互花米草入侵对滩涂湿地甲烷排放的影响

在浙江省台州市附近滩涂湿地设置3个不同互花米草入侵密度梯度,即仅有本土植物样地、互花米草与本土植物混生样地和互花米草单优群落样地,研究互花米草入侵对滩涂湿地CH₄排放的影响.结果表明: 3个样地CH₄排放通量为0.68～5.88 mg·m^-2·h^-1,CH₄排放通量随着互花米草入侵梯度的增加而显著升高,互花米草单优群落样地CH₄排放通量分别为本土植物样地和混生样地的8.7和2.3倍.互花米草入侵显著提高了产甲烷菌数量、产甲烷潜力、甲烷氧化菌数量、甲烷氧化潜力、植物生物量、土壤有机碳含量和土壤pH,降低了土壤全氮含量.CH₄排放通量与土壤全氮呈显著负相关,与产甲烷菌数量、产甲烷潜力、甲烷氧化菌数量、甲烷氧化潜力、植物生物量和土壤pH呈显著正相关.互花米草的入侵提高了滩涂湿地植物群落生物量和土壤pH,促进了产甲烷菌数量和产甲烷潜力,从而提高了滩涂湿地的CH₄排放.     

扎龙芦苇湿地生长季的甲烷排放通量

为研究高寒地区天然淡水芦苇湿地的甲烷排放特征,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,测定了扎龙不同水位芦苇湿地生长季的甲烷排放通量.结果表明:观测期内,扎龙芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量平均为7.67 mg·m^-2·h^-1（-21.18～46.15 mg·m^-2·h^-1）,其中深水区(平均水深100 cm)和浅水区(平均水深25 cm)的平均甲烷排放通量分别为5.81和9.52 mg·m^-2·h^-1,排放峰值分别出现在8月和7月,最低值均出现在10月.深水区夏季(6-7月)的甲烷排放通量显著低于浅水区,而春(5月)、秋(8-10月)季节显著高于浅水区.生长季甲烷排放通量的变化为夏季>秋季>春季;昼夜排放量为12:00和14:00最高,0:00最低.温度和水位是高寒地区淡水芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量变化的主要影响因子.     

排水造林对小兴安岭沼泽甲烷排放的影响

沼泽排水造林是近年来小兴安岭湿地遭受到的主要干扰类型之一.以小兴安岭天然沼泽湿地-苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽和灌丛沼泽,以及沼泽排水后营造(大垄排水造林)的10a和20a兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法观测兴安落叶松人工林甲烷通量与天然苔草沼泽和灌丛沼泽的差异及其相关环境影响因子,探讨排水造林对甲烷通量的影响及其影响机制.结果表明:天然沼泽和落叶松人工林甲烷通量都有明显的季节变化规律,但人工林甲烷通量峰值出现的时间和频率与天然沼泽不同,峰值相对较小,有吸收甲烷的现象出现.10a和20a落叶松人工林甲烷排放通量显著(10a落叶松人工林p=0.005,20a落叶松人工林p=0.009)低于天然苔草沼泽和灌丛沼泽的平均值.苔草沼泽、灌丛沼泽、10a和20a落叶松人工林生长季(150d)甲烷排放总量分别为(6.66±8.31)g · m-2 · a-1,(0.32±0.31)g · m-2 · a-1,(0.13±0.50)g · m-2 · a-1和(-0.11±0.20)g · m-2 · a-1.沼泽排水造林后甲烷排放量减少的主要原因为水位下降和维管植物的减少;此外,排水沟相对面积减少也是导致人工林甲烷排放速率降低的原因之一.     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N_2O排放通量研究

应用静态箱/气相色谱法,测定了若尔盖高原沼泽N2O排放能量,测定期为该地植物生长期,即2004年4 月末至10月初。结果表明,若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N2O排放通量平均值为0.010 mg·m-2h-1,最大值为0.079 mg·m-2h-1, 最小值为-0.051mg·m-2h-1。高峰排放期为5月,最低排放期为地表水深最大的6月。沼泽湿地N2O排放通量季节变化与沼泽湿地水深呈负相关关系。沼泽湿地N2O排放通量日变化与大气温度呈正相关关系,排放高值出现在午后。若尔盖高原沼泽湿地在植物生长期的年排放总量约为0.159Gg·a-1。     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N2O排放通量研究

