淡水湖泊附着藻类生态学研究进展

附着藻类是淡水生态系统初级生产者的主要组成部分,对淡水生态系统营养盐循环及沉水植物分布具有重要的影响。本文对近年来淡水湖泊生态系统中附着藻类群落组成、生态功能以及主要影响因子进行了分析,从附着藻类种群结构入手,指出附着藻类通过改变群落中优势种的组成来适应不同的环境,阐述了附着藻类在湖泊生态系统营养盐循环中的作用及其与沉水植物之间的关系。针对淡水湖泊富营养化问题,提出了今后附着藻类生态学研究应侧重于:主要因子(如弱光、高浓度的营养盐等)的交互作用对附着藻类的影响,原位实验方法弄清楚附着藻类在湖泊生态系统碳、氮、磷生物地球化学循环中的作用,以及富营养湖泊附植藻类与沉水植物相互作用的机理。     

南四湖沉水植物物种多样性和功能多样性对水深梯度的响应

从物种多样性和功能多样性探讨沉水植物群落对水深的响应可深刻揭示水深对群落构建的影响机制。以南四湖不同水深沉水植物群落为研究对象,对比分析了群落的9个加权功能性状（株高、茎分支数、茎节数、茎直径、根长、根围直径、生物量分配比、比叶面积、植物体磷含量）、5个物种多样性指数（Berger-Parker生态优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数）和5个功能多样性指数（功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDiv指数、功能分散度FDis指数和二次熵Rao指数）以及物种多样性和功能多样性关系对水深的响应规律。研究结果表明：（1）水深可显著改变群落株高、根长、根围直径、比叶面积、生物量分配比和植物体磷含量6个加权功能性状;群落茎分支数、茎节数和茎直径3个加权功能性状对水深变化无显著响应;（2）水深可显著影响群落物种多样性和功能多样性,中等水深处沉水植物群落具有较高的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Berger-Parker生态优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDis指数、二次熵Rao指数;（3）水深可改变5个物种多样性指数与功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDiv指数3个功能多样性指数间的相关关系,但对5个物种多样性指数与功能离散度FDis指数、二次熵Rao指数2个功能多样性指数间的相关关系无显著影响。研究结论为：群落不同测度的物种多样性和功能多样性指数及其相关关系对水深变化的响应迥异,在探讨水深对沉水植物群落构建的影响机制时应从多个方面综合考量。     

粉垄耕作对耕地土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响

粉垄耕作是中国的一种新型耕作技术,对耕地质量和作物增产有重要影响。设置传统耕作深度20 cm(CK)、粉垄耕作深度35 cm(FL1)和粉垄耕作深度50 cm(FL2)对玉米耕地进行处理,重点研究了粉垄耕作技术对土壤微生态的影响,并阐明土壤微生物群落组成及功能对粉垄耕作的响应。结果表明,FL1、FL2和CK处理玉米产量分别为8.58、8.38和6.22 t/hm~2,FL1和FL2处理增产率分别为34.7%—37.9%。在0—20、20—40 cm土层中,粉垄耕作两个处理的土壤酶活性、微生物群落多样性和功能多样性均显著高于CK处理。通过结构方程模型发现,粉垄耕作直接提高了土壤酶活性、细菌参与养分循环的功能基团和细菌的群落结构,并通过细菌群落间接影响了真菌群落,增加了真菌参与养分循环的功能基团和真菌群落多样性,使土壤微生物碳源利用的能力和功能多样性指数得到提升,以FL1效果更佳。总之,研究从微生物的角度解释了粉垄耕作对土壤微生态的影响机制,为粉垄耕作提升土壤耕地质量提供了理论依据。     

