“发酵工程原理与技术”混合式教学研究与实践：以“抗生素发酵生产工艺与工程实践”内容为例

“发酵工程原理与技术”是理工科高校生物专业的核心课程之一,具有较强的应用性和实践性。然而目前以线下教学为主的传统教学方式不利于学生对知识的理解和掌握。同时,该课程实验教学环节存在发酵设备更新不及时、缺乏大型工艺设备、易受场地限制等问题,严重影响实践教学效果。线上线下相结合的混合式教学模式是丰富教学资源和提升教学质量的重要手段。我们以“抗生素发酵生产工艺与工程实践”内容为例,基于虚拟仿真平台设计并构建虚拟仿真实验项目,同时结合课堂教学和实验室教学等线下教学方式,形成线上线下高度融合的混合式教学新模式。混合式教学强化了课堂教学与在线教学、虚拟实验与实体实验的有机结合,促进了学生扎实掌握理论知识和实验技能,培养了学生的创新精神和实践能力,提高了学生的综合素质。     

“环境工程微生物学”面向深度学习的线上线下混合式教学与翻转课堂的探索与实践

线上线下混合式教学模式是线上和线下教学两者优势相结合的新型教学模式,可以满足“互联网+”时代和新时期高校本科教学改革的新需求。江南大学“环境工程微生物学”课程基于前期成功建设在线课程的基础上,连续3年实施了面向深度学习的线上线下混合式教学与翻转课堂的探索与实践。探索实践结果表明,该教学模式中课程内容重构、教学资源建设、多种教学方式融合和考核方式改革对培养学生自主学习、分析解决问题、团队合作、沟通交流能力和国际视野有积极作用,并取得了显著效果。本文也对该课程线上线下混合式教学和翻转课堂的探索与实践进行了总结和思考,为高校环境科学与工程类专业课程教学模式改革提供参考。     

发酵工程课程的立体化教学探索与实践

发酵工程课程实践性强且直接影响学生就业。近年来针对课程特点和授课对象,我们从教学理念、模块划分和授课方式等方面进行了改革和探索。课程改革以"能力培养为宗旨、课程模块为单元、多种教学资源为平台",探索了模块化、立体式教学模式,依据教学内容将理论课程划分为发酵工程设备、固体发酵、液体发酵和产品分离四个模块;实践教学紧密结合地方特色,以葡萄酒发酵全过程作为发酵基础实验,并通过工厂实习和科技作品试验提高学生的实践能力和创新意识;教学方式采用课堂教学、实验室操作和生产车间参观、实习相结合,实现课堂、实验室、车间立体结合,理论、实验与生产实践的有机链接。经三届共240多名学生的实践,证实对提高学生的社会实践能力和创新能力都有显著的促进作用。     

新形势下开展微生物类课程教学改革的探索与实践

生物科学和生物技术专业连续数年位列高考"红牌警告"专业;互联网+的飞速发展和智能手机的广泛使用,让教师和学生可以同时获得生物科学与技术的最新研究信息。在这样的新形势下如何开展微生物类课程教学?这是每一位专业教师必须直面的课题。本文结合南开大学精品资源共享课"微生物发酵工程"的建设,结合理论教学、实验教学和实践教学"三位一体"的教学模式,谈谈我们对于微生物类课程教学的思考与实践探索。     

生物工程专业发酵课程群建设探索

针对生物工程专业的培养方案和就业方向,提出了以课程群建设推动专业发展的教学改革思路。以"生物工艺学"和"生物反应工程"为主干课,还包括"生物工程设备"、"代谢控制与发酵"、"生物过程检测与控制"等相关课程,同时结合"发酵工艺实验"、"生产实习"和"毕业设计"等实践教学环节,构建了发酵课程群。介绍了发酵课程群对教学内容的整合,分析了课堂教学与实践环节有机结合的教学模式。实践证实,发酵课程群的建设对学生的就业以及后续工作能力的提升起到了显著的促进作用。     

