湖南壶瓶山自然保护区鸟类多样性分析

湖南壶瓶山自然保护区拥有鸟类１４３种,隶属１４目３４科,其中国家一级保护动物１种,二级保护动物１６种,湖南省级保护动物２９种。该地的夏候鸟４９种,冬候鸟１４种,留鸟８０种。东洋界鸟类８５种,古北界鸟类３２种,广布性鸟类２６种。壶瓶山鸟类的多样性指数为１．８４５５,均匀性指数为０．８５５０。     

南洞庭湖冬季鸟类群落结构及多样性分析

南洞庭湖冬季常见鸟类共４３种,隶属１０目２１科３５属,其中国家二级保护动物５种,湖南省级保护动物１６种。该地的冬候鸟２４种,留鸟１９种。东洋界鸟类１２种,古北界鸟类２种,广布性鸟类２９种。南洞庭湖冬季鸟类的多样性指数为２．０００８,均匀性指数为０．５３１９。     

东洞庭湖冬季鸟类及其多样性分析

东洞庭湖冬季常见鸟类共30种,隶属11目17科20属,其中国家二级保护动物4种,湖南省级保护动物14种。该地的冬候鸟21种,留鸟9种。东洋界鸟类10种,古北界鸟类1种,广布性鸟类19种,东洞庭湖冬季鸟类的多样性指数为1．5171,均匀性指数为0．4460。     

湖南八大公山夏季鸟类名录及其多样性

2002—2004年采用样带法对湖南八大公山自然保护区的天平山、杉木界、斗蓬山3个区域夏季鸟类进行了调查,结果表明八大公山的夏季鸟类共有77种,隶属10目27科,其中留鸟55种(占71.43%),夏候鸟22种(占28.51%);国家Ⅱ级保护动物6种,湖南省级保护动物7种;东洋界鸟类43种(占55.84%),古北界18种(占23.38%),广布种16种(占20.78%),其地理区划属东洋界-华中区-西部山地高原亚区。天平山、杉木界、斗蓬山鸟类的多样性指数和均匀性指数与3个区域的下述因素有关海拔低,则栖息地生境多样化程度高,鸟类的多样性指数也高;人类干扰大,则鸟类的均匀性指数较低。八大公山夏季鸟类的多样性指数和均匀性指数分别为1.5838和0.8395,鸟类的种数、多样性和均匀性水平均低于海拔较低的壶瓶山自然保护区,鸟类多样性和均匀性水平高于发展了旅游业的武陵源自然保护区。     

千家峒自然保护区鸟类群落调查及多样性分析

湖南永州千家峒自然保护区的夏季鸟类共８８种,隶属１１目２９科,其中国家二级保护鸟类９种,占全国该类保护种类的５．５９％．另外,还有省级保护鸟类７种．该地的夏候鸟有３８种,留鸟５０种;东洋界鸟类６０种,古北界鸟类１０种,广布性鸟类１８种．千家峒鸟类的多样性指数为１．４８７１,均匀性指数为０．７６６７．     

武汉桂子山地区冬季鸟类群落结构及多样性研究

2005年11月～2006年3月,对武汉桂子山地区冬季鸟类群落进行了调查,共记录鸟类44种,隶属10目22科。有国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类2种,湖北省重点保护鸟类16种;留鸟32种,冬候鸟11种,旅鸟1种,留鸟构成了冬季鸟类的主体;该地区冬季鸟类密度为4．30只／hm^2,物种多样性指数为2．6477,均匀性指数为0．6997。居民点、乔灌林、绿地和水域生境中,乔灌林鸟类多样性最高,数量最多。     

长江师范学院校园夏季鸟类群落与多样性分析

2008年3～7月采用样线法对长江师范学院李渡校园鸟类组成和种群数量进行了调查,共记录鸟类6目21科28种,数量1633只,物种多样性指数为3．9204,均匀性指数为1．1765,其中国家“三有”名录鸟类25种,CITES名录鸟类1种。鸟类区系以东洋界成分为主。对不同生境鸟类多样性的分析结果表明：（1）乔灌林鸟类多样性指数和均匀性指数最高,水域鸟类多样性指数最低,建筑区均匀性指数最低;（2）乔灌林与竹林的相似性指数最高,竹林与水域的相似性最低。     