浅水富营养化湖泊生态修复过程中大型沉水植物群落结构变化以及对水质影响

实现富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复的根本途径是一个完善的生态系统的建立,而实现这一途径的核心则是沉水植物群落的恢复。因此,研究生态修复过程中沉水植物群落结构变化以及水质变化,对富营养化浅水湖泊的生态修复具有重要意义。本研究从2007年12月至2008年7月,对惠州西湖南湖生态修复过程中沉水植物群落结构变化以及对水质的影响进行了研究,以期为富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复提供重要的理论依据和实践指导。研究结果表明:5月份之前,南湖中黑藻比例明显高于苦草,分别为65%和30%左右;之后,在鱼类调控以及人为干扰等措施下,黑藻比例急剧下降,降至约5%以下;而苦草则大幅增到95%左右。沉水植物覆盖率也从40%增加到约95%左右。由此可见,南湖已由先锋物种黑藻为主的生态系统逐步过渡到以苦草为主生态系统。在沉水植物群落结构变化过程中,水中TN、TP以及chl a浓度变化趋势基本一致。在群落结构变化之前都保持较低水平,在5月份达最大值后迅速降低。其可能原因是沉水植物群落转变过程中,生态系统内部各因子变化剧烈,由原来以吸收水体中营养为主的黑藻生态系统逐步过渡到以底泥中营养为主的苦草生态系统,加之鱼类搅动及此过程中人为、降雨等因素干扰,导致营养盐水平和chl a浓度增加,但随着生态系统的逐步稳定,经过大型沉水植物对营养盐的竞争、悬浮物抑制以及克藻效应等因素,水体质量又逐步得到改善,TN、TP 浓度迅速降到0.840mg·L^-1和0.028 mg·L^-1L,chla则降到2.562μg·L^-1左右,透明度增加到120cm。由此可见,南湖已由修复前浮游植物主导的混浊态,经过一个短暂的黑藻为主的生态系统,逐步过渡到已苦草为主且较稳定的清水态生态系统。     

小麦/蚕豆，玉米/蚕豆和小麦/玉米间作对根际细菌群落结构的影响

利用PCR-DGGE技术研究了小麦/蚕豆、玉米/蚕豆和小麦/玉米间作对作物根际细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明：间作能够提高作物根际细菌群落多样性、改变根际细菌群落结构组成.其中,小麦/蚕豆间作对根际细菌群落结构的影响最为突出,作物花期时小麦/蚕豆间作显著提高和改变两种作物根际细菌多样性和群落结构组成.玉米/蚕豆间作主要表现出对苗期玉米根际细菌多样性的显著提高和群落结构组成的改变.小麦/玉米间作对作物根际细菌群落结构的影响程度较弱.同时,3种间作体系都具有不同程度的产量优势.结果证明了间作体系中地上部植物多样性与地下部微生物多样性存在紧密联系.     

芦芽山鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛不同深度土壤细菌群落分布格局及其影响因素

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,影响着土壤形成和肥力、植物生长和胁迫耐受性、养分周转和碳储存等过程。本研究于山西亚高山鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛采集了腐殖质层、0～10、10～20、20～40、40～80 cm土壤样品,探究不同深度土壤细菌群落组成、多样性以及土壤剖面细菌群落的构建机制。结果表明：芦芽山鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛优势细菌门为放线菌门(19%～28%)、绿湾菌门(10%～36%)、酸杆菌门(15%～24%)和变形菌门(9%～25%)。芦芽山鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛土壤细菌群落α-多样性沿土壤深度的增加而显著降低,并且不同深度土壤细菌群落的β-多样性存在显著差异。土壤pH、含水量和酶活性是影响细菌群落分布格局的主要生态因子。腐殖质层和0～10 cm土层土壤细菌群落具有更复杂的相互作用关系,但整体上鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛土壤细菌群落以共存作用为主。土壤细菌群落的构建主要以随机过程为主。     

人工沉床对富营养化河道净化效果及水体微生物群落的影响

对于透明度低、富营养化严重的河道,难以直接在河底种植沉水植物净化水质。通过构建穗花狐尾藻人工沉床系统,对上海临港一典型富营养化河道进行生态修复。结果表明：人工沉床可通过沉水植物吸收和改变微生物群落结构及多样性,达到脱氮除磷、提高水体透明度效果。沉床修复30 d后,水体透明度升高了152.2%,水体叶绿素a浓度降低了87.4%,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃-N)和活性磷(PO₄^3--P)浓度平均去除率分别为61.0%、76.4%、91.8%和76.6%,与对照区差异显著(P<0.05)。修复后水体微生物多样性提高,改变了门、属水平群落结构以及水体氮处理细菌结构,提高了磷处理细菌丰度;冗余分析进一步表明,TP、NH₃-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P是导致沉床修复不同时期水体门水平群落结构差异的主要驱动因子,变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门与TP、NH₃-N、PO₄     