基于BOPPPS+翻转课堂的“蛋白质工程”线上线下混合式教学模式探索

“蛋白质工程”是山西省一流本科专业建设点生物技术专业的核心必修课程。为了解决“蛋白质工程”课堂教学模式单一、传授式教学学生参与度不够、听课不认真、授课时间缩短、实验价格昂贵等问题,课程团队进行了“蛋白质工程”课程教学模式改革与实践,提出了适合生物技术专业的“蛋白质工程”教学新策略:构建了基于BOPPPS+翻转课堂的教学模式,线下课堂讲授与学生在线自主学习与完成作业、章节测验和讨论等相结合,全面融入翻转课堂;特别是在“金课”两性一度标准的指导下,课程团队自建慕课(massive open online courses,MOOC)课程资源,利用超星泛雅网络教学平台开展BOPPPS+翻转课堂的“蛋白质工程”线上线下混合式教学工作,构建了全面、系统及动态的“蛋白质工程”课程新教学体系。经过3轮的教学实践表明,课程团队在“蛋白质工程”课程资源建设、探究性实验辅导、课堂研讨设计,以及课程成绩评定方式等方面形成了一套完整、可复制、科学、合理的线上线下混合式教学模式。基于BOPPPS+翻转课堂的“蛋白质工程”线上线下混合式教学模式有助于提高学生的自主学习能力,使学生深度参与到教学的全过程,对“蛋白质工程”有了全面深刻的认识,提高了“蛋白质工程”的教学质量,为后续学生学习其他专业课程奠定了基础,也为课程教学改革提供了参考。     

混合式教学在面向非生物类学生“生命科学导论”课程中的探索与实践

在“互联网+”时代下,本科教学模式正因信息技术的快速发展发生着变革,线上教学和线下教学相结合的混合式教学模式正在各高校推行和发展。为促进教学模式改革和提升教学效果,本课程组针对面向非生物学专业学生开设的“生命科学导论”通识课程开展了混合式教学改革探索。通过线上线下混合式教学探索和实践,课程集合了高水平大型开放式网络课程(Massive Open Online Course,MOOC)、小班化教学、多元化平台、多维度教学模式等特点,建设了多学科背景的协作式教学团队,形成了重过程重能力的多元评价体系,践行了知识传授与价值引领相结合的育人理念,获得了宝贵的实践经验和良好的教学成效,可为国内高校同类课程的改革建设提供借鉴和参考。混合式教学的开展,拓展了教学的广度和深度,激发了学生的学习兴趣和潜能,开拓了学生的思维和视角,培养了学生的科学素养和综合能力,为创新型复合型人才的培养发挥了积极作用。     

制药设备与工程设计课程教学改革与实践

制药设备与工程设计是制药工程专业一门工程素质培养核心课程,作者结合实践,就课程内容建设、教学方法及实践教学环节3个方面,对该课程的教学提出一些个人看法,以期形成工科专业制药设备与工程设计独特的教学体系。     

基于“两性一度”的微生物学混合式一流课程建设

“去水增金”是国家对新一轮高校课程教学改革计划的形象化概括。基于“高阶性、创新性和挑战度”的“一流课”建设标准,依据多年课程建设经验,探索线上线下混合式课程建设思路。发挥教研室工作职能,构建教研室教学共同体,依据专业培养需求设计微生物学课程建设方向;明确教学目标、更新教学内容,促进学生知识、能力和素质的综合提升,体现课程的“高阶性”;采用“互联网+”等线上教学方法,结合案例教学、翻转课堂和创新报告等线下教学模式,构建以教师为主导,学生为主体的线上线下“无缝”衔接教学模式,加强课程的“创新性”;注重学习过程评价,突出全程评价与实验技能考核,增加课程学习的难度和深度,提升课程的“挑战度”。     

技能大赛背景下高职生物制药技术综合实训课程教学改革

综合实训是高职学生将理论知识与生产实践有机融合的重要教学环节。本文介绍了技能大赛背景下,学院生物制药技术专业立足“以赛促教、以赛促建、以赛促学、育训结合”特色,以青霉素发酵工艺实验为例,从教学目标、教学内容、教学方法、考核等内容进行的改革与实践,将发酵设备的实践操作与虚拟仿真软件相融合,双向交互式开展课程。突破发酵过程控制的主观依赖性,建立发酵过程参数控制的量化管理和评价,更有利于实现技能大赛与实践教学的高效融合。通过近几年的改革与实践,取得良好的教学效果,为同类课程基于技能大赛的教学实践改革提供了新的思路和借鉴。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。