中国四种龟的细胞遗传研究

本文研究了我国四种龟类动物的核型、Ｃ带和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ＿ｓ。结果表明金头闭壳龟的核型２ｎ＝５２（１４Ｍ＋２ＳＭ＋４ＳＴ＋６Ｔ＋２６ｍ）,ＮＦ＝７２,核型模式为８＋５＋１３,一对次缢痕位于Ｉ组的Ｎｏ．１ｐｉｎｔｅｒ;三线闭壳龟核型２ｎ＝５２（１２Ｍ＋４ＳＭ＋４ＳＴ＋６Ｔ＋２６ｍ）,ＮＦ＝７２,８＋５＋３,黄缘盒龟的核型　２ｎ＝５２（１６Ｍ＋４ＳＴ＋６Ｔ＋２６ｍ）,ＮＦ＝７２,８＋５＋１３,一对次缢痕位于Ｉ组Ｎｏ．１ｐｉｎｔｅｒ;黄额盒龟２ｎ＝５２（１６Ｍ＋２ＳＭ＋４ＳＴ＋６Ｔ＋２４ｍ）,ＮＰ＝７４,９＋５＋１２,有４对次缢痕,分别位于Ｉ组的Ｎｏ．１ｐｉｎｔｅｒ,Ｎｏ．３ｐｐｅｒ,Ｎｏ．７ｐｐｅｒ和Ｎｏ．６（Ｘ染色体）ｑｐｅｒ。黄额盒龟有１对异型（ＸＹ型）性染色体,其余３个种没有。这四种龟的全部染色体都出现着丝粒区Ｃ带正染。它们都仅出现１对ＡｇＮＯＲｓ,其中黄额盒龟的Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ。位于ＩＩ组的Ｎｏ．５ｑｐｅｒ,其余３个种的Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ＿ｓ位于Ｉ组的Ｎｏ．７ｑｔｅｒ。本文还阐述了近缘种间核型的演化机制和黄额盒龟性染色体分化的途径。     

云南8种树蛙的染色体组型比较研究

本文报道了云南８种树桂的染色体组型,并对目前所已知的树蛙种类的染色体组型进行了比较。锯腿小树蛙Ｐｈｉｌａｕｔｕｓｃａｖｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ（Ｇｕｅｎｔｈｅｒ）的２ｎ＝２６,５对大染色体和８对小染色体,９Ｍ＋４ＳＭ,ＮＦ＝５２,Ｎｏ．７长臂近着丝粒处和Ｎｏ．８短臂端部备有一个次缢痕;白颊小树蛙Ｐｈｉ．ｐａｌｐｅｂｒａｌｉｓＳｍｉｔｈ的２ｎ＝２６,５对人染色体和８对小染色体,８Ｍ＋５ＳＭ,ＮＦ＝５２,Ｎｏ．６短臂近着丝粒处有一个次缢痕。白颌大树蛙Ｒｈａ．ｍａｘｉｍｕｓＧｕｅｎｔｈｅｒ的２ｎ＝２６,５对大染色体和８对小染色体,９Ｍ＋４ＳＭ,ＮＦ＝５２;棕褶树蛙Ｒｈａ．ｆｅａｅＢｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒ的２ｎ＝２６,５对大染色体和８对小染色体,９Ｍ＋４ＳＭ,ＮＦ＝５２;黑蹼树蛙Ｒｈａ．ｒｅｉｎｗａｒｄｔｉｉ（Ｂｏｉｅ）的２ｎ＝２６,５对大染色体和８对小染色体,９Ｍ＋４ＳＭ,ＮＦ＝５２,Ｍｏ．１短臂近着丝粒处有一个次缢痕;红蹼树蛙Ｒｈａ．ｒｈｏｄｏｐｕｓＬｉｕｅｔＨｕ的２ｎ＝２６,５对大染色体,１对中染色体和７对小染色体,９Ｍ＋４ＳＭ,ＮＦ＝５２;斑腿泛树蛙Ｐｏｌｙｐｅｄａｔｅｓｍｅｇａｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ的２ｎ＝２６,５对大染色体     