环境选择和扩散限制驱动温带森林土壤细菌群落的构建

环境选择和扩散限制是生态系统中生物群落构建的两个基本过程,而两者相对作用的大小因研究尺度、群落属性和类型等有所不同.目前对温带亚高山森林土壤微生物群落构建的驱动因子和机制尚缺乏了解.本文利用PCR-DGGE技术研究庞泉沟自然保护区内5种典型森林包括华北落叶松林、青杄林、白杄林、油松林以及桦树林的6个森林土壤细菌群落(Lp MC1、Lp MC2、Pw MC、Pm MC、Pt MC、BMC)的结构特征及其影响因素,分析细菌群落结构与环境因子的相关性,以及土壤因子、植被和空间因素对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明:研究区各样地土壤细菌群落的结构和生物多样性具有显著差异,低海拔落叶松和油松土壤细菌群落多样性较高(20条带),白杄林土壤细菌群落(13条带)多样性最低,高海拔落叶松土壤细菌群落多样性最高;土壤环境因子,如pH、土壤含水量、总碳、总氮、土壤有机质、速效磷以及土壤酶活性与土壤细菌群落多样性和结构显著相关;样地土壤细菌群落的beta多样性与群落的空间距离呈显著相关,表明扩散限制对群落结构具有一定的影响;方差分解分析结果显示,6个样地细菌群落结构的驱动因素大小依次为土壤因子(0.27)、空间因素(0.19)和植被(0.15);将区域土壤微生物作为"源群落",微宇宙试验结果显示,土壤因子是细菌群落结构形成的主要驱动力(0.35),同时源群落丰富的物种多样性对微宇宙土壤细菌群落结构具有显著影响.总之,在局域尺度下,环境选择对温带森林土壤细菌群落结构动态和多样性发挥主导作用,地理距离对群落结构具有显著影响,即确定性过程和随机过程共同决定局域森林土壤细菌群落结构,前者占主导地位.对于土壤细菌群落而言,扩散群落的组成和结构受到源群落的多样性特征和环境因子的双重影响.     

象山港网箱养殖对近海沉积物细菌群落的影响

微生物在有机物质分解、能量转移等生物地化循环中起着重要作用,研究养殖活动对沉积物中微生物多样性的影响对正确评价近海生态系统结构和功能具有重要意义.结合沉积物的理化分析(T、pH、Eh和SO2-),通过T-RFLP(末端限制性片段长度多态性)分析了象山港网箱养殖对近海不同深度沉积物中细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,构建了对照区0-5 cm沉积物样品的细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库,并进行了系统发育分析.结果表明,近海网箱养殖活动不但使象山港沉积物Eh、pH值等理化性质有所改变,而且使细菌的群落结构也发生了变化,变形细菌纲细菌的相对丰度降低,细菌群落的多样性和均匀度也显著降低,致使近海沉积物细菌群落由多样性高的稳定结构向多样性降低的不稳定结构转变.     

基于宏基因组测序的植物叶表微生物富集及DNA提取方法

获得高质量的微生物基因组DNA是进行复杂微生物群落宏基因组学研究的基础和难点.植物叶表是一个微生物多样性丰富的复杂生态系统,这些微生物群落可以调节叶片功能性状,影响植物的适应性.深入了解叶表微生物群落的基本结构和功能原理,有助于在促进植物生长和植物保护方面发挥重要的应用价值.由于叶表严苛的环境,导致富集叶表微生物难度较...     

Does the process of drying submerged macrophytes affect community structure and composition of epiphytic diatoms?

This study investigates whether the process of pressing and drying a macrophyte host affects community structure and composition of epiphytic diatom communities. Epiphytic diatoms on submerged macrophytes from carbonate rivers and streams in southern Bavaria, Germany were sampled in order to study community structure and composition. Simultaneously, a specimen of the submerged macrophyte was taken to create a collection of dried plants. After 6months of preservation, diatom samples were taken from the herbarium macrophytes. Detrended correspondence analysis, diversity and evenness results indicate that recent and dried communities are indistinguishable. These results suggest that epiphytic diatom communities sampled from historic herbarium macrophytes can be utilised as bioindicators to assess former water quality.     

