六种固氮蓝藻提取液对玉米的促长作用和提取液成分比较

本文用六种固氮蓝藻的提取液处理玉米种子,同时对其提取液氨基酸组成和碳水化合物与维生素Ｂ１２的含量进行了分析。结果表明固氮鱼腥藻ＨＢ６８６（ＡｎａｂａｅｎａａｚｏｔｉｃａＨＢ６８６）、球孢鱼腥藻ＨＢ１０１７（Ａ．ｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃａＨＢ１０１７）、多变鱼腥藻ＨＢ１０５８（Ａ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓＨＢ１０５８）和小单歧藻ＨＢＴＴ（ＴｏｌｙｐｏｔｈｒｉｘｔｅｎｕｉｓＨＢＴＴ）的提取液中氨基酸、碳水化合物和维生素Ｂ１２的含量高于鱼腥藻ＳＰ．ＨＢ１０４２（Ａｎａｂａｅｎａｓｐ．ＨＢ１０４２）和繁育管链藻ＨＢ３８（ＡｕｌｏｓｉｒａｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｓｓｉｍａＨＢ３８）。同时,促进玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的效果前四种藻较好,后两种则较差。     

亚硫酸氢钠对鱼腥藻生长的影响

在不同条件下研究了光呼吸抑制剂——亚硫酸氢钠对鱼腥藻(Anabaena)生长的影响。结果表明亚硫酸氢钠的浓度在1—10μg/ml时都提高了鱼腥藻的生物量,浓度在2.5和5.0μg/ml的效果优于其他浓度。亚硫酸氢钠提高了鱼腥藻叶绿素a的含量,但是,对蛋白质的含量没有的影响。亚硫酸氢钠用于增加鱼腥藻生物产量是有意义的。     

葡萄糖浓度对转人肿瘤坏死因子-α鱼腥藻IB02培养过程的影响

目的：通过在培养基中添加葡萄糖的方法,提高转基因鱼腥藻的产量和人肿瘤坏死因子（hTNF）-α的表达率。方法：在葡萄糖浓度为0～300mmol／L的范围内,进行了转hTNF-α鱼腥藻IB02的摇瓶混合营养培养,用比浊法和酶联免疫法测定转基因鱼腥藻的生长和hTNF-α的表达。结果：添加葡萄糖的藻液最高生长密度是未添加葡萄糖的3．5倍,且hTNFa的表达率也提高至4倍。结论：在各种葡萄糖浓度下,葡萄糖的利用都不明显。     

中国鱼腥藻属的八个新记录种

目前,全世界共报道100多种鱼腥藻,中国只记录了40余种,而且一些种类的描述仍比较模糊.近期,在湖北、云南、广东、江西、安徽、江苏、上海、北京等地进行野外调查时,发现了多种鱼腥藻,其中有8种是中国尚未报道的新记录种,分别是:近亲鱼腥藻Anabaena affinis Lemmermann 1897、浮游鱼腥藻Anabaena planctonica Brunnthaler 1903、凯氏鱼腥藻Anabaena kisseleviana Elenkin 1938、束丝鱼腥藻Anabaena aphanizomenioides Forti 1912、伯氏鱼腥藻Anabaena bergii Ostenfeld 1908、乌克兰鱼腥藻Anabaena ucrainica(Schkorb.)Watanabe 1996、大湖鱼腥藻Anabaena oumiana Watanabe 1996和真紧密鱼腥藻Anabaena eucompacta Li et Watanabe 1999.     

满江红鱼腥藻(Anabaena azollae)和柱孢鱼腥藻(A.cylindrica)营养细胞和异形胞色素的种类

满江红鱼腥藻和柱孢鱼腥藻营养细胞和异形胞的液氮低温吸收光谱表明两种细胞含有叶绿素a、藻蓝素和β-胡萝卜素。液氮低温荧光发射光谱表明:柱孢鱼腥藻营养细胞存在藻蓝素、别藻蓝素和两个光系统的叶绿素a,柱孢鱼腥藻异形胞存在藻蓝素和系统Ⅰ叶绿素a。荧光发射光谱的685nm荧光发射仅为微弱突起。满江红鱼腥藻异形胞亦存在藻蓝素和系统Ⅰ叶绿素a,缺少系统Ⅱ叶绿素a。推断满江红鱼腥藻和桩孢鱼腥藻营养细胞分化为异形胞时,伴随光系统Ⅱ的改组。系统Ⅱ叶绿素a消退和藻胆色素含量显著减少。     