云南三种同域分布的棘蛙（蛙科Ranidae：无尾目Anura）的核型和银带研究

本文比较分析了云南景东地区三种同域分布棘蛙的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ。花棘蛙２ｎ＝２６（１６Ｍ＋ １０ＳＭ）,ＮＦ＝５２,次缢痕和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于１ｐｉｎｔｅｒ,Ｎｏｓ．２－４,８,９等为ＳＭ。棘肛蛙２ｎ＝４０（１６Ｍ＋ ２０ＳＭ＋２ＳＴ＋２Ｔ）,ＮＦ＝７８,Ｎｏｓ．５－９,１１－１３,１５,１７等１０对为ＳＭ,Ｎｏ．３为ＳＴ,Ｎｏ．１８为Ｔ,其余 均为Ｍ,Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于１１Ｐ。二种的Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ都有异形现象。双团棘胸蛙２ｎ＝６４Ｔ,次缢痕和Ａｇ－ ＮＯＲＳ在４ｑｐｅｒ。都未发现异形性染色体。最后,对棘蛙属的核型演化机制和物种形成方式作了讨论。     

赤链华游蛇的染色体组型与银带带型研究

该文研究赤链华游蛇的染色体组型与ＮＯＲｓ,结果：２ｎ＝４４（２Ｍ＋２ＳＭ＋２ＳＴ＋１０Ｔ＋２６ｍ＋ＺＷ）,ＮＦ＝５２。Ｎｏ．２染色体有一对随体,Ｎｏ．５为异型性染色体（ＺＷ型）;ＮＯＲｓ位于Ｎｏ．２的次缢痕区。未见其融合或扩增现象。     

西双版纳地区两种水蛙的核型、C带和Ag－NOR研究

本文报道了西双版纳地区黑带水蛙（ＨｙｌａｒａｎａｎｉｇｒｉｖｉｔａｔａＢｌｙｔｈ）的核型,２ｎ＝２６（１８Ｍ＋８ＳＭ）,ＮＦ＝５２,５＋８,Ｎｏｓ．２、３、８、９为ＳＭ,Ｃ带位于全部染色体的着丝点区域,Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ一对,位于１２ｑｉｎｔｅｒ,有异形现象。黑耳水蛙（Ｈ．ｖａｒｉａｎｕｓＢｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒ）的核型２ｎ＝２６（２４Ｍ＋２ＳＭ）,ＮＦ＝５２,５＋８,Ｎｏ．８为ＳＭ,Ｎｏｓ．２、３、１０为Ｍ或ＳＭ,Ｃ带亦主要出现在各染色体的着丝类区域,但Ｎｏ．１０者较弱,一对Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ位于１０ｑｉｎｔｅｒ,有异形现象。黑耳水蛙有染色体数目变异。除大多数分裂相为２６外,尚有２７或２８者,后者多一个或一对小Ｍ,Ｃ带或深或浅正染。     

中国五种锄足蟾科无尾两栖动物的细胞遗传学研究

本文对中国５种锄足蟾科无尾两栖动物的骨髓细胞有丝分裂中期作了细胞遗传学研究,内容包括核型、Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ和Ｃ－带。研究结果表明景东角蟾：２ｎ＝２６（２０Ｍ＋４ＳＭ＋２ＳＴ）,５＋８,ＳＣ和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于６ｐ＾ｐｅｒ,同时呈Ｃ－带正染。Ｃ－带以着丝点区域正染为主;粗皮角蟾：２ｎ＝２６（２０Ｍ＋６ＳＭ）,５＋８,Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ在６ｑ＾ｉｎｔｅｒ,以着丝点Ｃ－带为主,但Ｎｏｓ．１２,１３有明显的端位     

三种龟类动物的细胞遗传研究

本文以外周血淋巴细胞为材料,首次报道马来闭壳龟和地龟的核型,Ｇ带,Ｃ带和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ,以及平胸龟的Ｇ带和Ｃ带,发现平胸龟的核型与前人报道的有差异。研究结果表明：平胸龟２ｎ＝５４（１４Ｍ＋４ＳＴ＋８Ｔ＋２８ｍ）,Ｎ．Ｆ．＝７２,７＋６＋１４。Ａ组Ｎｏ．６ｑ ｐｅｒ有一次缢痕。Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于Ａ组的Ｎｏ．７ ｑ ｔｅｒ。其全部染色体的着丝粒区均显示阳性Ｃ带,并且Ａ组的Ｎｏ．７整条异染色质化;马来闭     

三种烟草属植物的核型分析

本文对三种烟草属植物进行了核型分析。粘烟草Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｇｌｕｔｉｎｏｓａ为二倍体,其核型可简式为：２ｎ＝２４＝１０Ｍ＋１０ｍ＋４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;内索菲拉烟草Ｎ．ｎｅｓｏｐｈｉｌａ和斯托克通氏烟草Ｎ．ｓｔｏｃｋｔｏｎｉ可能均为双二倍体,其核型简式,前者为２ｎ＝４８＝６Ｍ＋２０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋１８ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ,后者为２ｎ＝４８＝１４Ｍ＋１２ｍ＋１８ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ。此外,作者对供试材料的染色体基数、倍性及随体等问题进行了初步讨论。     

