喷施GA3和6 BA对“富士”苹果顶芽内源激素及成花成枝的影响

为探讨外源GA_3、6-BA对"富士"苹果大小年现象调控机理及其在成花成枝中的作用,试验以4年生"富士"苹果树为材料,分别在不同生长时期、相同浓度GA_3、6-BA喷施处理树体和以不同喷施次数、不同浓度的GA_3、6-BA处理树体,利用超高效液相色谱法测定枝条顶芽中内源激素(GA_3、IAA、ABA、ZT)含量,同时考察不同类型枝条成花率、成枝率和枝条长度。结果显示:(1)在不同生长时期喷施GA_3促进了顶芽中内源GA_3和ABA含量的积累,抑制了ZT和短枝IAA的合成,同时降低了不同类型枝条的成花率、促进了生理分化前期短枝的成枝率;6-BA处理增加了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3、ABA以及短枝顶芽中IAA和中长枝顶芽中ZT的合成,从而促进了花芽生理分化前期不同类型枝条的成花率、短枝的成枝率以及中长枝的伸长,但对短枝的伸长有抑制作用。(2)单次喷施GA_3抑制了所有枝条顶芽中IAA的合成,促进了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3、ABA以及短枝顶芽ZT含量的积累,使得成花率降低、成枝率增加、枝条伸长减小,GA_3浓度越大对顶芽中ZT合成的抑制越明显。多次喷施GA_3增加了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3和IAA的积累,短枝中ABA含量减小而中长枝增加,并使得成花率降低,成枝率减小,但对ZT含量和枝条伸长无显著影响。(3)单次喷施6-BA增加了短枝顶芽中GA_3和ABA含量以及所有枝条中ZT的含量,但抑制了中长枝GA_3和ABA的合成以及所有枝条顶芽中IAA的合成;使得成花率降低,成枝率增加,抑制了短枝枝条伸长而促进了中长枝伸长;多次喷施6-BA使得所有枝条顶芽中GA_3和IAA含量增加,短枝ABA含量减小,短枝ZT含量增加而中长枝ZT含量减小,并抑制了所有枝条成花率和短枝的伸长,但对成枝率和中长枝的伸长无显著影响。研究表明:不同生长时期使用外源激素可以促进顶芽中GA_3和ABA的合成,但对IAA、ZT的含量以及成花率、成枝率、枝条长度影响随处理时期的不同而有所改变。喷施次数和浓度对内源激素的合成、成枝率以及枝条的伸长有不同的调节作用,但都抑制了花芽的分化,使成花率降低。     

钙渗入抑制翠冠梨果实衰老软化作用的生理生化机制

以翠冠梨为试材,研究了采后浸钙对翠冠梨果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明：(1)钙处理可明显降低果实腐烂率,增加果实中钙的含量;(2)翠冠梨采后衰老时,硬度下降,膜脂过氧化物丙二醛含量增多,质膜透性增大,果实硬度与丙二醛含量呈负相关,钙处理可抑制果实的膜脂过氧化作用,降低质膜透性、呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率,延长了翠冠梨货架寿命。其中采后浸10％CaCl2处理延缓果实衰老软化效果最好。     

拟南芥LEAFY基因在花发育中的网络调控及其生物学功能

重点综述了拟南芥花分生组织特征基因——LEAFY（LFY）基因及其同源基因在花发育中的网络调控及其生物学功能。LFY基因广泛表达于高等植物的营养性和生殖性组织。LFY基因需要与其他基因相互作用,並且表达量达到一定水平时才能促进成花。LFY基因处于成花调控网络的关键位置,不仅调控开花时间和花转变,而且在花序和花的发育中也起重要作用。碳源、植物激素等因子直接或间接地影响LFY基因的表达和作用。提示通过掌握LFY基因的表达调控规律进一步探讨成花机理的可行性。 Abstract:Recent research progress on regulation network and biological roles of LFY gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and its homologue genes in floral development are reviewed emphatically in the present paper.LFY gene expresses widely in both vegetative and reproductive tissues in different higher plants,therefore investigation on role of LFY gene on flowering is of general significance.LFY gene plays an important role to promote flower formation by interaction and coordination with other genes,such as TFL,EMF,AP1,AP2,CAL,FWA,FT,AP3,PI,AG,UFO,CO,LD,GA1 etc,and a critical level of LFY expression is essential.LFY gene not only controls flowering-time and floral transition,but also plays an important role in inflorescence and floral organ development.It was situated at the central site in gene network of flowering regulation,positively or negatively regulates the level or activities of flowering-related genes.Some physiological factors,such as carbon sources,phytohormones,affect directly or indirectly the expression and actions of LFY gene.This indicates that level of LFY expression can also be regulated with physiological methods.It is probable that we can explain the principal mechanism of flowering by regulation network of LFY gene.     