满江红鱼腥藻（Anabaena azollae）和柱孢鱼腥藻(A. cylindrica)营养细胞和异形胞色素的种类

满江红鱼腥藻和柱孢鱼腥藻营养细胞和异形胞的液氮低温吸收光谱表明两种细胞含有叶绿素a、藻蓝素和β-胡萝卜素。液氮低温荧光发射光谱表明:柱孢鱼腥藻营养细胞存在藻蓝素、别藻蓝素和两个光系统的叶绿素a,柱孢鱼腥藻异形胞存在藻蓝素和系统Ⅰ叶绿素a。荧光发射光谱的685nm荧光发射仅为微弱突起。满江红鱼腥藻异形胞亦存在藻蓝素和系统Ⅰ叶绿素a,缺少系统Ⅱ叶绿素a。推断满江红鱼腥藻和桩孢鱼腥藻营养细胞分化为异形胞时,伴随光系统Ⅱ的改组。系统Ⅱ叶绿素a消退和藻胆色素含量显著减少。     

利用鱼腥藻作为饲料的研究

鱼腥藻粉作为肉鸡、全雌鲤、青虾和对虾的饲料研究结果表明:2％的鱼腥藻粉替代鱼粉作为肉鸡饲料试验,肉鸡的个体平均增重效果与对照相当,屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率都有所提高;同时还具有改善肉质色泽的效果。对重金属的含量分析发现,食鱼腥藻的鸡除锌的含量略高外,铜、铁、锰、镉及铝的含量都低于对照组。添加2％的鱼腥藻粉在网箱中进行小试和大面积试验,结果都表明鱼腥藻粉对全雌鲤的生长有明显的效果,并能提高全雌鲤鱼种的成活率和降低饵料系数,利用鱼腥藻粉配合饲料在网箱和大面积养殖青虾试验表明,具有促进生长,提高产量的作用.对虾试验结果表明,在饵料中添加2％的鱼腥藻粉,饲喂45d后,对虾的体长增加了14.49％;体重增加了10.43％。这些研究结果表明利用鱼腥藻作为家禽及水产养殖动物的饲料具有相当大的应用前景。     

云南不同类型一季稻产量形成及其与气象因子的关系

利用云南省14个不同海拔农业气象观测站1994-2010年水稻大田发育期和产量观测资料,研究水稻产量形成及气象因子对低产水稻产量构成因素的影响;根据14个站点水稻产量构成因素的系统聚类分析结果和水稻类型,将水稻分为低产粳型、低产籼型、高产粳型和高产籼型4个类型.对这4类水稻产量构成因素的分析结果表明,单位面积颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关,低产粳型水稻产量主要受结实率和颖花量影响,其他3类颖花量对产量影响较大.低产粳型水稻主要受低温的影响,孕穗期低温降低颖花量和有效穗数,孕穗期和抽穗开花期低温增加空壳率,以平均气温、平均最高气温和冷积温的影响较大;乳熟前期较低的平均气温增加秕谷率,同时降低千粒重.低产籼型水稻产量构成因素受多种气象因子的综合影响明显;分蘖期和拔节期一定程度的增温不利于增加低产籼型水稻有效穗数,而分蘖期较多的日照时数和较大的平均气温日较差有利于有效穗数的增加,分蘖期和拔节期气温和日照时数与每穗粒数的关系呈“抛物线型”;低产籼型水稻空壳率一定程度上受抽穗开花期低温的影响,而乳熟前期高温少雨不仅增加秕谷率,还导致千粒重明显下降.     

CO2对转基因鱼腥藻生长的影响

为了进一步探索转基因鱼腥藻高密度培养的方法,在小型气升式反应器中研究了CO2对转基因鱼腥藻7120培养的影响。结果发现转基因鱼腥藻培养过程中通入5％ CO2能促进藻细胞生长,12d生物量提高7．44％,由于光照限制,不能大幅提高15d收获生物量,但生长周期能缩短近20％;而高浓度(10％)的CO2抑制转基因鱼腥藻的生长。CO2是通过调节pH值和影响碳源利用来影响藻细胞生长的,合适浓度的CO2有利于转基因鱼腥藻的培养。     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高对水稻产量形成的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究开放式空气CO₂浓度增加(FACE)200μmol·mol^-1的处理对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响.结果表明,FACE处理对水稻株高和主茎叶片数没有明显影响,但使水稻生育进程加快,全生育期显著缩短,增加施N量可减缓FACE处理对水稻全生育期缩短的程度;FACE处理能显著增加分蘖数,极显著增加穗数,提高结实率,但使每穗颖花数显著减少;FACE处理能显著提高水稻产量,在高N条件下增产幅度更大;提高FACE处理的每穗颖花数和单位面积颖花数能极显著提高水稻产量,增加施N量是提高FACE处理每穗颖花数和单位面积颖花数的重要措施.     

