不同产地浙贝母生物碱含量及其合成相关基因表达研究

为了探究浙贝母(Fritillaria thunbergii)药效成分积累量与生物碱合成相关基因表达水平之间的关系,该研究采用UPLC-MS、qPCR技术分别测定不同产地11个样品中总生物碱(贝母素甲和贝母素乙之和)含量和3个参与生物碱合成途径相关基因(HMGR、FPS和DXR)的表达量,同时运用生物统计学方法分析成熟期鳞茎生物碱含量与各基因表达量之间的相关性。结果表明:不同产地浙贝母成熟期鳞茎总生物碱含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),为0.2105% ～ 0.4612%; HMGR和FPS基因在盛花期组织表达、盛花期至成熟期鳞茎表达变化趋势同生物碱含量变化趋势基本一致; DXR基因在成熟期鳞茎中表达量最高,盛花期组织表达、盛花期至成熟期鳞茎表达变化趋势同生物碱含量变化趋势大体不一致; HMGR、FPS基因表达量分别与贝母素甲、贝母素乙和总生物碱含量呈显著或极显著正相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01),以FPS基因表达量与生物碱含量相关系数为最高,相关系数分别为0.672,0.631,0.664,DXR基因与生物碱含量呈低度相关性。由此可以推断,生物碱的积累受MVA途径中HMGR、FPS基因协同调控或者修饰作用明显,受MEP途径中DXR基因调控作用不明显。     

水稻BCAT4基因突变株幼苗对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的响应

以水稻野生型‘日本晴’(NIP)及其BCAT4基因突变体BCAT4 1为材料,在苗期进行PEG 6000模拟干旱处理,分析其对幼苗形态、生长和抗逆生理指标的影响,以探究BCAT4基因在水稻响应干旱胁迫中的作用。结果表明：(1)20% PEG处理后野生型NIP幼苗叶片中BCAT4表达量显著高于对照(处理0 d),复水后幼苗存活率显著高于突变体BCAT4 1。(2)20% PEG处理后,两水稻材料幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量下降,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量上升,抗氧化酶活性先上升后下降,且突变体BCAT4 1中上述各指标均显著低于同期NIP。(3)两材料幼苗叶片中丙二醛和过氧化氢含量及相对电导率随胁迫处理天数增加而上升,且BCAT4 1均显著高于同期NIP。(4)在20% PEG处理后,两水稻材料间根系各形态、生长和生理指标的差异均小于相应叶片。研究发现,BCAT4基因突变加剧了干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片叶绿素含量的下降,抑制了地上部渗透调节物质的积累及抗氧化酶活性上升的幅度,促进了丙二醛和过氧化氢积累以及相对电导率增加,从而降低了水稻的耐旱性。     

北柴胡不定根培养及茉莉酸甲酯处理对柴胡皂苷含量的影响

目的:建立北柴胡不定根培养体系,明确茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对北柴胡不定根中柴胡皂苷含量积累的影响。方法:利用固体和液体相结合的组织培养技术培养北柴胡不定根;分别以不同浓度的MeJA处理不定根不同时间,利用HPLC测定处理后不定根中柴胡皂苷含量的积累变化。结果:培养了北柴胡不定根;MeJA处理对北柴胡不定根中柴胡皂苷含量的积累有明显促进作用,当MeJA浓度为200μmol/L时,柴胡皂苷含量最高,为0.45%;以200μmol/L MeJA处理北柴胡不定根26 d时,柴胡皂苷含量最高,为0.51%。结论:北柴胡不定根培养结合MeJA诱导,可做为柴胡皂苷次生代谢合成途径及其积累规律研究的有效技术体系。     