Characterization of yeast groupings in the phyllosphere of Sphagnum mosses

Significant differences were revealed in the taxonomic structure of the epiphytic yeast communities formed on Sphagnum mosses and on the leaves of vascular plants. On mosses, low abundance of red yeasts was found (the most typical epiphytes on vascular plant leaves), along with a relatively high content and diversity of nonpigmented dimorphic basidiomycetes related to the order Leucosporidiales. The species composition of epiphytic yeasts from mosses is different from that of both forest and meadow grasses and of the parts of vascular plants submerged in the turf. The specific composition of the Sphagnum mosses yeast community is probably determined by the biochemical characteristics of this environment, rather than by the hydrothermal regime in the turf.     

Factors affecting the structure of epiphytic gastropod communities in the St. Lawrence River (Quebec,Canada)

A study of epiphytic gastropods associated with two submerged macrophytes (Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana) was conducted at a soft and at a hard water site in the St. Lawrence River during two non-consecutive years in order to compare effects of macrophyte species and biomass, site and year in gastropod community structure. There was no effect of macrophyte species on total gastropod abundance nor on gastropod diversity, and few gastropod species showed a marked preference for either macrophyte species. Inter-site and inter-annual variations in diversity, total gastropod abundance and gastropod community structure were greater than variations among macrophytes. However, analysis of variations of epiphytic gastropod communities in one of the two sites shows that abiotic factors are important in explaining epiphytic gastropod distribution. Our results and results of other studies on gastropod population dynamics in the St. Lawrence River indicate that intra- and interspecific competition between gastropods is important on macrophytes and that they must be carefully considered in order to understand epiphytic community structure and population dynamics.     

沉水植物茎叶微界面特性研究进展

沉水植物茎叶-水界面是浅水湖泊的重要界面之一,对湖泊生物地球化学循环和水环境质量具有重要影响。富营养化水体中,大量的附着物常富集在沉水植物茎叶表面,形成了特殊的生物-水微界面。对该微界面特性进行深入研究,有助于揭示沉水植物在微环境层面对富营养化水体中物质循环的调控过程和机制。沉水植物茎叶微界面具有促进水体养分转化、改变环境因子及可溶性物质的空间分布,增加物质运输的阻力和距离、降低植物光合作用、调控重金属等生态功能;微界面结构及环境因子受水体营养盐浓度、沉水植物种类及生长阶段等因素的影响。对微界面结构功能的主要研究方法进行了分析总结,并对沉水植物茎叶微界面的研究前沿进行了展望。     

Epiphyton as a niche for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: detailed comparison with benthic and pelagic compartments in shallow freshwater lakes

Next to the benthic and pelagic compartments, the epiphyton of submerged macrophytes may offer an additional niche for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in shallow freshwater lakes. In this study, we explored the potential activities and community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the epiphytic, benthic, and pelagic compartments of seven shallow freshwater lakes which differed in their trophic status, distribution of submerged macrophytes, and restoration history. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses demonstrated that the epiphytic compartment was inhabited by species belonging to cluster 3 of the Nitrosospira lineage and to the Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineage. Both the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community compositions and the potential activities differed significantly between compartments. Interestingly, both the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community composition and potential activity were influenced by the restoration status of the different lakes investigated.     

Characterization of yeast groupings in the phyllosphere of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphagnum</Emphasis> mosses

Significant differences were revealed in the taxonomic structure of the epiphytic yeast communities formed on Sphagnum mosses and on the leaves of vascular plants. On mosses, low abundance of red yeasts was found (the most typical epiphytes on vascular plant leaves), along with a relatively high content and diversity of nonpigmented dimorphic basidiomycetes related to the order Leucosporidiales. The species composition of epiphytic yeasts from mosses is different from that of both forest and meadow grasses and of the parts of vascular plants submerged in the turf. The specific composition of the Sphagnum mosses yeast community is probably determined by the biochemical characteristics of this environment, rather than by the hydrothermal regime in the turf.     

