不同倍性盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis)叶表皮形态的比较

通过对二倍体(2x=20)、三倍体(3x=30)、四倍体(4x=40)盾叶薯蓣植株叶片上下表皮细胞密度、细胞形状系数,气孔器大小、气孔指数、气孔密度,以及气孔器保卫细胞叶绿体数与倍性相关性的比较,探讨多倍体在盾叶薯蓣倍性育种上的前景。结果表明:随着倍性增加,盾叶薯蓣表皮细胞密度、气孔器面积、长、宽、以及保卫细胞宽、保卫细胞叶绿体数均明显增大。气孔器面积和保卫细胞宽与倍性成正比,且差异显著,可以作为倍性鉴定的手段之一。     

‘寒富’苹果二倍体及其同源四倍体叶片超微结构和叶绿素荧光参数特征

采用扫描电镜和石蜡切片法,以‘寒富’苹果二倍体及经秋水仙素加倍获得的同源四倍体植株为材料,比较两种倍性植株叶片超微结构、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的日变化规律。结果显示:(1)与二倍体植株相比较,其同源四倍体叶片厚度、栅海比、气孔长、气孔宽、分别增加了15.1%、16.1%、70.5%、27.2%,而气孔密度显著减少了58.7%;其同源四倍体叶保卫细胞中叶绿体数和叶绿素含量分别比二倍体植株高出125.3%、37.7%。(2)‘寒富’苹果同源四倍体与其二倍体的叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在光化学效率(Fv/F0)和以吸收光能为基础的光合性能指数(PI)值的日变化趋势相似,但PI平均值比二倍体显著高出38.6%。研究表明,同源四倍体较二倍体叶片在形态上更大、更厚,气孔更大、密度更小,栅海比更大,表现出抗病的叶片结构;同时同源四倍体较二倍体含有更高的叶绿素含量,表现更优良的光合特性。     

燕山山脉野生欧李群体叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对同一生境条件下自然生长的燕山山脉野生欧李实生群体（含嫁接类型）叶片表面微形态特征进行观测。结果表明：欧李叶表皮细胞形态存在两种类型,一类是上下表皮细胞向下凹陷相互连接形成蜂窝状,另一类是上下表皮细胞向上隆起近圆形,且上表皮细胞均具条纹状的角质层;叶片上表皮仅有表皮毛而无气孔分布,叶片下表皮仅有气孔分布;气孔突出于表皮细胞,属无规则型,气孔平均长度8.22±1.30 μm,宽度2.55±0.65 μm,大小21.64±8.60μm²,密度836.23±197.16 个/mm²;欧李群体中不同株系间、叶表皮细胞形态不同类别间气孔特征变异程度较大,可作为欧李优异种质选育和抗干旱胁迫研究的指标之一。     

狭基巢蕨叶表皮的结构和气孔器发育的观察

狭基巢蕨Ｎｅｏｔｏｐｔｅｒｉｓａｎｔｒｏｐｈｙｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｃｈｒｉｓｔ）Ｃｈｉｎｇ叶片的上表皮无气孔器,仅具表皮细胞,下表皮由表皮细胞和气孔器组成,气孔指数为２．５。上下表皮细胞和气孔器的细胞中均含有叶绿体。每个气孔器由２个肾形的保卫细胞和２～６个副卫细胞组成,其中以３个和４个副卫细胞的占绝大多数（３细胞的占４５．１％,４细胞的占４３．５％）。从发育上看,气孔器原始细胞进行２次分裂,产生２个保卫细胞和１个同源的副卫细胞。气孔器的发育过程大体可分为４个时期：（１）气孔器原始细胞的分化和分裂期;（２）保卫细胞母细胞成熟期;（３）保卫细胞母细胞分裂和气孔器幼期;（４）气孔器成熟期。狭基巢蕨的气孔器属于中周型     

