真菌甾体化合物的研究进展

胆甾醇、麦角甾醇和豆甾醇及其衍生物是真菌中的主要甾体化合物,具有重要的生理功能和生物学活性.本文简要综述了真菌中甾体类化合物的种类、分布、生物合成和应用等方面的研究进展.     

酵母菌利用糖蜜发酵产麦角甾醇的工艺条件优化

麦角甾醇是由酵母菌产生的具有重要经济价值的代谢产物。为了提高酵母菌利用糖蜜发酵生产麦角甾醇的产量,通过响应面分析法优化了发酵培养基配方,并在5 L发酵罐对发酵过程pH控制和底物流加补料方式进行了优化。结果表明,利用优化后的发酵培养基,即糖蜜总糖40 g/L,KH2PO4 1 g/L,K2HPO4 1.86 g/L,CuSO4·5H2O 17.5 mg/L,FeSO4·7H2O 13.9 mg/L,MgSO4·5H2O 12.3 mg/L,玉米浆10 mL/L,麦角甾醇产量比优化前提高了29.5%;利用恒定pH控制策略,在5 L发酵罐进行分批发酵,使麦角甾醇产量提高了62.1%;进一步采用底物流加补料策略,使麦角甾醇产量达到1 953.85 mg/L,是分批发酵的3.2倍,而且麦角甾醇产率比分批发酵提高了42.7%。为酵母菌发酵糖蜜产麦角甾醇的产业化应用奠定了基础。     

酵母发酵玉米秸秆水解液产麦角甾醇应用研究

生物质是一种可再生资源,生物质发酵可产生高端化工产品.本文主要探讨蒸汽爆破处理玉米秸秆及水解可发酵单糖,考察酵母发酵玉米秸秆糖化液产麦角甾醇的应用研究.实验结果表明:当固液比10%,盐酸浓度1.5%,90℃水解反应3 h,还原糖含量达到53.3%,纤维素转化率79%.发酵工艺参数为玉米秸秆糖化液6.0°Bx,玉米浆4%,pH 7.5,接种量10%,28℃摇床振荡培养32 h,细胞生物量达8.5 g/L,麦角甾醇含量可达2.35%.同时对玉米秸秆发酵产麦角甾醇晶体进行结构表征.     

艾氟康唑治疗甲真菌病的疗效和安全性

艾氟康唑(efinaconazole)是2014年FDA批准的新型三唑类外用药物,其作用机制是抑制真菌14α-去甲基化酶,从而干扰麦角甾醇的合成,这种酶能够将羊毛甾醇转换为麦角甾醇,而麦角甾醇是真菌细胞膜的重要成分,从而影响细胞膜的完整性和功能[1-2]。对于口服抗真菌药物不耐受的患者,该药作为一种新的局部抗真菌药物,可提供一种替代治疗方案,特别是需要多种药物治疗的患者(例如老年人或患有糖尿病和/或患有自身免疫性疾病的患者)[3]。     

玉米秸秆液态发酵制备麦角甾醇的研究

本文研究了利用电融合技术得到麦角甾醇工程菌株发酵玉米秸秆糖化液制备麦角甾醇的工艺条件,在摇床水平上研究了初始糖度,氮源,pH值,发酵时间对产麦角甾醇的影响。依据DPS的中心组合实验设计原理,采用4因素3水平的响应面分析方法,对工艺条件进行优化。结果显示,该4因素对麦角甾醇的积累存在显著相关性,在最佳工艺条件下摇床振荡培养32 h,生物量达8.67g/L,麦角甾醇含量可达2.37%。同时对玉米秸秆发酵产麦角甾醇晶体进行结构表征,为生物质资源的应用开辟新的途径。     

条件致病真菌烟曲霉麦角甾醇合成通路遗传调控机制研究进展

环境中普遍存在的腐生性条件致病真菌——烟曲霉是引起人类侵袭性曲霉病的重要病原,因此,研究烟曲霉的致病机理,开发有效的治疗药物是全球关注的热点。麦角甾醇是真菌细胞膜的主要成分,参与细胞内许多生物学过程,麦角甾醇合成通路中的羊毛甾醇14-α-去甲基化酶Erg11A (Cyp51A同源蛋白)是抗曲霉病唑类药物的重要靶点,其受到转录因子Srb A与CCAAT结合复合物(CBC)的协同调控作用。文中阐述了主要的抗真菌药物以及抗真菌唑类药物的作用靶点-麦角甾醇及其合成途径的遗传调控机制的研究进展,同时分析了烟曲霉产生抗性的机制,期望为认识烟曲霉耐药产生和研发新型抗真菌药物提供帮助。     