几种调控措施对龙眼顶芽激素及成花坐果的影响

以当地主栽龙眼品种‘泸丰一号’为材料,在龙眼花芽形态分化期开始前,采取树冠喷施不同比例的生理调节剂、骨干枝环割、断根等调控措施,定期测定花芽分化期顶芽内源激素,在花芽分化完成后统计成花坐果率,研究调控措施对龙眼顶芽激素含量动态变化和成花坐果率的影响。结果表明:几种措施处理都不同程度地提高了龙眼的成花坐果率,适当浓度(150 mg·L-1及100 mg·L-1)乙烯调节剂组合调控措施可以显著提高树体的雌花数、雌花率及坐果率,其中雌花率分别比对照提高了32.57%和38.22%;各处理的冲梢率显著低于对照,其中处理B(100 mg·L-1乙烯利调节剂组合)的冲梢率(18.58%)最低,比对照低34.18%,且芽轴增长率与冲梢率呈显著正相关,其中以150.00 mg·L-1多效唑+100.00 mg·L-1乙烯利+1.0 mg·L-1细胞分裂素配制好的药液均匀喷洒在树冠上的处理效果最优。几种措施对于龙眼顶芽中的激素及激素的平衡的影响表现为GA3含量和ABA含量在花序主轴分化期较高,在多级侧花序快速分化期则处于较低水平,整个形态分化期ZT始终保持较低水平,则利于防止龙眼成花逆转,从而促进龙眼花芽分化;IAA含量受各处理影响变化较为复杂,并未呈现出较强的规律性;从激素比例方面看,龙眼顶芽在花序主轴分化前期IAA/GA3比值较低,末期ZT/GA3比值较高则有利于成花,在整个形态分化期ZT/ABA及GA3/ABA都处在较低的水平,可有效抑制成花逆转。研究结果可为龙眼的成花机理以及四川泸州地区龙眼的优质丰产栽培提供理论依据。     

植物FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1基因家族的研究进展

植物FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1(FT/TFL1)基因家族是一个进化上高度保守的基因家族,它在植物的花发育过程中具有重要作用:其成员FT基因编码的蛋白产物是可以长距离转运的成花激素,在花形成过程中起关键作用;另一成员TFL1基因则在花序的形成和维持过程中起重要作用.本文就近年来国内外对植物FT/TFL1基因家族的结构、成员,以及各个成员在花发育转换过程中的功能等研究现状进行综述,并对该基因家族的研究前景提出展望.     

葫芦藓LEAFY基因和启动子的克隆及表达分析

本研究以孢子植葫芦藓为试验材料,采用Tail-PCR与RT-PCR相结合的方法克隆得到葫芦藓LFY基因(FhLFY)的完整片段,该基因DNA全长为2 527bp,包含4个外显子和3个内含子序列,有1个1 050 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码349个氨基酸.通过Tail-PCR技术克隆得到905 bp的FhLFY基因启动子序列,利用PlantCARE启动子在线预测工具分析表明该序列含有CAT-box、CATT-box等启动子的特定结构,还包含低温响应元件、光响应元件等.通过采用荧光定量PCR方法对葫芦藓不同发育时期与不同组织的LFY基因的表达进行检测,发现LFY基因表达量在葫芦藓孢子体世代的孢子体中最高,推测LFY基因可能与孢子发育有关.在脱水胁迫条件处理下,葫芦藓LFY基因随处理时间的增加其表达量也随之增加,在3.5 h时表达量达到最高,且表达量差异最显著,推测LFY基因的表达受干旱因子的调控.本研究为LFY基因在苔藓植物中的表达模式分析以及苔藓植物在系统演化等方面的研究提供了基础资料,同时也为探索内含子的起源与进化提供了有价值的研究线索.     