An evaluation of the interactions between freshwater pulmonate snail hosts of human schistosomes and macrophytes

An account is given of a laboratory investigation designed to evaluate the extent to which the freshwater pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) can utilize various species of aquatic plants, mainly macrophytes, when presented in the following forms over different time scales: normal plants; dried plant material; homogenized plant material in calcium alginate matrices; water-soluble filtrates of plant homogenates in the medium. The following propositions, derived from the theory of phased coevolution of components of the module consisting of the epiphytic bacteria, algae, snails and macrophytes, are evaluated on the basis of the present results and others including those obtained in this laboratory. That as the snails had become specialized to exploit surface communities of epiphytic algae, decaying plant material and dissolved organic matter (DOM) early in their evolutionary history they would continue to exploit these resources when they later become associated with aquatic macrophytes. That pulmonate snails would tend to be feeding generalists capable of adapting to food of varying chemical composition, given sufficient time, provided it was sufficiently small or flaccid. That although macrophytes and snails show a strong positive relationship, the living macrophyte tissue would be little used by the snails. That the hard outer envelope, inherited from their terrestrial ancestors, would remain as the major defence mechanism of aquatic macrophytes against attack by snails and other aquatic invertebrates. That aquatic macrophytes would invest little in the nutrient deficiency strategy to reduce attack by invertebrates such as snails. That truly aquatic submerged macrophytes would not possess secondary plant compounds (SPC) that would be molluscicidal. Emergent parts of subaquatic or aquatic plants might be expected to be better sources of SPC with molluscicidal factors than submerged aquatic plants. Species of epiphytic or planktonic algae might be better sources of SPC with molluscicidal effects than aquatic macrophytes. That the strategies developed by pulmonate snails for obtaining their energy supplies would not be conducive to rapid speciation. The analysis of the present and other related results supports these propositions. Predictions based on the theory of mutualism involving the snails, macrophytes and other components of the module also receive some support from an analysis of the present results. The additional empirical work that could be undertaken to test this theory is briefly discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Characterization of Epiphytic Bacterial Communities from Grapes,Leaves, Bark and Soil of Grapevine Plants Grown,and Their Relations

Despite its importance in plant health and crop quality, the diversity of epiphytic bacteria on grape berries and other plant parts, like leaves and bark, remains poorly described, as does the role of telluric bacteria in plant colonization. In this study, we compare the bacterial community size and structure in vineyard soils, as well as on grapevine bark, leaves and berries. Analyses of culturable bacteria revealed differences in the size and structure of the populations in each ecosystem. The highest bacteria population counts and the greatest diversity of genera were found in soil samples, followed by bark, grapes and leaves. The identification of isolates revealed that some genera – Pseudomonas, Curtobacterium, and Bacillus – were present in all ecosystems, but in different amounts, while others were ecosystem-specific. About 50% of the genera were common to soil and bark, but absent from leaves and grapes. The opposite was also observed: grape and leaf samples presented 50% of genera in common that were absent from trunk and soil. The bacterial community structure analyzed by T-RFLP indicated similarities between the profiles of leaves and grapes, on the one hand, and bark and soil, on the other, reflecting the number of shared T-RFs. The results suggest an interaction between telluric bacterial communities and the epiphytic bacteria present on the different grapevine parts.     

汉江中下游水生植物群落及演替

水生植物是河流生态系统的重要组成部分, 研究河流水生植物群落组成及演替对于河流生态系统健康诊断具有重要意义。该研究采用野外生态学研究方法, 于2013年9月和2014年6月2次对汉江中下游12个典型代表性江段的水生植物群落的组成、分布和生物量等进行调查。调查结果表明, 现阶段汉江中下游的主要水生植物共有69种, 隶属28科49属, 其中优势种主要是穿叶眼子菜(Potamogeton perfoliatus)、竹叶眼子菜(P. malaianus)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)和喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)等。结合早期的研究表明, 汉江中游江段沉水植物优势群落变化明显; 下游则呈现出由沉水植物群落向挺水植物群落演替的格局。挖沙和污染等人类干扰以及水位波动、河流底质和植物繁殖策略等自然因素可能是导致汉江中下游水生植物优势种变化和群落演替的主要因素。该研究结果可为汉江中下游的水生植物多样性保护和生态修复提供科学依据。