古尼拟青霉麦角甾醇高产液体培养条件及提取工艺的优化

以古尼拟青霉生物量和麦角甾醇含量为指标,对古尼拟青霉的高产麦角甾醇培养条件及麦角甾醇提取工艺进行了优化。正交试验结果表明,高产麦角甾醇的最适液体培养基为蔗糖4%,麸皮2%,KH2PO4 0.025%和NaCl 0.05%;响应面实验结果表明,麦角甾醇最佳提取工艺为：提取溶剂浓度为80%乙醇,液料比为200:1,提取时间为65min。     

低温胁迫诱导肺形侧耳合成麦角甾醇的通路分析

本文以肺形侧耳栽培菌株X57为研究对象,对其低温胁迫时期进行转录组分析,发现差异基因显著地富集到麦角甾醇合成通路。根据麦角甾醇合成通路的相关信息,在肺形侧耳中筛选出该通路的17个基因,并推测了肺形侧耳的麦角甾醇合成通路。利用荧光定量研究了X57栽培袋在低温处理下该通路上各个基因的表达,结果显示随着低温胁迫时间的增加,该通路上大部分基因的表达量持续上升,且差异显著。检测栽培袋中菌丝麦角甾醇含量发现,低温胁迫显著提高麦角甾醇的含量,与RNA‐Seq分析结果一致。此外,以无需打冷也能整齐出菇的野生菌株X1为对照,比较X57与X1的麦角甾醇基因对冷胁迫的响应情况,探究麦角甾醇合成通路是否在肺形侧耳低温诱导形成原基时期具有关键性作用。将X57与X1菌株置于PDA平板上培养并进行低温胁迫,利用荧光定量PCR对各个基因表达进行验证,结果显示两个菌株的麦角甾醇合成通路相关基因均对低温胁迫有响应,X57低温胁迫时通路中绝大多数基因的表达量上升,且大部分基因表达量提高2倍以上;X1菌株的通路中的表达量变化较小。由此推测麦角甾醇通路在肺形侧耳变温结实中低温刺激形成原基有一定作用,为深入研究肺形侧耳低温胁迫调控分子机理提供了重要的基础。     

猴头菌高产麦角甾醇液体发酵工艺优化

以菌丝体中麦角甾醇产量为考察指标,在单因素实验的基础上用响应面分析法考察碳源、氮源和无机盐3个因素对麦角甾醇发酵产量的影响,以获得猴头菌液体发酵产麦角甾醇最优工艺,建立高产、稳定的猴头菌液体发酵产麦角甾醇生产工艺。经响应面分析,各因素按照对响应值的影响顺序为：氮源>碳源>无机盐,且氮源对麦角甾醇产量的影响极显著,碳源和无机盐对麦角甾醇产量的影响不显著。猴头菌液体发酵产麦角甾醇最优工艺为：发酵培养基为酵母自溶粉18g/L、复合碳源14g/L（葡萄糖:麦芽浸粉,7.4:6.6,M/M）、无机盐3.9g/L（KH₂PO₄:K₂S₂O₈,2.6:1.3,M/M）;接种量为10%,培养时间为7d,在此条件下菌丝体生物量干重达11.24g/L,麦角甾醇的产量达69.79mg/L,比优化前分别提高了71.08%和81.56%。该发酵工艺重复性好,效率高,成本低,是一个稳定且可控的猴头菌液体发酵产麦角甾醇生产工艺技术方案;通过该发酵工艺得到的猴头菌发酵菌丝体麦角甾醇含量高,为相关功能营养食品的开发提供了优质资源。     