甘草JAZ基因家族的鉴定及其在干旱胁迫下的表达分析

甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)是一味大宗中药材，黄酮类活性成分是其主要的药物活性成分之一。茉莉酸是甘草响应非生物胁迫调控类黄酮类活性成分的主要内源激素。JAZ是茉莉酸信号转导途径中的一个重要节点，其通过负向调节茉莉酸的信号转导，参与植物发育、非生物胁迫和对植物激素处理的响应的调节。本研究通过测定聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 6000诱导的干旱胁迫对乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)中茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)含量和JAZ基因家族表达水平以及JAZ基因家族的生物信息学分析，筛选受干旱胁迫诱导JAZ基因。研究结果显示：JA主要在甘草地下部分中积累，干旱胁迫明显提升地下部分JA含量，地下和地上部分中PEG处理2h时JA表达量最高。基于对上述材料的转录组测序数据分析，有10个GuJAZ基因具有完整的读码框，且这些JAZ基因具有时空表达差异性。干旱胁迫诱导地下部分中的GuJAZ基因上调，GuJAZ1、GuJAZ3、GuJAZ4、GuJAZ5、GuJAZ6和GuJAZ10在处理2h组上调最明显...     

北柴胡不定根系生物转化合成皂苷研究

通过在北柴胡不定根系培养体系中添加目的产物柴胡皂苷的前体物质和生物合成促进物质以及进行高糖渗透胁迫试验,探讨了利用不定根系生产柴胡皂苷的条件和方法。结果表明,在1/2 MS培养基中添加硫酸镁、硝酸钾、丙酮酸钠以及高糖渗透胁迫均有利于柴胡皂苷的合成。1/2 MS培养基+硫酸镁0.37 g/L+硝酸钾5.7 g/L+丙酮酸钠2.0 mmol/L+蔗糖50 g/L是最适合柴胡皂苷转化合成的培养基,此条件下使柴胡皂苷的含量提高了9.74倍。     

中国沙棘HrANR基因及黄酮类累积与抗旱的关系

花青素还原酶(anthocyanidin reductase, ANR)是合成黄酮类物质的关键酶之一,为明确其编码基因结构及干旱胁迫下的表达模式和黄酮类物质含量及二者之间的相关性,该文从中国沙棘转录组数据中筛选获得1个ANR基因,命名为HrANR基因。采用生物信息学软件对基因序列及编码蛋白进行分析,并对不同胁迫下各组织中HrANR基因的表达量和叶中黄酮类化合物含量进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)中国沙棘HrANR基因ORF为1 017 bp,编码338个氨基酸,为稳定的亲水性蛋白,其ANR同源蛋白具有明显的科属特性。(2)干旱胁迫下HrANR基因在中国沙棘根、茎、叶中均有表达,但表达趋势不同,其中在根中的表达呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势,在茎中呈持续下降的趋势,在叶中呈先升高后持续降低的趋势。(3)通过芦丁标准曲线获得不同胁迫程度下中国沙棘叶内黄酮类的含量,表明黄酮类含量呈先持续上升,随后略有下降,复水后上升至最高点的变化趋势,表明干旱胁迫初期叶黄酮类含量与干旱胁迫呈正相关,在严重胁迫下黄酮类含量与胁迫呈负相关。(4)叶和茎的HrANR基因表达量与黄酮类含量呈负相关(P_叶=-0.751,P_茎=-0.934),根中呈正相关(P_根=0.444)。综上表明,中国沙棘HrANR基因的表达及黄酮类含量变化与其抗旱性密切相关,其结果为中国沙棘抗旱机制的阐明提供了依据。     

胡萝卜肉桂醇脱氢酶基因的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的响应

该实验采用RT PCR技术,从胡萝卜‘黑田五寸’中克隆获得了编码肉桂醇脱氢酶（Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CAD）的基因DcCAD。DcCAD序列长1 074 bp,编码357个氨基酸。亲水/疏水性分析表明,DcCAD属于亲水性蛋白。系统进化分析显示,DcCAD与番茄CAD（XP_010314515.1）亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR结果显示,DcCAD基因在胡萝卜根、叶片和叶柄中的表达量差异显著,其相对表达量为叶片＞根＞叶柄。DcCAD基因对高温（38 ℃）、低温（4 ℃）、干旱（20% PEG）和盐（0.2 mol·L^-1 NaCl）胁迫均有响应,尤其对高温胁迫和低温胁迫响应明显,而且高温处理后1 h和低温处理后2 h表达量最高。研究推测,DcCAD基因对胡萝卜抗逆性具有一定的作用。     

