光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】探明光周期对小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(0L︰24D,8L︰16D,12L︰12D,16L︰8D和24L︰0D)下小地老虎的生长发育和繁殖情况。【结果】随着光照时间增加,小地老虎生长速度加快,发育历期缩短,孵化率、存活率、羽化率、产卵量先增大后降低。其卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的最适光周期分别为12L︰12D或16L︰8D、16L︰8D、0L︰24D以及12L︰12D。综合来说,光周期16L︰8D最适合小地老虎的生长发育。【结论】研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖状况存在显著的影响,并且不同虫态对光周期变化也呈现不同的变化规律。     

低剂量~(60)Co-γ射线辐照对梨小食心虫羽化、繁殖和成虫寿命的影响

【目的】本研究采用低剂量的⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线辐照梨小食心虫Grapholitamolesta雄蛹,分析辐照对梨小食心虫繁殖的影响,为利用(60)Co-γ射线辐照梨小食心虫Grapholitamolesta雄蛹,分析辐照对梨小食心虫繁殖的影响,为利用⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线防治梨小食心虫提供理论依据。【方法】设置辐照剂量为0、25、50和75 Gy的(60)Co-γ射线防治梨小食心虫提供理论依据。【方法】设置辐照剂量为0、25、50和75 Gy的⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线对梨小食心虫羽化前1 d的雄蛹进行辐照处理,分析辐照对其羽化率、繁殖能力及寿命的影响。【结果】不同辐照剂量处理的梨小食心虫羽化率均有下降,但与对照组相比无显著性差异,说明辐照对其羽化率影响较小。辐照组雄蛾与正常雌蛾的交配率与对照组无显著性差异。与对照组相比,经25、50和75 Gy辐照处理羽化的雄蛾与正常雌蛾交配后,其单雌产卵量无显著性差异。随着辐照剂量的升高,梨小食心虫的孵化率逐渐下降。与对照组孵化率74.38%±6.15%相比,75Gy处理组的孵化率明显降低,仅为22.68%±7.20%。与对照组相比,随着辐照剂量的升高,辐照组雄虫的平均寿命均有不同程度的下降。【结论】利用低剂量的(60)Co-γ射线对梨小食心虫羽化前1 d的雄蛹进行辐照处理,分析辐照对其羽化率、繁殖能力及寿命的影响。【结果】不同辐照剂量处理的梨小食心虫羽化率均有下降,但与对照组相比无显著性差异,说明辐照对其羽化率影响较小。辐照组雄蛾与正常雌蛾的交配率与对照组无显著性差异。与对照组相比,经25、50和75 Gy辐照处理羽化的雄蛾与正常雌蛾交配后,其单雌产卵量无显著性差异。随着辐照剂量的升高,梨小食心虫的孵化率逐渐下降。与对照组孵化率74.38%±6.15%相比,75Gy处理组的孵化率明显降低,仅为22.68%±7.20%。与对照组相比,随着辐照剂量的升高,辐照组雄虫的平均寿命均有不同程度的下降。【结论】利用低剂量的⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线辐照可影响梨小食心虫繁殖,为进一步优化辐照条件和利用(60)Co-γ射线辐照可影响梨小食心虫繁殖,为进一步优化辐照条件和利用⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线防治梨小食心虫提供理论指导。     

梨小食心虫蛹重对成虫繁殖力和寿命及下一代幼虫发育的影响

【目的】本文旨在明确营养状况不同造成的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)雌、雄蛹重量差异对其羽化的成虫产卵量、产卵期、寿命及下一代(F1)幼虫发育的影响。【方法】室内条件下,通过不同的饲养方法,获得个体重量不同的梨小食心虫雌、雄蛹,待其羽化交配后,记录其产卵量、产卵时间和成虫寿命;卵孵化前后,分别测量卵和初孵幼虫大小,计算卵孵化率,统计幼虫发育历期。【结果】雌蛹重量对梨小食心虫的成虫产卵量影响显著,其重量与产卵量呈正相关(y=15.505x-59.292);同一条件下,雌蛹与雄蛹重量也呈正相关(y=0.823x-0.538)。同时,雌蛹重量对成虫产卵期影响也较大,蛹重大的个体羽化的雌虫比蛹重小的个体羽化的雌虫产卵高峰期提前1 d;较重、中等和较轻蛹羽化出的雌虫个体每天产卵量高于10粒/雌的时间分别为9~10,7和5~6 d;产卵量高于5粒/雌的时间分别为12~13,9和6~7 d。而雄蛹重量对产卵量、雄成虫寿命影响没有明显影响。较轻的蛹羽化的雌成虫寿命比较重蛹羽化的雌成虫短2~3 d;而雄蛹重量对其羽化的雄成虫寿命影响没有明显规律。雌、雄蛹重量对其羽化成虫的卵孵化率、卵和初孵幼虫的大小影响均不显著,对F_1幼虫发育历期影响也不显著。【结论】梨小食心虫雌蛹重对羽化成虫的产卵量和产卵期等影响显著,田间防治时应注意在不同条件下完成发育的个体,尤其是雌虫,由于营养差异引起的个体大小对随后种群增长的影响。     

