P450s在萜类合成方面的合成生物学研究进展

细胞色素P450氧化酶能够催化一系列具有区域特异性、立体特异性的化学步骤,并参与许多天然产物如萜类化合物、甾醇以及生物碱的合成。萜类化合物是活性天然产物中的一大类化合物,在医药、香料等领域具有重要价值。萜类化合物的生物合成及合成后修饰需要P450s,但是目前已知P450s较低的催化活性极大地限制了萜类生物合成的效率。因此,迫切需要发掘和改造用于萜类生物合成的高活性P450s,以充分实现其巨大的工业应用潜力。综述了萜类代谢中涉及到的P450s家族以及近年来萜类生物合成中P450s的发掘和工程研究进展,重点介绍了合成生物学扩宽P450s在萜类合成应用中的主要策略,提出进一步加速P450s发掘和P450s工程的可行策略,并针对合成生物学技术为今后P450s在萜类合成中的应用提出建议与展望。     

代谢改造酿酒酵母合成萜类化合物的研究进展

萜类化合物是一类种类繁多、功能多样的化合物,部分具有抗癌、增强免疫力等作用,具有良好的生物活性,在食品、保健品以及医疗等领域应用广泛。近年来,随着对萜类化合物生物合成途径研究的深入,研究人员采用代谢工程手段构建了多种萜类产物的高产酿酒酵母工程菌株,部分已经达到或者接近工业化生产水平。因此,采用合成生物学相关技术手段合成萜类化合物,有望取代化学合成或者传统的提取模式,成为天然萜类产物的新型生产方法。文中以常见的几种萜类产物为例,介绍并探讨萜类产物的生物合成策略以及合成生物学方面的研究进展。     

植物来源药用天然产物的合成生物学研究进展

大多数药用天然产物在植物中含量低微,提取分离困难;而且这些化合物一般结构复杂,化学合成难度大,还容易造成环境污染。基于合成生物学技术获得药用天然产物具有绿色环保和可持续发展等优点。文中以药用萜类化合物人参皂苷、紫杉醇、青蒿素、丹参酮,生物碱类化合物长春新碱、吗啡以及黄酮类化合物灯盏花素为例,总结了植物来源药用萜类、生物碱类和黄酮类化合物的生物合成途径及合成生物学研究进展,介绍了药用天然产物合成生物学研究的关键技术与方法,并展望了合成生物学技术在药用天然产物研究与开发方面的应用前景。     

植物细胞色素P450

对植物细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因的分离,植物CYP450在苯丙烷类物质、芥子油苷及IAA和萜类等物质的生物合成中的功能,以及对天然生物合成与人工合成物质的解毒功能等研究进展作了简要的综述。指出分离植物细胞色素P450基因,并对其生物学功能进行分析以及植物细胞色素P450降解除草剂的机制及其在环境生物修复等方面的应用是今后一段时间内植物CYP450领域的研究热点。     

萜类化合物的合成生物学研究进展

萜类化合物是种类最多的一类天然产物,具有抗癌、抗过敏等多种生物活性,在食品、日化、医疗等领域受到广泛关注,展现了巨大的应用潜力和广阔的市场前景。近年来,研究人员采用功能基因组学和代谢组学技术对不同萜类的合成途径进行了深入研究,为萜类的合成生物学研究提供了大量的数据支撑。目前,已经通过合成生物学方法构建出萜类高产的酵母工程菌株,实现了多种目标产物的高效生产,有效提高了萜类的总体生产水平。因此,采用合成生物学策略合成萜类化合物,有望成为植物源萜类生产的有效技术手段。首先介绍了合成生物学概念,进而总结了植物源萜类的重要功能和应用领域,并简述了不同萜类的合成途径,归纳了现有的萜类生产方式,然后深入探讨了萜类生物合成的设计策略,最后以几种常见的萜类为例,详细论述了不同萜类的合成生物学的研究进展。     