甾醇C-24甲基转移酶和甾醇C-8异构酶在酿酒酵母麦角甾醇生物合成中的调控作用

摘要：【目的】研究ERG6基因编码的甾醇C-24甲基转移酶和ERG2基因编码的甾醇C-8异构酶在酿酒酵母麦角甾醇生物合成代谢中的调控作用。【方法】通过PCR扩增克隆到酿酒酵母甾醇C-8异构酶的编码序列及其终止子序列,以大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭质粒YEp352为载体,以磷酸甘油酸激酶基因PGK1启动子为上游调控元件构建了酵母菌表达质粒pPERG2;同时,在本实验室已构建的ERG6表达质粒pPERG6的基础上,构建了ERG2和ERG6共表达的重组质粒pPERG6-2。将表达质粒转化酿酒酵母单倍体菌株YS58,依据营养缺陷互补筛选到重组菌株YS58(pPERG2)和YS58(pPERG6-2)。通过紫外分光光度法和气相色谱法分析重组菌株甾醇组分和含量。【结果】在ERG6高表达的重组酵母菌中,甾醇中间体和终产物麦角甾醇的含量均比对照菌高;而在ERG2高表达的酵母菌株中,无论甾醇中间体,还是麦角甾醇的含量均明显降低。ERG6和ERG2共表达重组菌株YS58(pPERG6-2)的麦角甾醇含量是对照菌株YS58(YEp352)的1.41倍,是ERG2单独高表达菌株YS58(pPERG2)的1.92倍,是ERG6单独高表达菌株YS58(pPERG6)的1.12倍。【结论】本研究首次证明甾醇C-24甲基转移酶催化的反应是酿酒酵母麦角甾醇合成代谢途径中的一个重要的限速步骤,该酶活性提高不但补偿了ERG2高表达对甾醇合成的负效应,而且使麦角甾醇含量进一步提高,为构建麦角甾醇高产酵母工程菌株提供了实验依据。     

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

Carbohydrate metabolism in Musa paradisiaca

Considerable variations exist in the content of glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and protein and in the activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism between different parts of the banana plant (Musa paradisiaca). Sucrose synthetase is present in the highest concentration in rootstock and fruit pulp, and sucrose phosphate synthetase in the pseudostem. The highest ratio of the activity of sucrose phosphate synthetase to sucrose synthetase is found in leaves. Acid invertase is present in leaves, leaf-sheath and fruit pulp and is not demonstrable in rootstock and pseudostem. Neutral invertase activity is high in pseudostem and leaf-sheath. Starch phosphorylase is largely concentrated in fruit pulp and rootstock. The maximum activity of ATP:d-phosphoglucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase is found in rootstock. β-Amylase is not demonstrable in rootstock and is largely concentrated in leaf-sheath. Hexokinase is most active in rootstock and the lowest in leaves. Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity is highest in fruit pulp and pseudostem. Glucosephosphate isomerase is most active in the rootstock and lowest in the leaves.     

几种不同进化程度动物细胞内质网超微结构的比较研究

应用稼射电镜技术,高锰酸钾固定扫描电镜技术及生化分离技术,比较研究了家兔、家鸽、蟾蜍,鲤鱼、脉红螺肝细胞和眼虫的内质网超微结构及含量。透射电镜观察结果显示：在高等哺乳动物肝细胞内质网丰富,以扁囊结构为主,在整个细胞质内均有分布,主要存在于核周围,并伴有伴随线粒体分布的特征;蟾蜍肝细胞内质网稀少,以长管状平行排列,分布在细胞质的局部,鲤鱼肝细胞内质网呈小泡状均匀分布在细胞质中,脉红螺肝细胞及眼虫细胞     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

扬子鳄视觉器官组织学研究

本文用光镜和电镜研究了扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)的组织学,同时测量了其眼球的一些光学参数.扬子鳄眼球呈扁圆球形,角膜径与球径的比值为1:1.44;晶状体与角膜的比值为1:1.40。角膜内具鲍氏膜;虹膜内的括约肌、睫状体内的睫状肌均属横纹肌,视细胞椭圆体内线粒体嵴突与线粒体长轴相平行,这与报道的其它鳄类不同。虹膜内未见扩瞳肌纤维,角膜缘缺巩膜小骨片,晶状体环垫薄,因而其视觉调节能力仍然很弱。视网膜中视细胞由视杆细胞、单锥细胞、双锥细胞组成,其中以视杆细胞占多数。视细胞与神经节细胞核比值平均为2.5:1,表明扬子鳄的组织结构与其弱光视觉相适应。     

