蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日变化的初步研究

对野生蜡梅在不同天气中的净光合速率 (Pn)和蒸腾速率 (Tr)日变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了初步研究 ,结果如下 :(1)蜡梅在晴天和阴天的 Pn日进程均呈一双峰型曲线。但晴天的两个峰值比在阴天出现要早 ,Pn的总体水平要高于阴天 ,且在午后发生明显的光合“午休”现象。 (2 )Tr在晴天的日变化呈单峰型曲线 ,在午后强光和高温条件下 ,Tr可高达 10 mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以上。在阴天 ,Tr日进程波动很小 ,且蒸腾作用微弱 ,全天大多保持在 0 .8mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以下的水平。(3)在光合有效辐射 (PAR)为 80 0～ 90 0 μmol m-2 s-1、大气温度 (TA) 2 8℃左右、相对湿度 (RH)约75%的条件下 ,野生蜡梅的 Pn可高达 2 3.6 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1。但蜡梅的光饱和点与光补偿点均较低 ,分别约为 90 0μmol m-2 s-1和 2 0μmol m-2 s-1。 (4 ) PAR和 TA是影响蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日进程的主导生态因子。蜡梅对强光和高温反应敏感 ,在超过光饱和点且气温高达 4 2℃以上时 ,其蒸腾作用强烈 ,能量转换与水分利用效率 (WUE)大大降低 ,光合能力减弱 ,导致 Pn急剧下降     

不同生育期榆树净光合速率对生态因子和生理因子的响应

利用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统,观测了内蒙古浑善达克沙地榆树(Ulmus pumila)的净光合速率(Pn)、上表皮气孔导度(Gs-u)、下表皮气孔导度(Gs-l)等生理因子及大气温度(Ta)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气二氧化碳浓度(Ca)和空气相对湿度(RH)等生态因子,应用相关分析、通径分析、决策系数分析及灰色关联分析,系统的研究了榆树Pn在不同生育期的日变化特征及其与生态因子和生理因子间的关系,为深入揭示其生理特征及浑善达克沙地榆树规范化种植提供理论依据。研究表明:1榆树Pn日变化在各生育期均呈双峰型曲线,表现出不同程度的光合"午休"。2榆树Pn在各生育期大小顺序为8月7月9月,其值分别为8.18、7.92μmol CO2m-2s-1和6.52μmol CO2m-2s-1。37、8、9月份PAR、Gs-u与榆树Pn呈显著正相关,且PAR的直接作用和决策系数均最大,Gs-u的直接作用大于其他因子的间接作用,且决策系数仅次于PAR,其他因子在各生育期也表现出对榆树Pn不同程度的影响。4不同生育期榆树对各生态因子和生理因子的响应有所不同,7月份Ta为Pn主要限制变量,8月份RH为Pn主要限制变量,9月份各因子均起增进作用。5不同生育期榆树Pn的变化主要受PAR和Gs-u的影响,但不存在简单的线性相关关系,是所有因子综合影响的结果。     

厚壁毛竹蒸腾动态研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定厚壁毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen')蒸腾作用在不同时间尺度上的动态变化,结果表明:厚壁毛竹夏季的蒸腾日变化为双峰曲线,秋、冬、春季的蒸腾日变化为单峰曲线;厚壁毛竹蒸腾年动态变化为单峰曲线,1月份最低,仅为0.33 mmol·m-2·s-1;6月份最高,达3.78 mmol·m-2·s-1;年均值为1.30 mmol·m-2·s-1.与毛竹的蒸腾作用动态相比,两竹种不但在蒸腾速率上相近,而且总体趋势也较为一致:夏季、冬季和春季两竹种的蒸腾日变化类型相同,唯有秋季的蒸腾日变化类型不一致,厚壁毛竹的为单峰曲线,而毛竹的为双峰曲线,这反映了两竹种蒸腾作用对气候响应的差异;厚壁毛竹和毛竹的蒸腾作用年动态变化均为单峰曲线.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区天然次生灌木山桃（Prunus davidiana）与山杏（Prunus sibirica L.）叶片气体交换参数日动态差异