不同生育期遮光对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响

研究了不同生育期遮光45%(水稻生长的前期、中1期、中2期、后期)对水稻形态发育、光合产物积累、稻株养分含量、产量构成等的影响,并重点研究了植株对N、P、K养分的吸收规律。结果表明,各期遮光后均使干物质积累速率降低,植株N、P、K养分吸收量减少,对产量有不同程度的影响,但植株体内N、P、K养分含量上升。前期遮光主要使分蘖数急剧下降,有效穗数减少,叶面积系数下降,产量下降11.56%,但株高增加;中1期遮光后对水稻生长影响不大,产量仅降低5.46%;中2期遮光主要使每穗粒数和千粒重下降,对产量影响较大,降低幅度达30.80%;后期遮光主要影响结实粒和千粒重,其产量最低,降低55.40%.文中还对弱光照条件下的生育期安排和施肥决策提出了建议.     

稻鸭共生系统中鸭品种对水稻生长特性的影响

鸭子品种间的差异对稻鸭共生系统中水稻的生长特性可能有重要影响.为了探究鸭子品种对水稻生长特性的影响,选取水鸭(SY)、洋鸭(YY)和绿头鸭(LTY)3个常见鸭品种作为处理,以水稻常规单作(CK)为对照,采用随机区组设计的方法进行田间小区试验,研究其对水稻根部、茎部、叶部性状及水稻产量的影响.结果 表明:YY和LTY处理...     

In vitro selection and field responses of somaclonal variant plants of rice cv PR113 for drought tolerance

Drought is the major environmental stress that limits rice productivity worldwide. In vitro somaclonal variation using different selection agents has been used for crop improvement. Here, rice plants of cv PR113 were selected in vitro on 30, 50 and 70 g L^-1 polyethylene glycol 6,000 (PEG). Callus growth, proliferation, calli volume (first and second culture) and plantlet regeneration (third culture) were found to be decreased upto a certain level to acquire tolerance to PEG-induced drought. From the field data, 30 g L^-1 PEG lines showed higher vegetative growth (plant height, tiller number, leaf number, shoot weight and root growth) as compared with 50 g L^-1 PEG selected somaclone lines under limited irrigation. The yield parameters-panicle length, panicle weight, grains per panicle, 1,000-grain weight, grain yield per plant, harvest index and grain straw ratio were also higher in 30 g L^-1 PEG lines as compared with 50 g L^-1 PEG lines. The results, therefore indicate that 30 g L^-1 PEG selected somaclone lines were more suited than 50 g L^-1 PEG selected somaclone lines under stress as compared with WT. The finding suggests that rice cv PR113 somaclones generated on PEG are found to be drought tolerant under field condition with better yield.     

不同育秧方式和插植密度下华南双季晚籼稻根系活力的初步研究

本试验于1995年晚季初步研究了水、旱育秧方式和不同插植密度下根系活力的变化趋势及与地上部生长发育的关系。结果表明:(1)旱育秧苗根系活力明显高于水育秧,根系活力与白根数、地上部苗体干/鲜重比值呈显著正相关,与褐根数、苗高、叶龄和百苗干、鲜物重呈负相关。(2)旱育单苗移植处理的根系活力在水稻整个生育过程中均高于旱育多苗移植处理,水秧单苗和多苗移植处理。生育后期根系活力与主茎功能叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积系数分别呈极显著正相关和正相关,旱育秧苗的这些特性有利于移植后叶片与分蘖的快速形成及生育后期延缓叶片衰老,提高籽粒充实度。同时提出,在水肥管理上应适当加大后期穗肥比例,改善光照条件和土壤的通气排水状况,以便充分发挥旱育稀植秧苗的增产优势。     

留桩高度对培两优210再生稻产量和源库性状的影响

水稻主季稻留桩高度是影响再生稻高产的重要因素之一.以两系杂交稻组合培两优210为研究材料,在主季稻收割时设3个留桩高度处理(40 cm、20 cm和10 cm),研究主季稻留桩高度对再生稻产量及源库性状的影响.结果表明,随留桩高度的降低,(1) 培两优210再生稻生育期延长,株高、穗长与叶面积指数增加;(2) 灌浆期间叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性衰减率减小,作物生长率增加,节间维管束数目和大小及枝梗过氧化氢酶活性增加;(3) 茎鞘非结构碳水化合物积累和输出速率增加,比叶重和粒叶比提高,穗总粒数增加,进而增加产量.两系杂交稻培两优210作中稻栽培时其适宜留低桩,留桩高度10 cm处理再生稻具有"源"足"流"畅"库"大的特点.     