酿酒酵母单萜合成的研究进展

萜类化合物是以异戊二烯为基本单元的一大类天然化合物,广泛存在于植物、微生物及昆虫中。其中,单萜类化合物主要用于高级香料及化妆品、食品添加剂、杀虫剂、除草剂和新型燃料等的生产,具有广泛的应用潜力。近年来,研究人员已构建出多种萜类化合物的酿酒酵母工程菌株,且通过代谢工程和合成生物学的方法有效提高了产品的产量。但是单萜的微生物合成却相对落后,其中前体供给不足及单萜对微生物毒性强等因素限制了其高效合成。主要从以下几个方面阐述了利用酿酒酵母合成单萜类化合物的目前研究进展:包括单萜合成酶在酿酒酵母中的表达,利用动态调控、蛋白质工程等策略增强酿酒酵母中前体香叶基焦磷酸的合成通量,减少单萜的内源性转化,提高酿酒酵母菌株对单萜的耐受性。在此基础上,结合本课题组的前期工作,针对微生物合成单萜过程中依然存在的瓶颈问题提出可能的解决策略,旨在为进一步优化酿酒酵母单萜合成细胞工厂提供参考。     

细胞色素P450酶与微生物药物创制北大核心CSCD

细胞色素P450酶广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内,具有底物结构多样性和催化反应类型多样性,在天然产物生物合成中扮演重要作用。P450酶可在温和条件下高选择性地催化结构复杂有机化合物中惰性C-H键的氧化反应,具备化学催化剂难以比拟的优势,因此在微生物制药领域具有广阔的应用空间。本文综述了参与天然产物生物合成的P450酶近年来的研究进展;P450酶的酶工程改造、生物转化实践及其在微生物药物创制方面的应用现状;探讨了P450酶的工业应用瓶颈及其解决途径;并对P450酶未来的应用前景进行了展望。     

环氧角鲨烯合成通路在大肠杆菌中的构建和优化

三萜类化合物是一类广泛应用于医药、保健和化妆品等行业的天然产物,具有巨大的商业价值。生物合成三萜类化合物依赖于环氧角鲨烯的高效合成。角鲨烯环氧化酶是整个合成途径中的关键酶,其催化NADPH依赖的环氧化反应将角鲨烯转变为环氧角鲨烯。通过筛选不同来源的角鲨烯环氧化酶,截短的大鼠角鲨烯环氧化酶(RnSETC)在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli工程菌中表现出最强的活性;进一步考察内源性细胞色素P450还原酶样(CPRL)蛋白对环氧角鲨烯合成的影响显示,在中度拷贝质粒上以Lac启动子调控NADH:醌氧化还原酶(WrbA)的表达使得环氧角鲨烯产量提高近2.5倍。研究结果表明,所构建的环氧角鲨烯合成途径可以在大肠杆菌中实现三萜类合成关键前体环氧角鲨烯的合成,为生物合成三萜类化合物提供了重要借鉴。     

天然产物合成生物学体系的优化策略

天然产物是新药研发的重要源泉。天然产物合成生物学通过设计、重构目标化合物的高效生物合成途径,借助宿主改造,利用发酵生产目标化合物,可以有效弥补有机合成化学在复杂天然产物类药物生产方面的不足。虽然合成生物学已经取得了一些进展,但是通过合成生物学技术使目标产物的产量达到工业化生产水平依然是一项非常具有挑战性的任务。综述了天然产物合成生物学体系的优化策略,通过综合运用单个元件、外源代谢途径、底盘系统和发酵条件的优化技术,可以实现生物合成系统的最优化,最大化目标产物的产量,为来源稀缺的复杂天然产物的开发提供持续、稳定、经济的原料供给,推动天然产物类新药的研发。     

代谢工程改造解脂耶氏酵母合成植物萜类化合物的研究进展

萜类化合物是一类广泛存在于植物中的天然产物,其在食品、药品和化工等多个领域中均有广泛的用途,市场潜力巨大。因此,开发生产萜类化合物等植物天然产物可再生的微生物资源来补充甚至代替原有稀少和珍贵的植物资源,具有重要的理论意义和潜在的应用价值。解脂耶氏酵母是目前使用最广泛的非常规酵母底盘细胞之一。近年来,利用代谢工程及合成生物学技术在解脂耶氏酵母底盘细胞中重构与优化萜类化合物的合成途径以实现目标代谢产物的高效合成,已经成为一项研究热点。本文系统总结了有关利用解脂耶氏酵母作为底盘细胞异源生产植物萜类化合物的具体实例和最新进展,包括所涉及的宿主菌株、关键酶、代谢途径及改造策略等,并在最后对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