应用静态箱/气相色谱法,测定了若尔盖高原沼泽N₂O排放能量,测定期为该地植物生长期,即2004年4月末至10月初。结果表明,若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N₂O排放通量平均值为0.010mg·m^-2h^-1,最大值为0.079mg·m^-2h^-1,最小值为-0.051mg·m^-2h^-1。高峰排放期为5月,最低排放期为地表水深最大的6月。沼泽湿地N₂O排放通量季节变化与沼泽湿地水深呈负相关关系。沼泽湿地N₂O排放通量日变化与大气温度呈正相关关系,排放高值出现在午后。若尔盖高原沼泽湿地在植物生长期的年排放总量约为0.159Gg·a^-1。     

闽江河口短叶茳芏潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,测定了闽江河口短叶茳芏（Cyperus malaccensis）潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量.结果表明：夏季和冬季短叶茳芏潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的日变化范围分别在1.29～2.93 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.06～0.22 mg·m^-2·h^-1;涨潮前、涨落潮过程中和落潮后甲烷排放通量分别在0.11～1.52 mg·m^-2·h^-1、0.10～1.05 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.05～1.70 mg·m^-2·h^-1,月平均值分别为0.73、0.47和0.72 mg·m^-2·h^-1,其排放峰值均出现在9月,最低值出现在3月,涨落潮过程中的甲烷排放通量明显低于涨潮前和落潮后（P< 0.05）;甲烷排放通量的季节变化表现为：夏季>秋季>春季>冬季;潮汐是影响甲烷排放日变化的重要因子,植物生长阶段和温度是甲烷排放月变化和季节变化的主要控制因子.     

人工管理和自然驱动下盐城海滨湿地互花米草沼泽演变及空间差异

将盐城国家级自然保护区核心区划分为人工管理区和自然湿地区两种模式,根据2000年、2006年、2011年3个时相的ETM+影像,运用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析不同驱动力下互花米草沼泽景观变化的差异.结果表明:(1)人工管理区,2000-2011年,互花米草沼泽面积由272hm2增加到781hm2;平均分维数呈下降的趋势,聚合度指数呈上升的趋势,表明互花米草沼泽在空间上趋于聚集,在形状上趋于规则;从互花米草沼泽增长速率看,2000-2011年,呈现先快后慢的特征.在景观空间演变上,互花米草沼泽的平均宽度从598.679m增加到1719.002m,表现出向海陆两个方向扩张的特征.(2)自然湿地区,2000-2011年互花米草沼泽面积由2023hm2增加到3974hm2;平均分维数和聚合度指数呈先上升后下降的趋势;米草沼泽增长稳定,年增长约160-180 hm2/a,单位长度岸线年增长面积约为15 hm2· km-1·a-1左右;比较发现,自然湿地区互花米草沼泽的增长速度高于人工管理区的增长速度.在景观空间演变上,互花米草沼泽平均宽度从1625.586m增加到3193.317m,2000-2006年表现出向海洋单方向扩张的特征,2006-2011年表现出向海陆两个方向扩张的性质.(3)在自然条件下互花米草沼泽扩张受到气候、地貌过程、水文过程、植被类型及种间竞争的影响,表现出明显的带状特征.在人工管理下,通过建设拦水堤坝等,阻止了潮汐作用下海水的扩散能力,生态过程发生改变,致使生态系统类型向淡水湿地方向演变,抑制了互花米草沼泽的扩张,表现出一定的镶嵌格局.     

互花米草入侵对沿海湿地甲烷排放的影响

采集互花米草不同入侵年限(8、11和15年)的原状土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究了土壤有机碳含量对沿海湿地CH4排放的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着互花米草入侵年限的增加而增加。在植物生长季,互花米草入侵15年的土壤有机碳含量为12.97g·kg-1,土壤CH4排放通量为2.94mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于入侵年限为8和11a(有机碳含量为8.11和9·16g·kg-1)的土壤,其土壤CH4排放通量分别为1.95和2.34mg·m-2·h-1。这主要是由于随着土壤有机碳含量提高,不仅为产甲烷菌提供了更多底物,同时也促进了产甲烷菌数量增加,从而导致更多CH4排放。因此,在评价互花米草入侵的综合环境效应时,需要兼顾土壤固碳能力和温室气体排放。     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地CO2排放时空变化特征