广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生

为了提高药用植物广藿香的次生物质广藿香醇含量,采用秋水仙素人工诱导染色体加倍技术,进行了广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生、倍性鉴定和挥发油组分广藿香醇含量的测定。结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导的最佳条件为0.05%秋水仙素处理36 h,其多倍体诱导率可达40%以上;经秋水仙素加倍的广藿香毛状根在MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基中培养60 d后可获得毛状根多倍体再生植株。与对照(二倍体植株)相比,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株根系更发达、茎更粗、节间变短、叶片的长度、宽度和厚度均较二倍体明显增大。根尖细胞染色体压片观察证实,所获得的广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株为四倍体,其根尖细胞染色体数约为128;同时,其叶片的气孔保卫细胞体积及其叶绿体数目均约为对照的两倍;但其气孔密度则随着倍性增加而下降,二倍体植株叶片的气孔密度约为四倍体植株叶片的1.67倍。GC-MS测定结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株的广藿香挥发油组分广藿香醇的含量为4.25 mg/g干重,约为二倍体植株的2.30倍。该结果证实毛状根多倍体化可提高药用植物广藿香的广藿香醇含量。     

黄瓜叶表面特性与生态适应性

对不同类型的黄瓜品种的气孔形态进行了扫描电镜观察 ,发现需水量不同的黄瓜品种气孔形态特征有很大的差异。保卫细胞表观差异比较明显 ,气孔的密度、大小及开张度均有显著的差异 :亚洲类型的黄瓜品种气孔密度较欧洲类型与欧亚杂交品种大 ,气孔的保卫细胞的大小为欧洲品种 >欧亚杂交品种 >亚洲品种。气孔周围的形态特征表现为 :亚洲品种保卫细胞角质褶皱较多 ,起伏较大 ,气孔深深地陷于褶皱中 ;欧洲品种黄瓜气孔保卫细胞周围角质则较平坦 ,保卫细胞突出于表皮细胞之上 ;欧亚杂交品种的气孔大小与形态介于上述二者之间。土壤含水量的不同也影响黄瓜叶片气孔的形态特性 ,随着土壤含水量的减少 ,黄瓜叶片单位面积的气孔密度增加 ,保卫细胞的大小变小 ,气孔开展度增加。     

黄独(Dioscorea bulbifera L.)不同居群叶表皮微形态特征的比较观察

应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对15个黄独(Dioscorea bulbifera L.)居群(11个野生居群及4个栽培居群)植株的叶表皮微形态特征(包括气孔器、表皮毛和气孔周围表皮细胞的特征)进行了观察和测量,并据此编制了15个黄独居群的检索表.观察结果表明:15个黄独居群植株叶片在气孔器外拱盖内缘类型,气孔器旋转方向,气孔长轴长度及密度和深度,叶片表皮毛的有无及类型,叶肉腺毛的长、短轴长度及密度,气孔周围表皮细胞垂周壁和平周壁的形态以及平周壁表面颗粒形状等特征上均有明显差异.气孔器外拱盖内缘有光滑和浅波状2种类型;气孔器的旋转方向分为不定向旋转、左旋和右旋3种方式;气孔长轴长度和密度的变化幅度分别为18.59～31.93 μm和86～356 mm-2.叶片表皮毛均仅存在于下表皮,可分为乳突和多细胞头单细胞柄腺毛2种类型,乳突主要分布于主脉,腺毛主要分布于二级脉和叶肉;叶肉腺毛的长、短轴长度的变化幅度分别为25.00～55.00和24.86～44.29μm,大部分居群腺毛密度的变化幅度为6～29 mm-2.叶片气孔周围表皮细胞垂周壁的形状有平直、平直隆起、平直脊状隆起、弯曲、弯曲脊状隆起和弯曲拱状隆起6种类型;表皮细胞平周壁的表面纹饰有具瘤条纹和光滑条纹2种形态,其扩散方式也有2种形式:一种为不环绕气孔且四方扩散,另一种为环绕气孔2～3周后扩散但扩散方向不定;平周壁上的颗粒形状有簇晶状、屑状、密集粉状、粉状、粒状和片状6种类型.比较分析结果显示:黄独不同居群叶表皮微形态特征的多态性较为丰富,地理分布相近的居群微形态特征的相似性较高,这些特征与黄独的各种下分类群相对应.     