细胞色素P450酶系与除草剂代谢

细胞色素P450是广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物体内的一类具有混合功能的血红素氧化酶系。它不但能够催化苯丙烷类、萜类化合物和脂肪酸等内源性物质的生物合成 ,而且参与许多外源性物质包括除草剂等的生物氧化。综述了代谢除草剂的细菌、哺乳动物和植物细胞色素P450酶系 ,概述了细胞色素P450酶系参与除草剂代谢的作用方式 :脱烷基化作用、环甲基化羟基化作用和芳环的羟基化作用等。这些细胞色素P450酶系在培育除草剂抗性作物、生物安全和生物修复方面表现出了巨大的潜能     

Metabolic imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens,relies on multiple P450 enzymes

Target insensitivity contributing to imidacloprid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens has been reported to occur either through point mutations or quantitative change in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, the metabolic resistance, especially the enhanced detoxification by P450 enzymes, is the major mechanism in fields. From one field-originated N. lugens population, an imidacloprid resistant strain G25 and a susceptible counterpart S25 were obtained to analyze putative roles of P450s in imidacloprid resistance. Compared to S25, over-expression of twelve P450 genes was observed in G25, with ratios above 5.0-fold for CYP6AY1, CYP6ER1, CYP6CS1, CYP6CW1, CYP4CE1 and CYP425B1. RNAi against these genes in vivo and recombinant tests on the corresponding proteins in vitro revealed that four P450s, CYP6AY1, CYP6ER1, CYP4CE1 and CYP6CW1, played important roles in imidacloprid resistance. The importance of the four P450s was not equal at different stages of resistance development based on their over-expression levels, among which CYP6ER1 was important at all stages, and that the others might only contribute at certain stages. The results indicated that, to completely reflect roles of P450s in insecticide resistances, their over-expression in resistant individuals, expression changes at the stages of resistance development, and catalytic activities against insecticides should be considered. In this study, multiple P450s, CYP6AY1, CYP6ER1, CYP4CE1 and CYP6CW1, have proven to be important in imidacloprid resistance.     

Identification of variable amino acids in the SRS1 region of CYP6B1 modulating furanocoumarin metabolism

The homology model of Papilio polyxenes CYP6B1 places Ile115, one of two variable amino acids, in the SRS1 of various CYP6B subfamily proteins in close proximity to the heme and Ala113, another variable amino acid, in a more distal position. We have constructed mutant CYP6B1 proteins altered at either of these positions and homology models of each based on multiple alignments with crystallized P450 proteins. The homology models suggest the existence of significant structural diversity in the hydrogen bond network surrounding the heme as a result of single point mutations in SRS1. Mutagenesis of Ile115 or Ala113 to other residues present in the insect CYP6B subfamily indicates that these amino acids control the spin state of the heme and, as a result, the catalytic activity of this monooxygenase. In particular, the I115L mutation significantly increases the spin state of the heme coordinately with 2- to 4-fold increases in its turnover of linear furanocoumarins. Other A113V, A113L, A113Q, and A113E mutations display more variation in their effects but, in each case, strong correlations exist between furanocoumarin turnover and heme spin state. These data demonstrate that variable amino acids in SRS1 of the insect CYP6B subfamily exert dramatic effects on the range of furanocoumarins metabolized, even when they occur in positions potentially distal from the substrate. These effects are possibly mediated through rearrangement of the local hydrogen bond network.     

The cytochrome P450 genesis locus: the origin and evolution of animal cytochrome P450s

The neighbourhoods of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in deuterostome genomes, as well as those of the cnidarians Nematostella vectensis and Acropora digitifera and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens were examined to find clues concerning the evolution of CYP genes in animals. CYP genes created by the 2R whole genome duplications in chordates have been identified. Both microsynteny and macrosynteny were used to identify genes that coexisted near CYP genes in the animal ancestor. We show that all 11 CYP clans began in a common gene environment. The evidence implies the existence of a single locus, which we term the ‘cytochrome P450 genesis locus’, where one progenitor CYP gene duplicated to create a tandem set of genes that were precursors of the 11 animal CYP clans: CYP Clans 2, 3, 4, 7, 19, 20, 26, 46, 51, 74 and mitochondrial. These early CYP genes existed side by side before the origin of cnidarians, possibly with a few additional genes interspersed. The Hox gene cluster, WNT genes, an NK gene cluster and at least one ARF gene were close neighbours to this original CYP locus. According to this evolutionary scenario, the CYP74 clan originated from animals and not from land plants nor from a common ancestor of plants and animals. The CYP7 and CYP19 families that are chordate-specific belong to CYP clans that seem to have originated in the CYP genesis locus as well, even though this requires many gene losses to explain their current distribution. The approach to uncovering the CYP genesis locus overcomes confounding effects because of gene conversion, sequence divergence, gene birth and death, and opens the way to understanding the biodiversity of CYP genes, families and subfamilies, which in animals has been obscured by more than 600 Myr of evolution.     