湿度对梨小食心虫存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确湿度变化对梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)在果实外各阶段存活率和蛀果率的影响及湿度对害虫最终存活率产生影响的关键阶段。【方法】在室内相对湿度25%,40%,55%,70%和85%条件下,记录和分析梨小食心虫的产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、老熟幼虫化蛹率、蛹羽化率以及产卵、化蛹和羽化时间。【结果】湿度高低对化蛹率没有影响,供试的5种相对湿度下,化蛹率均为100%;但湿度对产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、蛹羽化率和世代存活率均有显著影响,湿度越高,各阶段存活率、幼虫蛀果率和世代存活率也越高。不同虫态存活对湿度要求从高到低依次为:幼虫蛀果期成虫期卵期蛹期老熟幼虫期。湿度对害虫世代存活率产生显著影响主要发生在幼虫蛀果期、成虫期和卵孵化期。同时,湿度提高利于成虫产卵、化蛹和羽化,反之发育延缓。【结论】湿度会显著影响梨小食心虫各阶段的存活率、幼虫蛀果率和繁殖,成虫盛发期、卵期和蛀果期的湿度影响害虫种群数量和蛀果率的关键阶段。     

梨小食心虫生物钟基因Gmper和Gmtim的鉴定及其对羽化节律的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta生物钟基因Gmper和Gmtim的分子特性与表达模式,分析其对羽化节律的调控作用,为梨小食心虫的防控提供潜在新靶标。【方法】根据梨小食心虫转录组数据,采用PCR技术克隆生物钟基因Gmper和Gmtim的cDNA全长;利用RT-qPCR测定这两个基因在梨小食心虫成虫头、胸、腹和足中的表达量,及其在蛹头部中的日表达模式;应用siRNA进行RNAi技术分析Gmper和Gmtim在梨小食心虫羽化节律中的作用。【结果】克隆获得梨小食心虫Gmper基因(GenBank登录号:MN862636)和Gmtim基因(GenBank登录号:MN862637)全长cDNA。Gmper基因开放阅读框长2 862 bp,编码953个氨基酸,序列中含2个PAS结构域和1个PAC结构域;Gmtim开放阅读框长3 048 bp,编码1 015个氨基酸。Gmper和Gmtim在雌雄成虫头部中的表达水平均高于其他组织中的;蛹期头部两基因在暗期的表达水平显著高于光期的。RNAi下调这两个基因的表达均导致梨小食心虫羽化时间更加分散以及羽化高峰期的羽化成虫数量显著降低。【结论】梨小食心虫生物钟基因Gmper和Gmtim具有组织和昼夜表达差异性,两基因对梨小食心虫羽化节律的调控有重要作用。研究结果为开发基于发育行为节律调控的梨小食心虫监测和防控方法提供了新线索。     

光周期对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的影响

在实验室条件下对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的光周期反应和不同日龄幼虫对滞育诱导光周期的敏感性进行了研究。结果表明:梨小食心虫属于典型的短日照滞育型,在20℃条件下,当光周期为8L ∶ 16D,10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,梨小食心虫的滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.75L ∶ 10.25D;在24℃条件下,当光周期为10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.68L ∶ 10.32D。在幼虫期,分别给不同日龄幼虫以12L ∶ 12D和16L ∶ 8D光照处理后,在不同发育时间内幼虫对滞育诱导光周期反应均显示出一定程度的敏感性,无明显的临界时间点,但仍以第5-8日龄幼虫接受滞育诱导光周期反应更为敏感。     

紫外处理梨小食心虫卵对暗黑赤眼蜂寄生和羽化的影响

【目的】研究暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma pintoi Voegele对经紫外线照射处理的梨小食心虫 Grapholita molesta (Busck)卵的寄生效果, 确定处理寄主卵的最佳紫外强度和处理时间, 为利用小卵大量饲养赤眼蜂时寄主卵的处理和保存提供方法。【方法】初羽化12 h内的暗黑赤眼蜂分别寄生经不同强度紫外灯处理不同时间的梨小食心虫卵, 观察其寄生状况, 并统计寄生率和羽化率, 与对未经紫外处理的梨小食心虫卵的寄生率和羽化率作比较。【结果】暗黑赤眼蜂对经紫外照射的梨小食心虫卵的寄生率明显下降, 且随着紫外光强度的增强和紫外处理时间的延长, 影响强度增大。紫外处理梨小食心虫卵后, 暗黑赤眼蜂羽化率变化不大, 用15W紫外灯1-2 h或30W紫外灯照射1 h后, 暗黑赤眼蜂羽化率有所提高, 均在80%以上, 但在紫外照射3 h后, 羽化率明显下降。【结论】处理梨小食心虫卵时的紫外光强度及紫外处理时间对暗黑赤眼蜂寄生梨小食心虫卵的寄生效果均有一定的影响。实验室利用梨小食心虫卵大量繁殖暗黑赤眼蜂时, 宜采用15W 1 h紫外照射, 既能杀死寄主卵的胚胎, 又不会对暗黑赤眼蜂的寄生效果产生明显的不利影响。     