维吾尔族的体质特征研究

１９９１年５月,对新疆伊梨维吾尔族５２９人（男２７１,女２５８）进行了活体观察和测量。观察２９项,测量９２项。维吾尔族的主要特征是：黑直发,黑褐色眼,眉毛较浓密,大都有上眼脸皱褶,鼻根中等偏高,大多为直形鼻,鼻尖向前,鼻基部下垂,大多有达尔文结节,耳垢湿型。头面部指数分型,属于特短头型,阔头型和高头型。身材中等偏高,平均身高男１６８．６毫米,女１５７８．８毫米。     

Survivin expression in the stomach: implications for mucosal integrity and protection

Survivin, an apoptosis inhibitor, is highly expressed in a majority of human cancers and is required during embryonic development. Our present studies show that survivin is also expressed in normal gastric mucosa of adult humans and rats. In both human and rat gastric mucosa, survivin is expressed predominantly in the nuclei of mucosal surface epithelial cells. In rats, survivin is also detected in the nuclei of some neck cells, whereas in the humans, survivin is expressed in both nuclei and cytoplasm of chief and parietal cells. Furthermore, survivin is expressed at higher levels in the nuclei of cultured gastric mucosal epithelial cells than in gastric microvascular endothelial cells, which supports the expression pattern in intact tissues. Based on these expression studies, and the known role of survivin as an anti-apoptosis protein, survivin may play a role in maintaining gastric mucosal integrity and regulating cell renewal in the gastric mucosa.     

The ultrastructure of the microfilaria of Brugia, Nematoda: Filarioidea

The microfilaria of Brugia pahangi is a differentiated nematode larva. The basic nematode body plan is present showing cuticle, hypodermis, dorsal, ventral, and lateral cords, muscle cells, longitudinal nerves, papillary nerves, amphids and phasmids. Secretory granules are present in ganglionic cells and in axons in the nerve ring. There is no differentiated pseudocoelom. There is only a single row of muscle cells between each pair of cords. The excretory cell complex is similar in structure to the hypodermal gland cells of other nematodes. The alimentary canal of the microfilaria is very much modified. The pharyngeal cells are attached to the pharyngeal thread which is circular in cross section and there is no pharyngeal musculature. The intestine is represented by the solid mass of the inner body within paired intestinal cells. The intestine is separated from the rectum. The three rectal cells form a syncytium of villi in the anal vesicle. The structure in Brugia is related to the ultrastructure of other microfilariae and it is concluded that the evolution of the modifications of the basic larval structure is due to the small size of these nematodes as a consequence of their adaptation to a parasitic mode of life in the capillaries of the vertebrate host with transmission through an intermediate arthropod vector.     

松嫩草原不同时间火烧后植物个体特征变化分析

松嫩草原不同时间火烧后,羊原高度不同程度的降低,尤以晚烧地最低但羊草个体重量这间无显著差异,产量的差异主要来自密度影响,火烧后,羊草叶片数增多、增宽,早烧地增长,晚烧地缩短,芦苇和寸草苔高生长也受火烧影响,但寸草苔高度后期差异消失。     

The role of megalin (LRP-2/Gp330) during development

Megalin (LRP-2/GP330), a member of the LDL receptor family, is an endocytic receptor expressed mainly in polarised epithelial cells. Identified as the pathogenic autoantigen of Heymann nephritis in rats, its functions have been studied in greatest detail in adult mammalian kidney, but there is increasing recognition of its involvement in embryonic development. The megalin homologue LRP-1 is essential for growth and development in Caenorhabditis elegans and megalin plays a role in CNS development in zebrafish. There is now also evidence for a homologue in Drosophila. However, most research concerns mammalian embryogenesis; it is widely accepted to be important during forebrain development and the developing renal proximal tubule. Megalin is also expressed in lung, eye, intestine, uterus, oviduct, and male reproductive tract. It is found in yolk sacs and the outer cells of pre-implantation mouse embryos, where interactions with cubilin result in nutrient endocytosis, and it may be important during implantation. Models for megalin interaction(s) with Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) have been proposed. The importance of Shh signalling during embryogenesis is well established; how and when megalin interacts with Shh is becoming a pertinent question in developmental biology.