为了更好理解若尔盖高原不同微生境下沼泽湿地生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化特征,以若尔盖高原湿地自然保护区为研究对象,2013和2014年生长季期间,采用了静态箱和快速温室气体法原位观测了3种湿地5种微生境下沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量时空变化规律。结果表明：长期淹水微地貌草丘区湿地（PHK）和洼地区湿地（PHW） CO₂排放通量变化范围分别为38.99-1731.74 mg m^-2 h^-1和46.69-335.22 mg m^-2 h^-1,季节性淹水区微地貌草丘区湿地（SHK）和洼地区湿地（SHW） CO₂排放通量变化范围分别为193.90-2575.60 mg m^-2 h^-1和49.93-1467.45 mg m^-2 h^-1,而两者过渡区的无淹水区沼泽湿地（Lawn） CO₂排放通量变化范围194.20-898.75 mg m^-2 h^-1。相关性分析表明5种微地貌区沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量季节性变化与不同深度土壤温度均存在显著正相关,与水位存在显著负相关（PHW、SHW、SHK、Lawn）或不相关（PHK）,并且水位和温度（5 cm）共同解释了CO₂排放通量季节性变化的87%。3种湿地5种微生境下沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量存在空间变化规律,主要受水位影响,但植物也影响沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量空间变化规律,并且表明沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与水位平均值存在显著负相关。     

若尔盖高原湿地甲烷排放的时空异质性

集中于北美落基山高山湿地甲烷排放的零星报道远不能解析全球高山湿地甲烷源强. 因此,世界范围内其他区域高山湿地甲烷排放的研究对于合理估计全球高山湿地甲烷源强,意义重大.采用静态箱-气相色谱法,基于3种典型湿地类型的甲烷排放数据,认为若尔盖高原湿地生长季甲烷的平均排放量为4.69 mg CH4 m-2 h-1.同时根据2a数据,初步分析了甲烷通量及其对环境因素和生物因素的响应特征,结果表明:(1)甲烷排放昼夜变化具有双峰模式 (主峰出现在15:00,次峰出现在06:00),可由土壤温度以及植物气孔开启来解释.(2)若尔盖湿地甲烷排放季节动态较为典型,即在7月份或8月份出现排放高峰,冬季甲烷排放较少.生长季,对3类群落类型,表面温度与甲烷排放显著相关 (r2=0.55,P<0.05,n=30),地表水位和植物群落高度与甲烷排放相关性更为显著 (r2=0.32,0.61,P<0.01,n=30).分析认为该季节节律是由温度以及植物生长状况直接影响的,而水位则是使该节律发生波动的原因(高原气候).(3)群落尺度下,物候学上相当重要的两个时期,甲烷排放通量均有较高的空间变异 (植物生长高峰变异系数为38%,积雪融化高峰为61%).通过逐步回归线性分析,发现植物生长高峰期,地表水位和群落高度是影响甲烷排放空间差异的主要因素 (r2= 0.43,0.59,P<0.01,n=30).(4)景观尺度下,生长季,景观尺度下甲烷排放有较大的空间变异,湖滨湿地甲烷平排放量最高为11.95 mg CH4 m-2h-1,其次为宽谷湿地,其排放量为2 12 mg CH4 m-2h-1,河岸湿地表现为甲烷吸收,其吸收量为0.007 mg CH4 m-2h-1.地表水位、植物地上生物量以及植物高度能够很好地解释甲烷排放的景观差异.     

不同发育时间的互花米草盐沼对大型底栖动物群落的影响

2004-2006年对长江口崇明东滩湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)盐沼和不同发育时间的互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼的大型底栖动物群落特征进行分析研究.结果表明:互花米草盐沼发育初期,大型底栖动物群落以腹足类为主,物种丰富度(D=2.18)和多样性(H′=2.19)均低于芦苇盐沼(D=2.61, H′=2.29);随着时间的推移,互花米草与本地生物逐渐形成互动和稳定的格局,大型底栖动物群落组成中多毛类的种类逐渐上升(由3种变为6种),物种数和物种丰富度也上升,从而逐步形成新的大型底栖动物群落,物种丰富度(D=2.70)和多样性(H′=2.48)逐渐上升并高于芦苇盐沼(D=2.19, H′=2.09);从大型底栖动物群落的重新形成到稳定阶段,需要若干年的时间.     

