人巨细胞病毒抗体检测方法的应用研究

目的确定用于筛选人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)IgG阳性血浆的ELISA试剂和用于HCMV免疫球蛋白成品检定的中和试验方法。方法比较目前国内外现有的人巨细胞病毒IgG抗体检测方法(3家ELISA试剂和3种病毒中和试验)的相关性。结果德国赛润和意大利德塞的ELISA试剂与成都蓉生微量中和试验及台湾宝血的蚀斑减少中和试验的相关性很好(r299%)。结论从成本和使用便利性考虑,建议使用意大利德赛的ELISA试剂盒用于原料血浆的筛选,使用成都蓉生的微量中和试验作为成品效价检定的方法。     

大蒜中抗人巨细胞病毒成份的筛选

临床试用大蒜制剂预防和治疗人巨细胞病毒感染取得了明显效果。在此基础上我们应用细胞病变(CPE)抑制试验和空斑抑制试验,对大蒜中的抗人巨细胞病毒成份进行了初步筛选和比较,证实新鲜大蒜中存在多种抗该病毒的有效成份,其中至少包括大蒜新素(二丙烯三硫)和Ajoene类似物。     

人巨细胞病毒IgG酶联免疫检测试剂盒的研制

为研制人巨细胞病毒 (HCMV)IgG酶联检测试剂盒 ,将HCMV接种人二倍体细胞 ,收获的病毒经纯化后用作包被抗原 ,辣根过氧化物酶 (HRP)标记羊抗人IgG为检测抗体 ,采用间接ELISA制备酶联免疫检测试剂盒并进行检定。该试剂盒操作简便、特异性强 ,稳定性、线性及精密性符合体外诊断试剂的要求。     

用PCR法检测献血员单个核细胞中的CMV—DNA

107份自愿献血新鲜血标本和22份库存血标本分别用PCR检测单个核细胞中巨细胞病毒DNA（CMV－DNA）和用ELISA检测其血浆中CMV－IgG。结果CMV－DNA阳性率达80．4％和77．3％,CMV－IgC阳性纺为65．9％。其中CMV－IgG阳性者,基本上都携带CMV－DNA;CMV－IgG阴性者,亦有部分携带CMV－DNA。因此认为献血员血液中CMV高带毒率应引起临床有关部门的高度重视;PCR是筛选无传播CMV危险性血液制品的最可靠方法。     

巨细胞病毒感染的治疗研究进展

人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)为DNA双螺旋病毒,属疱疹病毒科β亚科,是疱疹病毒科中基因组最大的病毒。HCMV通常呈隐性感染,正常人感染HCMV并无临床症状,一旦人体的免疫机能发生变化(如肿瘤、AIDS、妊娠、新生儿和器官移植),HCMV即从潜伏态转化为原发性或继发性的增殖感染,引起严重的临床症状甚至死亡。因此,HCMV的预防和治疗越来越受到关注,就CMV感染的预防及治疗方法进行了综述。     

EB、巨细胞病毒

<正>现在一般用测定血清抗体价的方法诊断EB病毒和巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染症,在诊断CMV时同时由尿分离病毒(接种于人胎肺细胞,由细胞病变判断)。在感染初期,IgM抗体的出现具有特异诊断价值,但在初期感染之后便100%的呈现潜伏状。由于免疫抑制等宿主方面的原因常见病毒的再活动化。90%以上的日本人感染该二病毒,由健康人的唾液分离出EBV、尿液分离出CMV也不罕见。在AIDS(艾兹病)、器官移植等高度免疫抑制时,常常出现伴随EBV、CMV活动化的重笃感染。DNA诊断的优点是迅速和判断客观,最近建立了多聚酶链反应法(PCR),使大幅增加检测敏感度成为可能。但是对于EBV、CMV这样的在健康人就存在的病原体,既使检测敏感度增加到能检出微量病毒DNA的程度,也很难判定是否果真是病原体。本文介绍DNA诊断的现状及未来。各种检测方法的实例描述于CMV项。     

巨细胞病毒检测与鉴定研究进展

巨细胞病毒(CMV)多引起潜伏感染,而且其所致疾病的临床表现多为非特异性的,因此,建立早期快速、灵敏特异、可靠的检测和鉴定方法是至关重要的。本文从细胞培养、病毒抗原血症的检测、特异性抗体的检测和病毒核酸的检测四个方面就近年来CMV的检测和鉴定方法研究进展进行了简要的概述。     

