质间形态标记的遗传差异,将100份鹰嘴豆种质聚类并划分为4大类群。第Ⅰ类群可作为选育丰产中粒型和株高适中的品种,第Ⅱ类群可作为选育矮秆耐密及特异粒色(型)品种,第Ⅲ类群丰产性较差可作为选育子粒球型、光滑的品种,第Ⅳ类群可作为选育大粒型、适宜机械化收获的品种。9个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达73.91%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源农艺性状,为鹰嘴豆的有效利用提供一定的科学依据。     

燕麦种质资源主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

燕麦种质资源是燕麦育种的重要基础,对燕麦遗传多样性的研究不仅有助于种质资源的搜集、管理和利用,也有利于进行核心种质的研究。为了解不同地区燕麦种质资源在农艺性状上的遗传多样性,对74份皮、裸燕麦种质资源13个性状的遗传多样性进行了聚类分析与主成分分析。结果表明:各性状的遗传多样性指数较大,多样性指数最高的是主穗粒重,其次是千粒重和穗长;性状变异系数最大的是单株分蘖数,其后依次为单株粒重和主穗粒重,最小的为株高;根据品种间各性状的遗传差异,通过聚类分析将74份资源材料划分为5类,其中36份皮燕麦资源被分为2类,26份裸燕麦资源被分为2类,7份皮燕麦和5份裸燕麦被分为一类,其中,类群Ⅰ可作为高产育种目标的亲本,类群Ⅲ可作为粒型育种目标的亲本,类群Ⅳ、Ⅴ可作为株高和小穗等育种目标的亲本;8个数量性状主成分分析的结果表明,前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达86.27%,第一主成分反应产量,第二主成分反应粒型,第三、第四主成分分别反应分蘖数和株高。     

15份多花黑麦草优良引进种质的表型变异分析

多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)是世界栽培牧草中的优良禾本科牧草。为更好地利用多花黑麦草种质资源,本研究对引自国外的15份多花黑麦草种质的15个形态性状和农艺性状进行了变异系数、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明:15份材料间存在较大变异,除单株干重外,其余性状在供试材料间均表现出显著性差异,变异系数范围为10.28%~39.15%,变异系数平均值为19.49%,从小到大依次为小穗数小穗长株高分蘖数千粒重花序长倒二叶长小花数茎粗第一节间长倒二叶宽旗叶宽旗叶长单株干重单株鲜重。主成分结果表明,前5个主成分累积贡献率达到84.51%,第1主成分以株高为主要特征;第2主成分以旗叶和倒二叶长、宽为主要特征;第3主成分以花序长和小花数为主要特征;第4主成分以千粒重为主要特征;第5主成分以产草量为主要特征。15份种质材料经基于欧氏距离的UPGMA聚类分析被划分为3大类,类别间存在较显著的差异,其中第2类因其植株高大、叶片宽大的特点,具备选育高产种质的潜力。     

谷子主要育成品种在新疆的遗传多样性研究

以274份谷子种质资源为材料,利用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,对参试资源16个农艺性状的遗传多样性进行综合评价。结果表明,参试材料的11个数量性状的遗传多样性指数均大于2.000,在新疆表现出广泛的遗传多样性。基于种质资源间形态标记的遗传差异,将274份谷子种质资源聚类并划分为6大类群。第Ⅰ类群(105份材料)生育期较短,属早熟类型,但其他性状表现一般;第Ⅱ类群(19份材料)出苗-抽穗日数最小,全生育期最短,早熟性明显,穗下节间长度相对其他类群较长;第Ⅲ类群(10份材料)生育期较短,主穗长相对较长,其余性状表现均处于较低水平;第Ⅳ类群(58份材料)主穗长、单穗重在各类群中处于较高水平,生育期相对较短;第Ⅴ类群(26份材料)生育期最长,属晚熟类型,除主穗长度最小外其余性状均表现突出;第Ⅵ类群(56份材料)生育期相对较长,属中晚熟类型,株高较低,生物产量处于中等水平。9个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分因子(单株秆重、株高、主穗直径)累计贡献率达70.41%,各主成分因子性状载荷值反映了育种中各性状的选择方向及潜力。综合评价谷子种质资源农艺性状,为新疆谷子资源收集、评价和利用提供一定的科学依据。     

火龙果种质资源果实特性的遗传多样性分析

为筛选火龙果(Hylocereus undatus)优良种质资源,对22份种质资源果实的表型性状、农艺性状、品质性状进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,火龙果种质资源果实的表型性状、农艺性状和品质性状具有丰富的遗传多样性和较高的变异性,表型性状的多样性指数(H′)为0～1.04,品质性状为0.40～2.01;农艺性状的变异系数(CV)为0.06～0.38,品质性状为0.01～0.62。聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为15时,火龙果22份种质资源可分为5类,说明不同资源间亲缘关系较远。这为发掘火龙果的育种潜力,筛选优异基因资源,改良种质奠定了基础。     

贵州野生猕猴桃表型遗传多样性分析

通过对146份贵州猕猴桃种质资源表型遗传多样性的研究,为贵州猕猴桃品种选育打下基础,对146份不同区域猕猴桃种质资源48个质量性状进行描述、赋值,并结合单果重等9个数量性状,使用主成分分析、聚类分析等进行综合评价。结果表明,57个质量性状和数量性状均存在丰富的多样性和变异性;146份资源的Shannon’s遗传多样性指数为1.28,从各区域遗传多样性指数可以看出,演化进程上从遗传多样性指数高的地区向低的地区进行演化;主成分分析结果显示,前14个主成分累计贡献率达75.076%,其中前6个主成分的累计贡献率达51.911%,为提高品种选育和评价的工作效率,可将猕猴桃种质资源的描述指标简化为新梢被毛、果实被毛等18个性状;聚类结果显示,贵州猕猴桃种质的欧氏距离为1.00~25.00之间,在D=19.25处,146份野生猕猴桃分为6个类群。本文有效揭示了贵州省猕猴桃种质资源丰富的多样性和亲缘关系,明确野生猕猴桃各种群间性状区分特征和部分优良资源性状的地理分布,对贵州猕猴桃种质资源的种质鉴定、保护利用和品种选育有重要意义。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.