Seasonal variation in methane emission from a temperate Phragmites-dominated marsh: effect of growth stage and plant-mediated transport

The eddy covariance technique was employed with a tunable diode laser spectrometer to quantify methane flux from a prairie marsh dominated by Phragmites australis in north-central Nebraska, USA. The observations spanned the entire growing season (April to October) and a wide range of weather conditions, allowing a quantitative assessment of the physical and biological controls of methane emission in this ecosystem. Diel patterns in methane emission varied markedly depending on plant growth stage. Prior to plant emergence above water, the rate of methane emission from the marsh was fairly constant throughout the day. After emergence above water, there was a gradual increase in methane emission after sunrise with a peak in late afternoon. Significant changes in diel patterns were observed after tillering. Then, the diel pattern was characterized by a mid- to late-morning peak and a 2-to 4-fold increase in methane emissions from night to daytime. In early stages of plant growth, molecular diffusion through dead/live plants and the standing water column seemed to be the primary transport mechanism. After tillering, a transition occurred in the transport mechanism from a molecular diffusion to a convective throughflow, which is a rapid and active gas transport driven by pressure differences. The role of convective throughflow became less important as the plants senesced. Integrated methane emission over the six-month measurement period (April–October) was about 64 g CH₄ m^–2. On an annual basis, we estimate the annual methane emission from this ecosystem to be ≈ 80 g CH₄ m^–2 and that about 80% of the total methane emission occurred between late April and late October.     

Seed Dispersal and Seedling Emergence in a Created and a Natural Salt Marsh on the Gulf of Mexico Coast in Southwest Louisiana, U.S.A.

Early regeneration dynamics related to seed dispersal and seedling emergence can contribute to differences in species composition among a created and a natural salt marsh. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether aquatic and aerial seed dispersal differed in low and high elevations within a created marsh and a natural marsh and (2) whether seedling emergence was influenced by marsh, the presence of openings in the vegetation, and seed availability along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast. Aerial seed traps captured a greater quantity of seeds than aquatic traps. Several factors influenced aquatic and aerial seed dispersal in a created and a natural salt marsh, including distance from the marsh edge, cover of existing vegetation, and water depth. The natural marsh had a high seed density of Spartina alterniflora and Distichlis spicata , the low-elevation created marsh had a high seed density of S. alterniflora , and the high-elevation created marsh had a high seed density of Aster subulatus and Iva frutescens . The presence of adult plants and water depth above the marsh surface influenced seed density. In the natural marsh, openings in vegetation increased seedling emergence for all species, whereas in the low-elevation created marsh, S. alterniflora had higher seedling density under a canopy of vegetation. According to the early regeneration dynamics, the future vegetation in areas of the low-elevation created marsh may become similar to that in the natural marsh. In the high-elevation created marsh, vegetation may be upland fringe habitat dominated by high-elevation marsh shrubs and annual herbaceous species.     

江苏沿海互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel)盐沼扩展过程的遥感分析

互花米草(SpartinaalternifloraLoisel)自1982年在江苏沿海栽种以来,在江苏沿海已形成了大片互花米草盐沼。本文通过对历年TM卫星相片上互花米草盐沼的识别、判读及统计,认为江苏沿海互花米草盐沼的年扩展速度在早期较慢,仅为23 4%,中期较快为89%,后期又减慢为48%。结合野外调查,绘制出了江苏沿海互花米草的分布图。此外,就互花米草盐沼对江苏沿海湿地植被演替的影响进行了讨论。     

培养基质、储藏方式和盐度对三种海滨植物种子萌发的影响

研究了培养基质、储藏方式和盐度对3种海滨植物互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)种子萌发的影响,探索在潮间带环境下海滨植物种子萌发适应策略。结果表明:3种植物的干藏种子和湿藏芦苇种子随着盐度的升高,萌发率和萌发速率均显著下降,湿藏互花米草和盐地碱蓬种子在各盐度下萌发率和萌发速率差异不显著。各盐度-土培-干藏互花米草,中、高盐度-土培-干藏盐地碱蓬,土培各处理,中、高盐度-水培-干藏,高盐度-水培-湿藏芦苇种子萌发失败。湿藏提高了各盐度处理下土培互花米草,中、高盐度-水培和土培盐地碱蓬,淡水、中盐度-水培芦苇种子的萌发率和萌发速率。干藏互花米草种子在中、高盐度和土埋条件下种子的萌发受到抑制,限制了互花米草向高潮带与潮上带的扩展;而经常受潮水浸淹保持湿润的种子能抵抗高盐和泥沙沉积,导致互花米草种群逐步向低潮带方向发展;湿藏芦苇种子在淡水中萌发率和萌发速率最高,当潮上带盐度降低时,芦苇具有很强的竞争优势,但是对盐度和土埋敏感,限制了其向海的拓展;盐地碱蓬在中、高盐度和土培条件下萌发速率最高,快速萌发的适应策略和广适应性在盐地碱蓬占据高潮带和中潮带广大区域的过程中起到了重要的作用。     