不同产地何首乌叶表皮结构的解剖学特征与气候因子的关系

在光学显微镜下观察了不同产地何首乌叶表皮结构特征,应用多元回归方法对不同产地何首乌的叶表皮特征与气候因子的关系进行了分析。观察的叶表皮特征指标有气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长、气孔器宽、气孔极区角质加厚、气孔器类型、表皮细胞垂周壁性状及叶表面角质条纹。观察结果:上表皮有少量气孔器分布;在下表皮,气孔器类型为非典型不等细胞型和不规则型,有少量腺鳞分布,气孔器密度每1mm2为241.7(64～573)个,气孔指数为17.1(7.5～26.5)%,气孔器长31.1(20～44)μm,气孔器宽23.1(16～38)μm。随着产地的不同,何首乌叶下表皮结构有明显差异。分析结果显示气孔器、气孔器宽度以及气孔密度均与纬度关系密切,随纬度的升高,气孔器长、气孔器宽呈减小的趋势,气孔密度呈增加的趋势,R2值分别为0.619、0.729、0.772。     

不同倍性大青杨的光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

通过对二年生二倍体、三倍体和四倍体大青杨叶片结构和光合特性的研究,探讨不同倍性大青杨生长性状差异的原因。结果表明：不同倍性大青杨的净光合速率（Pn）、光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）等光合指标差异显著。三倍体的最大净光合速率（Pmax）高出二倍体21%。叶片厚度、表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值,都是三倍体和四倍体大青杨比二倍体高,且均呈现增加的趋势。其中,四倍体大青杨表皮细胞最厚,上下表皮分别高出二倍体64%和17%。三倍体大青杨的栅栏组织厚度及栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值最大,比值高出二倍体50%。通过叶片光合特性和解剖结构比较证明,三倍体和四倍体大青杨对光的适应性和光合作用能力强于二倍体。     

中间锦鸡儿叶表皮微形态的经度格局及其影响因素

环境因子是影响植物种内变异的主要因素,而叶片是植物体最易受环境影响的器官。为了探究中间锦鸡儿植物叶表皮微形态是否具有经度变异及其影响因素,该研究在内蒙古高原调查了8个中间锦鸡儿种群叶片的气孔密度、气孔指数、表皮毛密度、气孔器长、气孔器宽,并利用回归分析探究其变异程度以及影响因子。结果表明：(1)锦鸡儿上下表皮均被有单细胞非腺毛,角质层粗糙,气孔下陷,为抗旱特征;中间锦鸡儿上表皮气孔密度、气孔指数、表皮毛密度、气孔器长和气孔器宽的均值分别为302.81个/mm²、9.94、204.81个/mm²、11.78 μm和5.95 μm,而叶片下表皮分别为272.83个/mm²、10.43、187.45 个/mm²、12.49 μm和6.18 μm。(2)中间锦鸡儿叶片的气孔密度与气孔指数随经度的增加而增加,而表皮毛密度随经度的增加却减小。(3)叶片上下表皮的可塑性指数排序均为：表皮毛密度>气孔密度>气孔指数>气孔器宽>气孔器长;中间锦鸡儿的叶表皮主要通过调节表皮毛密度及气孔密度来响应环境的变化,环境因子中日照时数、有效积温、相对湿度、土壤全碳、全磷、全氮含量显著影响叶片表皮的微形态特征。     

彩色马蹄莲品种‘Parfait’多倍体诱导及其生物学特征变化

以彩色马蹄莲品种‘Parfait’（Zantedeschiahybrid‘Parfait’）离体丛生芽块为实验材料,对其多倍体诱导过程中秋水仙素和二甲基亚砜（DMSO）浓度以及浸泡时间进行分析,并比较了多倍体与二倍体植株在叶形指数、气孔特征、叶绿素含量和染色体数的差异,最终通过回归分析确定最佳诱导条件。结果显示：随秋水仙素质量体积分数的提高及浸泡时间的缩短,各处理组的丛生芽存活率逐渐增加且均低于对照,而多倍体诱导率逐渐降低且均显著高于对照。综合考虑丛生芽存活率和多倍体诱导率等因素,根据回归分析确定‘Parfait’多倍体诱导的最佳条件为：丛生芽块在含质量体积分数0.20%秋水仙素和体积分数0.10%DMSO的MS液体培养基中浸泡24h,多倍体诱导率可达50.02%。比较分析结果表明：多倍体植株的叶片长度、厚度和长宽比分别为二倍体植株的1.23、1.19和2.93倍,保卫细胞的长度和宽度以及每气孔叶绿体数分别为二倍体植株的1.90、1.96和2.03倍,叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量分别为二倍体植株的1.28和1.17倍;但多倍体植株的叶宽和气孔密度均较小,分别仅为二倍体植株的42.08%和61.55%。除叶绿素b含量外,多倍体植株的其他生物学特性均与二倍体植株差异显著。染色体计数结果显示：获得的多倍体大多为四倍体,染色体数为2n=64,同时还得到了一些嵌合体和六倍体。研究结果表明：彩色马蹄莲品种‘Parfait’多倍体植株的多数生物学特性优于二倍体植株,且其对环境的适应性更强。     