河南省新密市孕妇及新生儿巨细胞病毒感染流行特征分析

本研究旨在分析中国河南省新密市孕妇巨细胞病毒（Cytomegalovirus, CMV）血清流行特征，及新生儿先天性CMV(CCMV)感染特征，为将来CCMV感染预防奠定基础。2015年至2017年，河南省新密市妇幼保健院开展了一项前瞻性队列研究，对于孕早期在本院进行建卡产检的孕妇连续招募入组，分别在孕早期、孕中期及孕晚期采集其血液标本进行CMV-IgG检测。孕妇分娩后，采集新生儿唾液和尿液标本开展CMV-DNA检测，进行CCMV筛查和确认性检测。新密市孕妇CMV抗体阳性率为97.80%(3594/3 675,95%CI:97.27%～98.25%)，人群抗体阳性率、抗CMV～IgG抗体水平均随年龄有上升趋势。在抗体阳性孕妇中，孕早期IgG几何平均抗体浓度为11.10IU/mL(95%CI:10.80 IU/mL～11.41 IU/mL)；在抗体阴性孕妇中，孕期抗体阳转率为11.39%(9/79,95%CI:4.39%～18.40%)。新密市CCMV估算感染率为1.33%(49.28/3694,95%CI:1.01%～1.76%),97.92%CCMV新生儿来自孕早期抗体阳性孕妇。河南...     

检测巨细胞病毒(CMV)DNA及其即刻早期抗原、pp65和pp67在肾移植受者术后巨细胞病毒感染早期诊断中的价值

目的探讨检测巨细胞病毒(CMV)DNA及其即刻早期抗原(IE)、巨细胞病毒pp65和pp67抗体对肾移植受者术后巨细胞病毒感染早期诊断的临床应用价值。方法按肾移植术受者术后3个月外周血是否出现CMV抗原,将71例患者分为CMV感染组(56例)和CMV未感染组(15例),肾移植术受者手术前和术后第1个月每周检查1次,第2、3个月每2周检查1次外周血巨细胞病毒pp65和巨细胞病毒pp67、即刻早期抗原(immediate early antigen,IE),巨细胞病毒DNA和IgM、IgG,共8次;以监测与分析评价肾移植术受者手术前后各项指标变化。结果肾移植术前71例肾移植受者PP65、PP67、IE、CMV DNA均为阴性;肾移植术后CMV感染组的pp65、pp67、IE、CMV DNA阳性率分别为67.8%(38/56)、66.1%(37/56)、64.2%(36/56)和48.2%(27/56),CMV未感染组4项指标值分别为0%、0%、13.3%(2/15)、和0%,两组差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。肾移植术后CMV感染组(56例)和CMV未感染组(15例)CMV IgG均为阳性,而IgM阳性率在CMV感染组仅为3.5%(2/56),在CMV未感染组为0%,IgM表达率在CMV感染组和未感染组无统计学差异(P0.05)。观察期内感染组与未感染组相比,术后CMV pp65,pp67,CMV DNA和IE指标出现阳性的例数及阳性出现的具体时间均有显著性差别(P均0.01),而IgM和IgG则均无显著性差别(P均0.05)。结论肾移植术后患者外周血CMV DNA,IE,pp65和pp67抗原检测阳性与其术后巨细胞病毒感染相关。检测CMV DNA、IE、pp65和pp67抗原可能更早更准确反映器官移植术后CMV活动性感染。而CMV IgG和IgM不能作为肾移植后患者CMV感染的诊断指标。     

巨细胞病毒编码的趋化因子及其受体同源物

巨细胞病毒(CMV)属β疱疹病毒亚科,普遍存在于自然界.人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)是对人类具有致病性的CMV,在人群中的感染非常普遍,但大多数呈临床不显性感染或潜伏感染.CMV感染机体后,可调动多种机制逃逸正常机体的免疫监视,建立潜伏感染[1,2],这些机制包括下调MHC-Ⅰ和MHC-Ⅱ类基因的表达,编码MHC-Ⅰ同源物抑制NK细胞活性,以及编码趋化因子(chemokines,CKs)及其受体(chemokine receptors,CKPs)同源物干扰机体正常的免疫应答等.     

The development by cytomegalovirus-infected cells of binding affinity for normal human immunoglobulin.

After infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV), cells develop an affinity for normal human immunoglobulin G (IgG). This was demonstrated using 125iodine-labeled purified IgG. It was further demonstrated that the immunoglobulin molecule binds to CMV-infected cells via its Fc portion, and competition for binding to infected cells occurred between purified preparations of human IgG and the Fc fragment of human IgG. Whole sera from individuals with or without a high titer of anti-CMV antibody were labeled with 125iodine and it was demonstrated that serum from individuals with no anti-CMV antibody had an affinity for CMV-infected cells which probably reflected binding of IgG via its Fc fragment. The possible significance of these results in immunologic studies of human CMV is considered.     

Detection of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies Using a Biosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common infectious cause of mental disability in newborns in developed countries. There is an urgent need to establish an early detection and high-throughput screening method for CMV infection using portable detection devices.

Methods

An antibody analysis method is reported for the detection and identification of CMV antibodies in serum using a biosensor based on high spatial resolution imaging ellipsometry (BIE). CMV antigen (CMV-3A) was immobilized on silicon wafers and used to capture CMV antibodies in serum. An antibody against human immunoglobulin G (anti-IgG) was used to confirm the IgG antibody against CMV captured by the CMV-3A.

Results

Our results show that this assay is rapid and specific for the identification of IgG antibody against CMV. Further, patient serum was quantitatively assessed using the standard curve method, and the quantitative results were in agreement with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CMV antibody detection sensitivity of BIE reached 0.01 IU/mL.

Conclusions

This novel biosensor may be a valuable diagnostic tool for analysis of IgG antibody against CMV during CMV infection screening.     

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Solid-Phase Microradioimmunoassays for the Detection of Viral Antigens and Antiviral Antibody

Viral antigens were fixed to the surface of microtiter wells, and serial dilutions of antiviral antibody were added. The amount of antiviral antibody bound to viral antigens was determined by measuring the extent to which the antiviral antibody either inhibited the specific binding of (125)I-labeled antiviral immunoglobulin G (IgG) (direct technique) or enhanced the specific binding of (125)I-labeled anti-IgG (indirect technique). Immune complexes composed of viral antigens and antiviral antibody (human) could be detected by the binding of (125)I-labeled rheumatoid factor. Specific binding was influenced by the concentration of protein in the diluents used during the different steps of the procedure. A high concentration of protein in the diluent used with the viral antigens decreased specific binding, whereas a high concentration of protein in the diluent used with (125)I-labeled anti-IgG increased specific binding by decreasing nonspecific attachment of the labeled anti-IgG. Under the conditions employed, the titer of a given antiviral serum was several hundredfold greater by the indirect than by the direct technique.     

Determination of Antibody to Pneumococcal Polysaccharides with Chromic Chloride-Treated Human Red Blood Cells and Indirect Hemagglutination

A method is described for the quantitation of serum antibody to type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharide. The method uses highly purified pneumococcal polysaccharide coated onto human O+ red blood cells by the chromic chloride technique. Each of 14 pneumococcal polysaccharide types was individually coated onto red blood cells and used to determine the antibody response following primary immunization. The method was found to be sensitive, detecting antibody titer increases of several hundred to a thousand-fold. The presence of high preimmunization antibody titers did not obscure the detection of antibody titer increases. The method detected antibody of both the immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G class when quantitated after ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient separation. By using serum samples obtained from volunteers immunized with a single pneumococcal polysaccharide, the method was standardized resulting in an ability to compare samples taken at different times and obtained from different sources. The method appears to be simple, reproducible, and inexpensive and can be utilized to determine the antibody response following immunization in large population studies.     

Developmental regulation of human cytomegalovirus receptors in cytotrophoblasts correlates with distinct replication sites in the placenta

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), the major viral cause of congenital disease, infects the uterus and developing placenta and spreads to the fetus throughout gestation. Virus replicates in invasive cytotrophoblasts in the decidua, and maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG)-CMV virion complexes, which are transcytosed by the neonatal Fc receptor across syncytiotrophoblasts, infect underlying cytotrophoblasts in chorionic villi. Immunity is central to protection of the placenta-fetal unit: infection can occur when IgG has a low neutralizing titer. Here we used immunohistochemical and function-blocking methods to correlate infection in the placenta with expression of potential CMV receptors in situ and in vitro. In placental villi, syncytiotrophoblasts express the virion receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) but lack integrin coreceptors, and virion uptake occurs without replication. Focal infection can occur when transcytosed virions reach EGFR-expressing cytotrophoblasts that selectively initiate expression of alphaV integrin. In cell columns, proximal cytotrophoblasts lack receptors and distal cells express integrins alpha1beta1 and alphaVbeta3, enabling virion attachment. In the decidua, invasive cytotrophoblasts expressing coreceptors upregulate EGFR, thereby dramatically increasing susceptibility to infection. Our findings indicate that virion interactions with cytotrophoblasts expressing receptors in the placenta (i) change as the cells differentiate and (ii) correlate with spatially distinct sites of CMV replication in maternal and fetal compartments.     