三种盐胁迫对互花米草和芦苇光合作用的影响北大核心CSCD

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的入侵给海岸带盐沼生态系统的结构和功能带来了显著影响。互花米草盐沼中的硫含量高于附近的土著芦苇(Phragmites australis)盐沼。为探讨硫元素对互花米草和芦苇竞争过程的可能影响及其作用机制,以50mmol·L–1的Na2SO4和Na2S对互花米草和芦苇进行处理,分析处理前后5天内两种植物光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光指标变化的差异,实验另设等Na+浓度的Na Cl处理作为比较。研究发现:Na2S对互花米草和芦苇光合作用影响的差异最大,Na Cl次之,Na2SO4最小。Na2S处理后,互花米草净光合速率(Pn)出现显著上升,芦苇Pn值大幅度下降。互花米草的光饱和点(Isat)上升而芦苇的Isat值无变化。表明Na2S处理对互花米草的光合能力有促进作用,但对芦苇的光合能力有抑制作用。Na Cl处理后互花米草Pn值也出现小幅上升,而芦苇Pn值略有下降。Na2SO4处理对互花米草和芦苇的Pn值均无显著影响。除Na2SO4处理的互花米草外,不同盐处理后的互花米草和芦苇非光化学淬灭(NPQ)均出现上升趋势。研究结果表明互花米草对环境硫胁迫的适应能力显著高于芦苇,暗示盐沼高硫环境尤其是硫化物有助于互花米草相对于芦苇的竞争,也很可能是其形成单一植被的重要原因之一。     

Nutrients, competition and plant zonation in a New England salt marsh

1 We examined the effects of nutrient availability on the competitive interactions of the New England salt marsh perennials that occupy discrete vegetational zones parallel to the shoreline.
2 Fertilized and unfertilized plots of pair-wise mixtures and monocultures of Spartina alterniflora, S. patens and Juncus gerardi were compared in order to assess the effects of nutrient addition on the competitive dynamics of these species in the field. In addition, we examined competition between some of these species and Distichlis spicata , a species common to disturbed marsh habitats.
3 After two growing seasons, changes in above-ground biomass of the species indicated that in fertilized plots, S. alterniflora outcompeted S. patens, S. patens outcompeted J. gerardi, and D. spicata outcompeted both J. gerardi and S. patens. This was the reverse of the interactions seen under ambient marsh conditions, and suggested that, under conditions of nutrient limitation, competitive dominance may result from efficient competition for nutrients.
4 Using a conceptual model of salt marsh zonation as a function of competition, physical stress and nutrient limitation, we hypothesize that a nutrient-induced reversal in the competitive dynamics among salt marsh perennials may result in modification of the pattern of plant zonation in this and similar marshes.     

Salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) and the invasive M haplotype of Phragmites australis (Poaceae) along a salinity gradient

An invasive variety of Phragmites australis (Poaceae, common reed), the M haplotype, has been implicated in the spread of this species into North American salt marshes that are normally dominated by the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae, smooth cordgrass). In some European marshes, on the other hand, Spartina spp. derived from S. alterniflora have spread into brackish P. australis marshes. In both cases, the non-native grass is thought to degrade the habitat value of the marsh for wildlife, and it is important to understand the physiological processes that lead to these species replacements. We compared the growth, salt tolerance, and osmotic adjustment of M haplotype P. australis and S. alterniflora along a salinity gradient in greenhouse experiments. Spartina alterniflora produced new biomass up to 0.6 M NaCl, whereas P. australis did not grow well above 0.2 M NaCl. The greater salt tolerance of S. alterniflora compared with P. australis was due to its ability to use Na(+) for osmotic adjustment in the shoots. On the other hand, at low salinities P. australis produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue than did S. alterniflora. This study illustrates how ecophysiological differences can shift the competitive advantage from one species to another along a stress gradient. Phragmites australis is spreading into North American coastal marshes that are experiencing reduced salinities, while Spartina spp. are spreading into northern European brackish marshes that are experiencing increased salinities as land use patterns change on the two continents.     

Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase sequences from salt marsh plant roots reveal a diversity of acetogenic bacteria and other bacterial functional groups

Sixty-two partial formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) structural gene sequences were recovered from roots of salt marsh plants, including Spartina alterniflora, Salicornia virginica, and Juncus roemerianus. Only S. alterniflora roots yielded sequences grouping with FTHFS sequences from known acetogens. Most other FTHFS or FTHFS-like sequences grouped with those from sulfate-reducing bacteria. Several sequences that grouped with Sphingomonas paucimobilis ligH were also recovered.