链霉菌P450蛋白酶电子传递途径和全细胞转化系统

综述了链霉菌P450酶参与的生物转化反应,P450酶催化生物合成的电子传递途径,并对构建链霉菌P450酶全细胞系统以及该系统的功用与优化进行讨论。     

Homology modeling of plant cytochrome P450s

Plant P450 monooxygenases represent the largest family of plant proteins and the largest collection of P450s available for comparative studies and biotechnological applications. They have been shown to catalyze a diverse array of difficult chemical reactions and have demonstrated potential to be used in pharmacological, agronomic and phytoremediative applications. Central to our use of these catalytically competent enzymes is the need to understand their interactions with substrates. Because most characterized plant P450s are membrane-bound proteins that are resistant to standard X-ray and NMR structure determinations, homology modeling represents a reliable and relatively rapid alternative method for analyzing structure-function relationships and predicting substrates for many P450s that are only now being characterized. These methods, which are being widely used in mammalian P450 structure-function studies, can allow plant biologists to define critical residues interacting with substrates and, in a directed fashion, alter the reactivities of individual monooxygenases. The homology modelings that have been done on a limited number of plant P450s and the site-directed mutations that validate them indicate that current modeling and substrate docking procedures are capable of providing structural explanations for sequence variants as well as for predicting functional characteristics of undefined P450s.     

Expression analysis of the mixed function oxidase system in rat brain by the polymerase chain reaction

Metabolism of therapeutic drugs in the body by the mixed function oxidase system is an important consideration in the analysis of a drug's effectiveness. P450-dependent metabolism within the brain of a neuro-specific drug may affect the drug's course of action. To determine whether cytochrome P450 was expressed in brain, RNA was isolated from the whole brains of rats treated with a variety of known hepatic P450 inducers, including amitriptyline, imipramine, isosafrole, phenobarbital, and -naphthoflavone. The RNA was analyzed for the presence of P450 isozymes by the PCR technique. Differential expression of P450IA1, P450IIB1, P450IIB2, P450IID, and P450IIE1 was detected in the brain samples, depending on the treatment. Cytochrome P450 reductase expression was also detected in the brain samples, giving strong evidence that the brain contains a competent mixed function oxidase system under all conditions studied. (Mol Cell Biochem120: 171–179, 1993)Thesis student of the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston     

High-yield expression and purification of isotopically labeled cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), which represent the major group of drug metabolizing enzymes in humans, also catalyze important synthetic and detoxicative reactions in insects, plants and many microbes. Flexibilities in their catalytic sites and membrane associations are thought to play central roles in substrate binding and catalytic specificity. To date, Escherichia coli expression strategies for structural analysis of eukaryotic membrane-bound P450s by X-ray crystallography have necessitated full or partial removal of their N-terminal signal anchor domain and, often, replacement of residues more peripherally associated with the membrane (such as the F-G loop region). Even with these modifications, investigations of P450 structural flexibility remain challenging with multiple single crystal conditions needed to identify spatial variations between substrate-free and different substrate-bound forms. To overcome these limitations, we have developed methods for the efficient expression of ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labeled P450s and analysis of their structures by magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy. In the presence of co-expressed GroEL and GroES chaperones, full-length (53 kDa) Arabidopsis¹³C,¹⁵N-labeled His₄CYP98A3 is expressed at yields of 2-4 mg per liter of minimal media without the necessity of generating side chain modifications or N-terminal deletions. Precipitated His₄CYP98A3 generates high quality SSNMR spectra consistent with a homogeneous, folded protein. These data highlight the potential of these methodologies to contribute to the structural analysis of membrane-bound proteins.