以半干旱黄土丘陵区5年生天然次生灌木山桃(Prunus davidiana)及山杏(Prunus sibirica L.)作为研究材料,系统比较了两树种叶片气体交换参数的日变化特征,分析了其光合作用和蒸腾作用与环境因子的关系.结果表明:山桃叶片气体交换参数日变化特征与山桃有所差异,山桃除蒸腾速率(Tr)外其它生理参数呈单峰曲线,山杏的日变化类型均呈双峰曲线.两树种光合速率(Pn)在下午明显下降,其原因主要是受到非气孔限制.山桃Pn的日均值((7.64±3.69) μmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((5 29±2.97) μmol · m-2 · s-1)高出46%,Tr的日均值((2.21±1.02) mmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((1.58±0.57) mmol · m-2 · s-1)高出40%左右,水分利用效率(WUE)的日均值相差不大,分别为(2.89±1.52) μmol · mmol-1,(2.54±1.37) μmol · mmol-1.多元回归及相关分析表明,影响光合作用与蒸腾作用的最重要因子是光合有效辐射强度,其次是大气CO2浓度;光合作用与蒸腾作用参数之间也有明显的相关性.结论:山桃与山杏表现出具有较高光合速率,较低蒸腾速率和较高水分利用效率的生理特征,因而在半干旱黄土丘陵区都有较好引种栽培与开发利用潜力.     

Diurnal photosynthetic changes of Hydrocotyle vulgaris in the ecological ditch

以生态沟渠铜钱草为材料,采用便携式CID-340光合仪对铜钱草成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、气温(Gs)、叶温(Ti))和蒸腾速率(Tr)等影响因子进行测定,以探讨其光合生理生态特性,旨在为修复沟渠湿地提供一定的理论依据.结果表明:(1)铜钱草叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰(19.32 μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在15:00左右,次峰(16.21 μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在11:00,中午出现光合“午休”现象.(2)用逐步多元回归方法得到净光合速率日变化与主要生理生态因子的回归方程为:Pn=-5.45613+0.006797PAR+0.050099Gs(复相关系数0.868).逐步回归结果表明Pn受PAR和Gs的影响较大.偏相关分析和通径分析的结果表明PAR、Gs对铜钱草Pn日变化有重要影响,是影响铜钱草Pn的主要因子,影响大小的顺序为:Gs＞PAR.     

岩黄连光合与蒸腾特性及其对光照强度和CO_2浓度的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-CorInc.,USA)对岩黄连叶片的气体交换进行了测定。结果表明(1)岩黄连叶片的光饱和点(LSP)为329.18μmol.m-2.s-1左右,光补偿点(LCP)为12.76μmol.m-2.s-1,最大净光合速率为2.96μmol.m-2.s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.17μmol.m-2.s-1。光饱和点和光补偿点都比效低,表明岩黄连对光照的要求不高,属于阴生植物。(2)4月份,岩黄连Pn随CO2浓度升高而逐渐增大。当CO2浓度由50μmol.mol-1增加到600μmol.mol-1,Pn几乎呈直线上升,600~1000μmol.mol-1范围内逐渐缓和,到1000μmol.mol-1以后Pn变化平稳。由曲线估算CO2饱和点(CSP)大约在1000μmol.mol-1左右。CO2的补偿点为68.80μmol.mol-1。羧化效率为0.0308μmol.m-2.s-1。(3)岩黄连叶片水分利用率(WUE)随有效光辐射强度(PAR)的增强呈抛物线状变化,PAR在200μmol.m-2.s-1内呈直线上升,到200μmol.m-2.s-1时WUE达最大值,大于200μmol.m-2.s-1后WUE呈逐渐下降趋势。     

新疆乌拉泊库区沙枣与胡杨光合特性比较

用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,于2009年6~9月测定了新疆乌拉泊库区沙枣和胡杨2种荒漠树种的光合作用日变化,比较了它们光合与水分生理特性的季节动态变化.结果表明:(1)沙枣净光合速率(Pn)的日变化在6月份为典型双峰曲线,在8月和9月份也有微弱的双峰变化,7月份则表现为单峰曲线;胡杨的Pn日变化在6和9月份为双峰曲线,7和8月份为单峰曲线.(2)沙枣各月蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈双峰曲线,胡杨的Tr日变化于6和7月份呈双峰曲线,在8和9月份呈单峰曲线.(3)沙枣水分利用效率(WUE)日变化规律不明显,胡杨各月WUE日变化表现为双峰曲线.(4)沙枣叶片的气孔导度(Gs)的日变化与其Pn的变化基本一致,而胡杨则没有这种现象.(5)气孔因素是引起沙枣光合午睡"的一个原因,但不是引起胡杨Pn降低的主要因素;叶片大气水汽压亏缺(VPD)和气温(Ta)是共同影响沙枣和胡杨Pn的主要生态因子;沙枣平均Pn和Tr明显低于胡杨,而WUE则相反.     