四种无尾两栖动物的核型和银染

本文报道了二种角蟾和二种树蛙的核型和银染ＮＯＲ：无量出角蟾：２ｎ＝２６（２４＋２ＳＭ），５＋８，ＳＣ和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于６ｑ＾ｐｅｒ沙坪角蟾：２ｎ＝２６（１６Ｍ＋８ＳＭ＋２ＳＴ），５＋８，ＳＣ位于１ｑ＾ｐｅｒ，但Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ有二对，分别是ｌｑ＾ｐｅｒ和２ｑ＾ｐｅｒ；黑蹼树蛙：２ｎ＝２６（２４Ｍ＋２ＳＭ），５＋８，ＳＣ和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ在ｌｐ＾ｉｎｔｅｒ；背条跳树蛙；２ｎ＝１６（１２Ｍ＋４ＳＭ），Ｓ     

獐牙菜属5种植物的核型研究

首次报道了中国５种獐芽菜属植物的染色体数目和核型。它们染色体中期核和相对长度组分分别是：四数獐牙菜为２ｎ＝１４＝４ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＝２Ｌ＋６Ｍ２＋４Ｍ１＋２Ｓ;华北獐牙菜２ｎ＝２８＝１２ｍ＋１４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＝６Ｌ＋８Ｍ１＋＋６Ｓ;二叶獐牙菜为２ｎ＝２８＝１４ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋１０ｓｔ＝２Ｌ＋１４Ｍ２＋１０１＋ｓＳ;抱茎獐 菜为２ｎ＝６ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＝８Ｍ２＋１２Ｍ;浙江獐牙菜为２ｎ＝２０＝８ｍ＋     

赤链华游蛇的染色体组型与银带带型研究

该文研究赤链华游蛇的染色体组型与NOR     

不同地理区域鲫鱼染色体银染核仁组织者的比较研究

本文对不同地理区域的鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)—滇池高背鲫、低背鲫、方正银鲫(C.auratusgibelio)的核型及核仁组织者NORs进行了比较研究,并对高背鲫来源作些初步探讨,结果如下: 1.低背鲫Carassius auratus (back low type):2n=100,22m+30sm+48t.st,NORs=4,出现于第5—6对亚中着丝粒染色体短臂。 2.滇池高背鲫Carassius auratus(back high type):2n=156,30m+46sm+80t.st,NORs=6,出现于第5—7对亚中着丝粒染色体短臂。 3.方正银鲫C.auratus gibelio:2n=162,32m+52sm+78t.st NORs=4,出现于第5—6对亚中着粒染色体短臂。     

大蹄蝠的核型分析

研究了大蹄蝠的核型、C-带和Ag-NORs。大蹄蝠的染色体数目是2n=32,NF=60,No.8染色体上有一明显的次缢痕,大蹄蝠有丰富的结构异染色质,主要以着丝粒带的形式存在;且有若干对染色体部分或全部异染色质化;一对Ag-NORs稳定地出现于No.8染色体。     

Interleukin-2 reverses T cell unresponsiveness to Plasmodium falciparum-antigen in malaria immune subjects

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a large proportion of 34 healthy adult native residents in a malaria endemic area showed null or marginal proliferative response (low-responders) to schizont-enriched Plasmodium falciparum malaria antigen (M.Ag) but good response to pokeweed mitogen. In contrast, substantial proliferative response to M.Ag was observed in 8/8 adult temporary residents with a history of one to three acute malaria episodes. Purified CD4+ T cells preferentially responded to M.Ag, however in low-responders CD4+ T cell proliferation was poor. Moreover, no inhibition of CD4+ T cell proliferation was observed when graded numbers of CD8+ T cells were added in culture. The addition of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) to M.Ag restored the proliferative response of low-responders' PBMC. This response was M.Ag-specific when CD4+ T cells grown in M.Ag plus rIL-2, but not in rIL-2 alone, were tested in secondary cultures.     