Immunological diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections. Application to blood transfusion centers

The Blood Transfusion Centers (B.T.C.) are mainly concerned with the selection of CMV infection free blood donors, the screening of the anti CMV antibody high titre plasma donors and the evaluation of specific anti CMV Immunoglobulin preparations. Various serological methods could be used but they are of different value depending the purposes of the B.T.C. The neutralization test (Nt), with the addition of complement is specific and detects the protecting AB against the glycoproteins of the viral envelope. The complement fixation test (CF) using extracts of CMV infected cells as antigen largely varies in its sensitivity according to the quality of the antigen. In any case, the CF test is not sensitive enough to detect a latent CMV infection in a certain percentage of the non immunosuppressed adults, but could be used for the selection of anti CMV antibody high titres carriers. Three sensitive methods: passive haemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence and indirect ELISA tests, might be used for the detection of latent CMV infections. They detect various AB against various internal and external components of the CMV. They are submitted to various sources of errors. The sensitivity of the indirect IF test is mainly restricted by the quality of the antigen preparation, its specificity by the presence of anti cells antibodies in the sera, the Fc receptors in the antigens and the specificity of the conjugates. The indirect ELISA which is submitted to the same causes of errors is a highly sensitive test, easy to perform, reagents are available, and automatic processors have been developed. When compared with the previous techniques, the ELISA test is suitable for the screening of CMV free donors, when it is performed with an highly sensitive antigen. It could be also used for the screening of high antibody titre carriers: its correlation with the CF test is quite good (r = 0,82). When comparatively applied to the titration of Immunoglobulins preparations, made from plasmas or placentas, for either IM or IV administration, the Elisa test gives AB titres different from those obtained with Nt and indirect IF. The calibration of a standard Immunoglobulin reagent is urgently needed and double blind clinical assays of the protective effect of various preparations of specific anti CMV Immunoglobulins have to be promptly designed.     

Purification of intravenous immunoglobulin G from human plasma--aspects of yield and virus safety

Plasma-derived intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations have been successfully applied for the prophylactic prevention of infectious diseases in immunodeficient patients. In addition to its replacement therapy of primary and secondary antibody deficiencies, IVIG has found increased use in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. IVIG has become the major plasma product on the global blood product market. The world wide consumption nearly tripled between 1992 and 2003, from 19.4 to 52.6 tons. Classical manufacturing processes of IVIG, but also new strategies for purification are discussed with respect to practicability and yield. Ethanol fractionation is still the basis for most IVIG processes, although isolation and purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) by chromatography has gained ground. The efficiency of virus inactivation methods and virus removal techniques in terms of logarithmic reduction factors are analyzed, but also the IgG losses are taken into consideration. Some of these methods also have the ability to separate prions. High pathogen safety and high yields have become the dominant goals of the plasma fractionation industry.     

Exploring variation in binding of Protein A and Protein G to immunoglobulin type G by isothermal titration calorimetry

Bacterial Protein A (PrtA) and Protein G (PrtG) are widely used for affinity purification of antibodies. An understanding of how PrtA and PrtG bind to different isotypes of immunoglobulin type G (IgG) and to their corresponding Fc fragments is essential for the development of PrtA and PrtG mimetic ligands and for the establishment of generic processes for the purification of various antibodies. In this paper, the interactions between the two IgG-binding proteins and IgG of two different subclasses, IgG1 and IgG4, as well as their analogous Fc fragments have been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry. The results indicate that both protein ligands bind IgG and Fc fragments strongly with Ka values in the range of 10(7) -10(8) M(-1) and for both ligands, the interaction with both IgG isotypes is enthalpically driven though entropically unfavorable. Moreover, variation in the standard entropic and standard enthalpic contribution to binding between the two isotypes as well as between IgG and Fc fragment implies that the specific interaction with PrtA varies according to IgG isotype. In contrast to PrtA, PrtG bound to F(ab')(2) fragment with a Ka value of 5.1 × 10(5) M(-1) ; thus underscoring the usefulness of PrtA as a preferred ligand for generic antibody purification processes.