北京南海子麋鹿苑鸟类多样性研究

城市公园及城市其他自然保护地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,是城市鸟类最主要的栖息场所。城市化进程对城市的自然景观和生态系统造成很大影响,鸟类生存空间不断缩小,其群落结构受到影响。南海子麋鹿苑周边正在经历快速城市化,为了摸清该地区鸟类群落组成及多样性,自2014年10月起对研究区野生鸟类种类、数量和分布特点进行连续调查,共记录鸟类18目、49科、156种;其中,国家II级重点保护鸟类16种。鸟类优势种随年份变化和季节变化不一,总体来看,绿头鸭、灰喜鹊、喜鹊、[树]麻雀等留鸟为研究区优势种。研究区鸟类Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数呈现2018年2017年2016年2015年的变化规律;鸟类Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数呈现秋季夏季春季冬季的变化规律。同时,探讨了影响鸟类多样性的因素,提出连通城市绿地,打通动物迁徙通道;坚持山水林田湖草理念,创造多样的景观;对野生动物重点保护区域限制人类活动,保护野生鸟类生境等建议。     

北京温榆河公园不同建成时间城市绿地鸟类群落组成的空间变化与栖息地质量评价

公园作为城市绿地生态系统的重要组成部分，其鸟类群落组成与栖息地质量情况密切相关，是城市环境的重要指示指标。北京温榆河公园于2019年启动建设，是城区最大的生态空间。为了解公园建设过程中鸟类多样性的变化，给公园运行管理提供科学依据，2020年9月—2021年8月对其中2010年已建成的清河营郊野公园、2020年9月新建成的朝阳示范区、规划中尚未建设的温榆河与清河交汇处采用样线法开展鸟类多样性月度调查，并在此基础上结合遥感解译和食源植物多样性调查对鸟类栖息地质量进行评价。共记录到鸟类65种，隶属于13目29科，其中国家二级保护动物4种。温榆河与清河交汇处鸟类丰度、多度和多样性指数最高，Shannon指数平均为2.20±0.30,鸟类栖息地质量评分为优。朝阳示范区保护及受威胁鸟类多样性指数较高，Shannon指数平均为1.89±0.28,鸟类栖息地质量评分为良。清河营郊野公园鸟类多度和丰度最低，Shannon指数平均为1.49±0.27,鸟类栖息地质量评分为优。温榆河与清河交汇处是维持公园生物多样性最重要的点位，在建设中将作为核心区予以保留，减少人工绿地设置。今后公园生物多样性保护与建设中可...     

广东阴那山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性

2012 年10 月－2013 年9 月, 采用固定样线法和样点法对广东阴那山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性进行初步调查, 共记录鸟类175 种, 隶属14 目42 科125 属。其中, 国家Ⅰ级保护种类1 种, 国家Ⅱ级保护种类19 种。按居留类型分类, 夏候鸟34 种, 冬候鸟52 种, 留鸟78 种, 旅鸟11 种; 按动物地理区划分类, 古北界种类67 种, 东洋界种类65 种, 广布性鸟类43 种。该区域鸟类优势种32 种, 多样性指数为4.3929, 优势度为0.0204, 均匀度为0.8506。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2016年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2016年中国植物科学持续稳步发展, 表现在中国植物科学家在国际主流高影响力学术期刊发表文章的数量稳中有升, 中国植物科学领域的期刊逆风出行, 进入研究性期刊世界前三甲行列。中国科学家在植物学诸多领域取得了丰硕的成果。水稻(Oryza sativa)产量性状杂种优势的分子遗传机制解析入选2016年中国科学十大进展; 植物受精过程中雌雄配子体信号识别机制的研究和独脚金内酯的受体感知机制入选2016年生命科学十大进展。我国植物科学, 特别是以水稻为代表的作物研究在国际学术界已占有一席之地。例如, 在水稻组学(如基因组和转录组等)资源和技术平台的建立、重测序的开发及功能基因的克隆和调控网络的解析方面取得了系列重要成果(如揭示了独脚金内酯信号转导的“去抑制化激活”机制、从分子水平上阐释了水稻籼粳杂种不育和广亲和性基因S5的作用机理及发现了控制水稻耐冷的基因组位点), 已经引领世界水稻乃至作物科学研究。该文对2016年中国本土植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和研究热点, 与读者共享我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。