FISH-mapping of 18S ribosomal RNA genes and telomeric sequences in the Japanese bitterlings Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus and Tanakia limbata (Pisces,Cyprinidae) reveals significant cytogenetic differences in morphologically similar karyotypes

The Japanese rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus, and the oily bitterling, Tanakia limbata, were cytogenetically studied by silver (Ag)- and chromomycin A₃ (CMA₃)-staining, by C-banding and by mapping of the 18S ribosomal genes and of the (TTAGGG) _n telomeric sequence. These two representative species of related genera of the subfamily Acheilognathinae show very similar chromosome complements. Nevertheless, significant differences in the chromosomal distribution of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) and interstitial telomeric sequences were observed. Whereas R. ocellatus kurumeus shows a single NOR-bearing chromosome pair, T. limbata is characterized by a higher number of variable NORs. Multiple telomeric sequence sites were found at the pericentromeric regions of several chromosomes in the rose bitterling. No telomeric sequence sites were detected near centromeres, but they were found to be scattered along the NORs in the oily bitterling. Two karyoevolutive trends might have been identified in the subfamily.     

Comparative cytogenetic studies in tree shrews (Tupaia).

Through use of BrdU replication, RBA-banded karyotypes of Tupaia belangeri, T. chinensis, and T. glis were obtained. A chromosome number of 2n = 62 for T. belangeri is described here for the first time and is confirmed for T. chinensis. All chromosomes between these two phenotypically different species appear to have identical RBA banding patterns; in addition, there is no difference between T. belangeri and T. chinensis in the number and position of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). The reduced chromosome number of 2n = 60 in T. glis can be explained by a Robertsonian translocation between two acrocentric chromosome pairs, Nos. 10 and 13, of T. belangeri and/or T. chinensis, resulting in the metacentric chromosome pair 1 of T. glis. Furthermore, two chromosome pairs each of T. glis and T. belangeri and/or T. chinensis are not homoeologous, as judged by their RBA patterns. Differences were also found in the number and position of NORs; whereas T. glis displays eight positively stained NORs after AgNO3 staining, there are only four silver-stained NORs in both T. belangeri and T. chinensis. The possibility of geographical isolation as an explanation for the lack of chromosomal differentiation between T. belangeri and T. chinensis is discussed.     

Suboptimal activation of antigen-specific CD4+ effector cells enables persistence of M. tuberculosis in vivo

Adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis controls progressive bacterial growth and disease but does not eradicate infection. Among CD4+ T cells in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice, we observed that few produced IFN-γ without ex vivo restimulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that one mechanism whereby M. tuberculosis avoids elimination is by limiting activation of CD4+ effector T cells at the site of infection in the lungs. To test this hypothesis, we adoptively transferred Th1-polarized CD4+ effector T cells specific for M. tuberculosis Ag85B peptide 25 (P25TCRTh1 cells), which trafficked to the lungs of infected mice and exhibited antigen-dependent IFN-γ production. During the early phase of infection, ～10% of P25TCRTh1 cells produced IFN-γ in vivo; this declined to <1% as infection progressed to chronic phase. Bacterial downregulation of fbpB (encoding Ag85B) contributed to the decrease in effector T cell activation in the lungs, as a strain of M. tuberculosis engineered to express fbpB in the chronic phase stimulated P25TCRTh1 effector cells at higher frequencies in vivo, and this resulted in CD4+ T cell-dependent reduction of lung bacterial burdens and prolonged survival of mice. Administration of synthetic peptide 25 alone also increased activation of endogenous antigen-specific effector cells and reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs without apparent host toxicity. These results indicate that CD4+ effector T cells are activated at suboptimal frequencies in tuberculosis, and that increasing effector T cell activation in the lungs by providing one or more epitope peptides may be a successful strategy for TB therapy.     

青海四种雏蝗染色体核型的比较分析

采用常规染色体制片方法对雏蝗属的褐色雏蝗Chorthippusbrunneus(Thunb .) ,异色雏蝗C .big uttulus(Linnaeus) ,小翅雏蝗C .fallax(Zub .) ,青藏雏蝗C .qingzangensis(Ying)的染色体核型进行分析 ,结果 :染色体数目均为 2n(♂ ) =1 7=1 6+XO ;常染色体类型为两类 ,中着丝点染色体 (m ,6条 )和端着丝点染色体 (T ,1 0条 ) ;性染色体类型为端着丝点。褐色雏蝗、异色雏蝗和青藏雏蝗的核型公式和染色体的相对长度组成为K( 2n ,♂ ) =1 7=6m +1 1T =6L +6M +4S +XO ,K( 2n ,♀ ) =1 8=6m +1 2T =6L +6M +4S +XX ;小翅雏蝗的为K( 2n,♂ ) =1 7=6m +1 1T =6L +4M +6S +XO ,K( 2n ,♀ ) =1 8=6m +1 2T =6L +4M +6S+XX。褐色雏蝗性染色体中部有次缢痕。染色体臂数 4种均为NF =2 3(♂ ) ,2 4 (♀ )。