高静水压诱导水稻变异的初步研究

以高静水压处理水稻粤香占、粤丰占、998、999和毕粳38种子后的当代群体(M1),以及从中筛选到的突变株粤变长、巨无霸、粤丰压变1号-5号、毕籼为材料,研究了静水高压对水稻生长发育及其农艺性状的影响,结果发现：(1)与对照相比,粤香占和998处理当代群体的株高和有效穗数明显增加,但株叶形态没有明显变化;粤丰占、999和毕粳38的处理群体没有明显变化;(2)粤变长和巨无霸从第二代(M2)到第四代(M4)性状稳定,未发现明显分离,但在株高、有效穗数、穗粒数、粒长和千粒重等方面,与对照相比明显不同;(3)在M,代,粤丰压变1号一5号中除粤丰压变2号外的株高都发生了分离,而且粤丰压变4号分离出了大粒型和长芒型的植株;(4)毕籼从Mz代到lVt,代,性状稳定,但其株高、穗长、粒长和穗粒数均比对照显著增加,结实率和千粒重则明显降低;(5)经静水高压处理后的粤丰占种子发芽试验中,出现了双苗和3苗现象。这些结果表明静水高压能够影响水稻的生长发育,并能诱导水稻产生变异。     

He－Ne激光照射糙米种胚对水稻当代生长发育的影响

Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光处理水稻去壳种子可以促进分蘖,提高成秧率和成穗率,增加有效穗数和每穗总粒数、千粒重及单株产量。但结实率降低、生育期延长。株高、穗长虽略有增加,但不明显。     

Seedling vigour and the early growth of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)

Previous studies suggest that the positive response of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) to nursery fertiliser application was due to increased seedling vigour or possibly to increased nutrient content. This paper presents results of two glasshouse experiments designed to test the hypothesis that seedling vigour was responsible for the response of transplanted seedlings to nursery treatments. The aim of the present study was to explore the concept of seedling vigour of transplanted rice and to determine what plant attributes conferred vigour on the seedlings. Seedling vigour treatments were established by subjecting seedlings to short-term submergence (0, 1 and 2 days/week) in one experiment and to leaf clipping or root pruning and water stress in another to determine their effect on plant growth after transplanting. Submerging seedlings increased plant height but depressed shoot and root dry matter and root:shoot ratio of the seedling at 28 days after sowing. After transplanting these seedlings, prior submergence depressed shoot dry matter at 40 days. Nursery nutrient application increased plant height, increased root and shoot dry matter, but generally decreased root:shoot ratio. Pruning up to 60% of the roots at transplanting decreased shoot and root dry matter, P concentration in leaves at panicle initiation (PI) and straw dry matter and grain yield at maturity. By contrast, pruning 30% of leaves depressed shoot and root dry matter by 30% at PI, and root dry matter and straw and grain yield by 20% at maturity. The combined effects of leaf clipping and root pruning on shoot, root and straw dry matter were largely additive. It is concluded that the response of rice yield to nursery treatments is largely due to increased seedling vigour and can be effected by a range of nutritional as well as non-nutritional treatments of seedlings that increase seedling dry matter, nutrient content, and nutrient concentration. Impairment of leaf growth and to a lesser extent root growth in the nursery depressed seedling vigour after transplanting. However, rather than increasing stress tolerance, seedling vigour was more beneficial when post transplant growth was not limited by nutrient or water stresses.     

不同育秧方式和插植密度下早籼稻群体动态结构的研究

于1996年早季研究了湿润与旱育秧方式在稀植(2苗/科)和多植(4苗/科)情况下超高产早籼品种特三矮2号在本田生长期的群体动态结构与产量表现。与多植比较,稀植的比叶重较大,中期叶面积系数较小,每穗颖花数较多;但有效分蘖数较少。与湿润育秧比较,旱育秧每科穗数较多,抽穗后群体保持较高的叶面积系数和干物质生产力;但生育期较长。旱育稀植的谷草比较高。     

The Physiological Effects of Ethrel on Seedlings of Second Season Rice

Spray of ethrel (1000 ppm)to seedlings of double-cropping second season rice at 5-leaf stage can control plant height and root length, and consequently makes seedlings strong and tough. The ABA content and ethylene released by young seedling were significantly higher than the control. However, there were some changes: cell elongation inhibited, leaf area decreased, and leaf color became dark green, photosynthetic rate increased, translocation of photosynthetate in leaf sheath enhanced, leaf emergence was rapid. The growth of root system and root vigor were though temporarily inhibited, but slightly increased after transplantation. All these are beneficial to seedling quality, the plant growth and development after transplantation, which subsequently bring about positive effects on stimulating early heading and on increasing rice yield.