低温下光周期诱导半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹休眠研究

本实验研究目的是在低温下诱导半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellen休眠,为半闭弯尾姬蜂蜂蛹的保存技术提供科学依据。试验方法在室内温度10℃、设置4个光周期：L:D=10:14、L:D=12:12、L:D=14:10、L:D=16:8,观察半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹休眠诱导的光周期反应。结果表明,蛹是半闭弯尾姬蜂休眠的敏感虫态,休眠蛹表现出对光周期的数量反应特征,休眠诱导的临界日长在14-16 h之间。不同光周期具有不同的诱导效果,短光照促进休眠,蛹在光周期为L:D=10:14时休眠率最高,达73.03%;光周期为L:D=16:8时,则仅为10.67%。半闭弯尾姬蜂感受休眠信号的敏感期为预蛹期,进入休眠,蛹感受休眠信号以后,需要在发育条件中发育到预蛹后期,蛹才能全部进入休眠。将室内诱导的休眠蛹在10℃左右环境条件下冷藏42 d,休眠蛹仍有64.13%可以正常羽化。结论：低温和短光照是诱导该种天敌昆虫休眠的主要因子。     

光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)是自然界重要的天敌昆虫,以预蛹兼性滞育越冬。本研究旨在明确光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内观测了不同温度(22℃和25℃)和光周期(15L∶9D及9L∶15D)条件下大草蛉预蛹的滞育解除及滞育解除后的蛹期、蛹存活率、成虫鲜重、成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量等生物学特性,以及5℃低温处理对预蛹滞育解除的作用,并分析了滞育持续时间对大草蛉滞育解除后发育和繁殖的影响。【结果】在光周期15L∶9D和9L∶15D下,25℃下大草蛉预蛹期(分别为50.09和49.47 d)显著短于22℃下(分别为80.80和82.20 d)。5℃低温处理极显著延长了大草蛉预蛹期(P0.01),且缩小了预蛹期的个体差异。22℃下,与非滞育预蛹相比,滞育后预蛹的存活率显著降低,蛹期和产卵前期显著延长,雌成虫寿命显著缩短,成虫鲜重和单雌产卵量显著下降。22℃,光周期15L∶9D下大草蛉的滞育持续时间为50~170 d,且能影响滞育后发育:随着滞育持续时间的延长,蛹期逐渐延长,雌、雄成虫的鲜重逐渐降低,雄成虫寿命呈先延长后缩短的趋势,蛹存活率、雌成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量没有显著性差异。【结论】试验条件下,两种光周期对大草蛉滞育解除、滞育后发育和繁殖没有明显的影响,而温度是调节大草蛉滞育发育和繁殖的重要因子。较高温度能促进滞育的解除,低温处理能够同步种群的滞育发育。大草蛉的滞育存在生殖代价,滞育持续时间影响滞育解除后的部分生物学特性。     

蛹期薜荔榕小蜂的琼脂培养

【目的】薜荔Ficus pumila var. pumila瘦果具有极高的营养食用价值,其结实依赖薜荔榕小蜂Wiebesia pumilae传粉。本研究旨在探讨蛹期植食性寄生蜂室内培养的可能性。【方法】在不同温度(22, 24, 26, 28, 30和32℃)和光周期(0L∶24D, 10L∶14D, 12L∶12D, 14L∶10D和24L∶0D)条件下在琼脂培养基上培养薜荔榕小蜂蛹,测定薜荔榕小蜂蛹期各阶段的发育形态和历期,雌成蜂寿命以及虫瘿含水量,并观察虫瘿形态发育过程。【结果】在22~28℃范围内,薜荔榕小蜂蛹的发育速率随温度升高而加快,羽化时间也随之提前,但羽化率没有显著差异。28℃琼脂培养条件下,薜荔榕小蜂蛹期发育历期最短,从预蛹发育至成虫的历期雌蜂为25.65 d,雄蜂为21.79 d,比同期自然条件下的雌、雄薜荔榕小蜂蛹期发育历期缩短了44.00 d;30℃下,少部分榕小蜂蛹能发育至熟蛹期;32℃下,榕小蜂预蛹滞育,推测30℃可能是该种榕小蜂蛹发育的耐热极端温度。不同光周期条件下,薜荔榕小蜂蛹期的发育速率及羽化率均无显著差异。在22~28℃范围内,温度越高,虫瘿含水量下降越快,培养时间越长,虫瘿含水量越低。28℃下琼脂培养的薜荔榕小蜂羽化时的虫瘿含水量(41.79%)极显著低于自然发育的个体(51.63%)。低含水量导致虫瘿壳非常坚硬,薜荔榕小蜂开掘出飞孔困难,这可能是琼脂培养条件下的薜荔榕小蜂羽化未能出飞的主要原因。【结论】本研究的琼脂培养方法为植食性寄生蜂蛹期发育的连续性观察,以及部分实验虫源的获取提供了可能。     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.