PEG6000胁迫下长春花叶片生物碱含量及相关基因表达的分析

以长春花(Catharanthus roseus(L.)G.Don)幼苗（45 d）为材料,采用温室水培法,设定不同浓度的聚乙二醇6000(Polyethyleneglycol,PEG6000)胁迫处理,通过分析叶片脯氨酸含量和相对含水量的变化,选定35%（V/V）浓度的PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫。结果显示,干旱处理12~24 h,叶片中碱性POD活性明显增强。高效液相色谱技术分析表明,干旱处理下,叶片中文多灵和长春质碱含量逐渐升高且高于对照,然后下降;处理12~24 h,长春碱含量逐渐升高,24 h达到峰值(0.17 mg·g^-1 FW±0.003 6)。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,在胁迫处理3 h,生物碱合成途径中3个基因(Tdc、Str、Dat)表达均相对升高,相关性分析表明,PEG6000干旱胁迫下,长春花叶片中Tdc基因表达与长春质碱含量变化正相关,POD的活性与长春碱含量变化正相关(P<0.05)。     

外源亚精胺对淹涝胁迫下黄瓜根HSP70表达的影响

采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)及蛋白免疫印迹杂交(Western Blot)技术,研究0.5 mmol/L亚精胺浸种的黄瓜幼苗在淹水胁迫下,根热激蛋白70基因(HSP70)mRNA和蛋白质的表达量的变化。结果表明:淹水胁迫使黄瓜根HSP70的mRNA和蛋白的表达呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在淹水4 h时,HSP70的mRNA和蛋白表达量均极显著高于未淹水处理; 亚精胺浸种的黄瓜根HSP70的mRNA和蛋白的表达量在24 h内呈一直上升的趋势,在淹水24 h时,HSP70的mRNA和蛋白表达量均极显著高于未淹水处理。淹涝胁迫下,亚精胺浸种的黄瓜根HSP70的mRNA和蛋白表达量在淹水12 h和24 h时极显著高于蒸馏水浸种。外源亚精胺能诱导淹涝胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根HSP70 mRNA和蛋白质的表达量的增加,缓解淹涝胁迫对黄瓜造成的伤害。     

干旱条件下外源蔗糖对高表达玉米C4型pepc水稻种子萌发的影响

为揭示外源蔗糖参与干旱胁迫下高表达转玉米C₄ 型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC)基因(C₄ pepc)水稻(简称：PC)种子萌发的生理机制,该研究以 PC及其未转基因野生型受体‘Kitaake’(简称：WT)的种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度蔗糖联合模拟干旱(10% PEG 6000)处理下,其种子发芽参数、总可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖非发酵1 (sucrose nonfermenting 1, SNF1)相关蛋白激酶(SNF1 related protein kinase 1s, SnRK1s)基因以及PEPC基因表达等参数的变化。结果表明：(1)PEG 6000模拟干旱处理均显著抑制两材料发芽,但明显促进胚根的生长;外施蔗糖则呈现浓度效应,高浓度蔗糖(>150 mmol·L^-1)进一步加剧了干旱对发芽的抑制效应,而低浓度(<30 mmol·L^-1)则可缓解干旱的抑制,但与WT(<30 mmol·L^-1)相比,促进PC水稻萌发的外施蔗糖浓度(<6 mmol·L^-1)更低,且各处理的发芽表现与其α 淀粉酶活性的动态表现一致。(2)与WT相比,外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖联合干旱处理下,显著提高了PC种子的发芽率,且伴随PC内源蔗糖含量、总可溶糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;且外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖使PC中内源C₃ pepc基因表达下调,而外源导入C₄ pepc基因表达显著增加。(3)与WT相比,干旱处理下外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖,PC的糖信号相关基因SnRKs亚家族基因(包括SnRK1s：OsK1a OsK24 OsK35和SnRK2s:SAPK6)的表达也显著增加。研究发现,外施低浓度蔗糖通过上调PC水稻种子中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强SnRK1s亚家族基因和外源C₄ pepc基因的表达,提高了α 淀粉酶活性,从而缓解了干旱胁迫对PC种子萌发的抑制。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.