云南腾冲新近纪两种被子植物化石的角质层构造及其古环境意义

重点描述云南腾冲晚第三纪两种被子植物化石Betula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney,Carpinus subcordata Nathorst的角质层构造,并分析它们的现存最近亲缘种B.luminifera Winkler和C.cordata B1.var.mollis Cheng et Chen的表皮特征。实验分析证明：化石叶片的气孔参数可以推测地质历史时期大气CO2的浓度,并进而分析古环境的变化。C．subcordata Nathorst叶片能作为大气CO2浓度的生物指标。     

Chromosome doubling via tuber disc culture in dihaploid potato as determined by confocal microscopy

Summary The potential of tuber disc culture for chromosome doubling was investigated in somaclonal populations of four dihaploid genotypes and one tetraploid cultivar of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) was used for rapid determination of the ploidy level based on the number of chloroplasts in stomatal guard cells of leaves. Factorial analysis of chloroplast number in 58 clones and two leaf types showed that somaclones were clearly divided in two groups. Clones with 5–7 chloroplasts per cell as observed in tuber derived diploid controls were classified as 2X (not doubled), while those with 9–14 chloroplasts resembled the tuber derived tetraploid controls and were considered 4X (doubled). A high frequency of spontaneous chromosome doubling, 42% – 50%, was detected in 3 dihaploid genotypes, whereas no doubling was observed in one of the dihaploids as well as the tetraploid cultivar Yukon Gold. Effects of leaf type on chloroplast number was also significant. The middle leaf showed significantly higher chloroplast number than the younger leaves.     

Determination of the ploidy level in chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) strains rich in alpha-bisabolol

The present study aimed to identify morphological traits whose performance depends on plant ploidy in Chamomilla recutita. Flowerhead diameter, 100-flowerhead weight, 1000-seed weight, pollen grain diameter, stoma length, and number of chloroplasts per guard cell, were examined in 5 tetraploid and 5 diploid strains. Out of these traits, stoma length, number of chloroplasts per guard cell, 100-flowerhead weight, and 1000-seed weight, proved to be significantly higher in tetraploid than in diploid strains, and can be used for indirect identification of tetraploid and diploid genotypes in various developmental stages of this species.     

Penetration of UV-B radiation in foliage: evidence that the epidermis behaves as a non-uniform filter

In some plants, particularly herbaceous species, a considerable proportion of incident ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) penetrates into the leaf mesophyll where it is potentially damaging to nucleic acids and the photosyn-thetic machinery. We used optical techniques to look at the spatial variation in UV-B penetration through the epidermis of foliage of two herbaceous species (Chenopodium album and Smilacina stellata)and a conifer (Picea pun-gens). Measurements of UV-B penetration in intact foliage with a fibre-optic microprobe revealed that 300 nm radiation reached 161±36μm (mean±SD) into leaves of C. album, 154±40μm in S. stellata and 17±2μm in P. pungens, with epidermal transmittance being 39±14%, 55±19% and 0%, respectively. A thin polymer film was developed which fluoresced blue when irradiated by UV-B. Fresh epidermal leaf peels were placed over the film and irradiated with UV-B, and microscopic examination of the film from below allowed us to determine the spatial pattern of UV-B penetration through the epidermis. In herbaceous species, film fluorescence below cell walls, but not epidermal and guard cell protoplasts indicated that UV-B transmittance was much greater through anticlinal cell wall regions than protoplasts. Ultraviolet-B transmittance through large areas of epidermal cells could be induced by plasmolysis. Epidermal transmittance was also relatively high through stomal pores (and what appear to be nuclei in Smilacina), but relatively low through stomatal guard cells. Results from the fluorescing film technique were substantiated by direct measurements of UV-B transmittance through epidermal peels with a fibre-optic microprobe run paradermally along the bottom or inner side of irradiated peels. In Smilacina, we estimate that UV-B epidermal transmittance was up to 90% through anticlinal cell wall regions, but <10% through protoplast areas. In contrast to herbaceous species, we did not detect any UV-B transmittance through the epidermis of P. pungens with either the fluorescing film or the fibre-optic microprobe technique. The epidermis appears to be a much more spatially uniform UV-B filter in conifers than in these herbaceous species.     