半干旱区典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特性

为了研究西北半干旱生态系统中典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特征,于2012年5—10月,使用Li-6400(Li-Cor Inc.,USA)便携式光合测定系统,测定了油蒿气体交换特征的日变化、季节变化以及净光合速率(Pn)对光合有效辐射和胞间CO2浓度的响应。结果表明:Pn、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化在12:00前后均表现出非对称性,上午测量值普遍高于下午;Pn日均值6月最高(8.97±1.73μmol CO2·m-2·s-1),10月最低(2.58±1.32μmol CO2·m-2·s-1);油蒿表观量子效率(α)在0.022~0.048 mol·mol-1变化,羧化效率(φ)在0.125~0.268 mol·m-2·s-1变化;在9月13日饱和光强下的Pn(Pnmax)达到生长季最大值,为24.89μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;在7月31日饱和胞间CO2浓度下的Pn(Anmax),达到生长季最大值,为77.23μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;Pnmax主要受到相对湿度影响,Anmax主要受饱和水汽压亏缺和30 cm深度土壤体积含水率影响;水分相关环境因子是油蒿光合作用的主要限制因子,其光合特征反映出对半干旱气候的适应性。本研究结果可为生态系统过程建模和区域尺度研究提供重要的生理生态参数。     

肥披碱草叶片光合特性研究

以大田生长的肥披碱草为试验材料,利用Li-6400型光合作用测定系统监测其叶片光合生理生态特性及其环境因子日变化,并利用相关分析和逐步回归分析法探讨了净光合速率和蒸腾速率与生理生态因子间的关系.结果表明:(1)肥披碱草叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化均呈双峰曲线,具有明显的光合"午休"现象;叶片水气压亏缺(VPD)和Tr及Gs的峰值出现时间不同步,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)不随气孔的降低而减小,抑制其光合速率的因子为非气孔限制;水分利用率(WUE)的变化呈单峰型,并且其上午WUE明显高于下午.(2)自然条件下,影响肥披碱草叶片Pn的主要因子是Tr和Ca(大气CO2浓度),影响Tr的主要因子是Gs和Ta(气温).(3)在干旱与半干旱自然条件下,肥披碱草的光补偿点(12.45 μmol·m-2·s-1)、光饱和点(1 750 μmol·m-2·s-1)、最大净光合速率(65.125 μmol·m-2·s-1)、表观光量子效率(0.128 9 μmol·mol-1)都较高,表现出较强的光环境的适应性和光能利用能力,是典型的阳性植物.     

克里雅河流域荒漠-绿洲交错带3种不同生活型植物的光合特性

利用LI-6400光合仪测定新疆克里雅河流域荒漠-绿洲交错带自然生长的芦苇、柽柳、胡杨叶片的气体交换参数及环境影响因子,通过对比3种植物光合特性的差异及其与环境因子间的关系,探讨3种植物对荒漠环境的适应特性和机制。结果表明:(1)3种植物叶片Pn日变化均呈不对称的双峰曲线,"午休"现象明显,Pn日均值的大小依次为胡杨芦苇柽柳,种间差异不显著。(2)Tr、PAR和Gs与3种植物Pn的日变化存在极显著或显著的相关关系,其中影响芦苇Pn的主要因子是Tr、PAR和Gs,作用效应为TrGsPAR;影响柽柳Pn的主要因子是Tr、Gs,作用效应为TrGs;影响胡杨Pn的主要因子是Tr。(3)3种植物的光合作用对光强和CO2的响应特征可用二次方程描述;光补偿点和饱和点均为柽柳胡杨芦苇;CO2补偿点为胡杨柽柳芦苇,饱和点为胡杨芦苇柽柳。(4)3种植物的表观量子效率在0.0341—0.0411 mol/mol之间,羧化效率在0.0480—0.0546 mol m-2s-1之间。综合比较表明,3种干旱区植物在自然条件下日均净光合速率、光能利用率和CO2同化能力差异不显著,气孔限制是光合"午休"现象产生的主要原因;影响3种植物光合作用的主导因子各不相同,但Tr与Pn间的关系较其它因子更为密切。     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.