套袋对梨果实发育过程中糖组分及其相关酶活性的影响

以翠冠和黄金梨为试材,测定套袋和未套袋(对照)梨果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)两梨品种套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和糖代谢相关酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致,套袋果实糖含量均低于对照但差异不显著,而各相关酶活性在两类果实间差异表现各异.(2)在梨果实发育早期,果实中以分解酶类为主,糖分积累低;发育后期以合成酶类为主,糖分积累多.(3)两品种套袋和对照果实AI活性与葡萄糖含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,SS合成方向活性与蔗糖含量均为极显著正相关,且翠冠对照果SPS活性与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关.可见,套袋通过提高果实发育早期转化酶(Inv)活性,降低果实后期蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性来影响糖分积累,从而影响梨果品质.     

葡萄果实成熟期花色苷与白藜芦醇合成相关基因的表达

以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,采用pH示差法和高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分别测定葡萄成熟期果皮花色苷和白藜芦醇含量,用实时荧光定量PCR检测两者合成途径中相关基因的表达量,分析花色苷含量和白藜芦醇含量与其相关基因表达的关系,以揭示结构基因与调控基因的调控机制,为筛选富含花色苷和白藜芦醇的酿酒葡萄提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)葡萄果皮花色苷含量在花后112d达到最高值(0.77mg/g),反式白藜芦醇含量在花后126d达到最高值(30.87μg/g)。(2)花色苷和白藜芦醇合成途径中,CHSs、CHI、STS、UFGT、MybA1、MybA2基因的表达量除花后98d下调外,其余时间均呈上调表达,而Myb5a则始终呈上调表达。(3)相关分析表明,STS基因表达量与CHS1、CHS2基因表达量呈极显著和显著正相关关系,MybA1、MybA2基因表达量与CHSs、CHI、STS、UFGT基因的表达量呈极显著正相关关系;Myb5a基因表达量与CHS3基因表达量呈极显著正相关关系。研究表明,部分结构基因的表达与花色苷和白藜芦醇的变化不同步,MybA1和MybA2可能调控花色苷合成途径中多个结构基因的表达,花色苷与白藜芦醇的关系并不固定,而是处在动态变化中。     

套袋梨贮藏过程中糖代谢及相关酶活性变化特征

以‘翠冠’梨为材料,研究了套双层遮光纸袋梨果实贮藏过程中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇及糖代谢中酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,贮藏套袋梨果实中果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇和蔗糖含量都低于未套袋对照;套袋梨果实中山梨醇脱氢酶活性在贮藏的前5d都低于对照,贮藏10d后活性均高于对照,且与山梨醇含量呈现极显著正相关;贮藏套袋梨果实中蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)及蔗糖合酶(SS)分解和合成方向活性都是前期低于对照,贮藏后期都高于对照,且蔗糖含量与蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶(分解方向)活性都呈显著正相关;贮藏的套袋梨果实和对照中的山梨醇含量与果糖含量均呈极显著负相关,蔗糖含量与葡萄糖含量呈极显著负相关,即在贮藏过程中山梨醇可能转化为果糖,而蔗糖则转化成葡萄糖。     

‘丰水’梨二次开花过程中枝皮和花芽有机营养变化特征

为了探讨砂梨二次开花与枝皮和花芽营养之间的关系,分析了‘丰水’梨去叶后二次开花过程中枝皮和花芽有机营养的变化。结果显示:(1)‘丰水’梨从去叶后第6天出现萌芽现象,在第2周萌芽率迅猛增长,至第42天萌芽率增至91%,满树呈春天开花现象。(2)去叶后初期‘丰水’梨枝皮中可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,并于第12天时达到高峰后迅速下降,且枝皮中可溶性糖和淀粉含量迅速降低的时期与花芽萌芽率快速提高期同步;去叶后枝皮中可溶性蛋白质含量急剧降低,而花芽中游离氨基酸的含量迅速增加。(3)‘丰水’梨花芽萌芽率与枝皮、花芽中的淀粉和可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著或显著负相关关系,而与花芽中可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,砂梨枝皮、花芽中有机营养物质及其活跃状态是影响其花芽萌动的重要原因。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.