Morphological, physiological, cytological and phytochemical studies in diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid plants of Echinacea purpurea (L.)

Echinacea purpurea (L.) is one of the important medicinal plant species. To obtain the tetraploid plants of Echinacea purpurea with improved medicinal qualities, the root tips of two true leaves seedlings were imbibed in 0.25 % (w/v) colchicine solution for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h. The ploidy level of plants was determined by chromosome counting of root tip cells, and confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Tetraploid induction occurred in seedlings treated for 24, 48 and 72 h at colchicine solution. The morphological, physiological, cytological, and phytochemical characteristics of diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid plants were compared. Results indicated that tetraploid plants had considerable larger stomata, pollen grain, seed and flower. Moreover, chloroplast number in guard cells, amount of chlorophyll (a, b, and a + b), carotenoids as well as width and thickness of leaves were increased in tetraploids. However, stomata frequency, leaf index, plant height, and quantum efficiency of photosystem II in tetraploid were lower than diploid plants. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that leaves of the tetraploid plants had more cichoric acid (45 %) and chlorogenic acid (71 %) than diploid plants. It was concluded that morphological and physiological characteristics can be used as useful parameters for preliminary screening of putative tetraploids in this species.     

A systematic investigation of leaf epidermis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia</Emphasis> using light microscopy

The characters of mature leaf epidermis of 58 species and 3 varieties belonging to 19 sections, representing all the 4 subgenera: Protocamellia, Camellia, Thea and Metacamellia were investigated under light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The shape of the epidermal cells is elliptical, polygonal or irregular and the anticlinal walls are arched, straight or sinuolate, sinuous to sinuate. 2) The stomatal apparatus, consisting of a stoma (a pore plus a pair of guard cells) and 3–4 subsidiary cells, restricted to the abaxial surface of the leaves, were assigned to anisocytic, anisotricytic, isotricytic or tetracytic type. 3) Special structures in leaf epidermis, such as stomatal clusters, aborted stomata, secretory cells, cuticular intrusions and their taxonomic implications were also elucidated.     

Induction of tetraploid poplar and black locust plants using colchicine: chloroplast number as an early marker for selecting polyploids in vitro

Tetraploid plants were produced by inducing chromosome doubling using colchicine in in vitro shoot tips of poplar and black locust clones. Many of the plants treated with colchicine showed modified morphological characteristics like stunted growth, thicker leaves and modified leaf morphology. The counting of chloroplast number in the epidermal guard cells of stomata was used for the rapid screening of tetraploids. The differences in mean chloroplast numbers between diploid and tetraploid plants were highly significant. For all plants tested, the tetraploid genotype had almost double the number of chloroplasts per guard cell compared to the diploid origin. Some plants were further analysed by flow cytometry to verify their ploidy status that was determined by chloroplast numbers. The results of this study demonstrated for the first time that chloroplast counting in poplar and black locust could be an effective and reliable method for pre-screening large numbers of plants for their ploidy level. The protocol might be applicable in a wide scope of breeding programs.     

猪毛菜幼苗的发育解剖学研究

应用整体透明、石蜡切片和透射电镜及扫描电镜等技术,对猪毛菜种子至幼苗的发育进行了观察。结果表明侧向器官中子叶与真叶光合组织具单一花环状结构及双相叶绿体;二级叶脉为倒向圆周辐射平行脉;气孔器的排列虽为纵列,但保卫细胞与表皮细胞的长轴相互垂直。轴向器官中气孔器、光合组织和维管束同步并区域性发端于子叶节区中部。如上结构显示猪毛菜幼苗具有独特的植物解剖学特征。