黄荆提取物对棉蚜的生物活性

【目的】探讨黄荆Vitex negundo提取物对棉蚜Aphis gossypii的生物活性,并明确其中的有效成分,为进一步开发利用该杀虫植物提供理论基础。【方法】采用不同有机溶剂、超临界CO2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏3种提取方法,分别从黄荆的种子和叶片中提取活性物质。采用浸渍法测定了各提取物对棉蚜无翅成蚜的杀虫活性;并采用酸水提取法提取了其中的生物碱,采用毛细管点滴法测定黄荆生物碱对棉蚜生长发育及蜜露产生的影响。【结果】二氯甲烷种子提取物、甲醇种子提取物和水蒸气蒸馏得到的叶片精油对棉蚜无翅成蚜杀虫活性高,1 200 mg/L处理24 h校正死亡率分别达到86.98%,65.01%和85.27%。黄荆生物碱对棉蚜无翅成蚜有一定的忌避活性,20~40 mg/m L处理12 h时,忌避率在50%以上;对棉蚜无翅成蚜毒杀活性略低于黄荆种子二氯甲烷提取物,LD30浓度处理存活成蚜的产仔量和蜜露分泌量均较对照明显降低,处理到第10天棉蚜已经全部死亡,而对照组棉蚜第10天的存活率却为70%,生物碱处理后的9 d平均单雌棉蚜累计产仔量比对照减少了57.66%。排蜜频率、总排蜜量及单滴蜜露重量较对照处理组分别降低了13.18%,20.00%和8.79%。【结论】黄荆种子二氯甲烷提取物杀棉蚜活性最高,其中的生物碱是主要的杀蚜活性成分且对棉蚜生长发育及产仔和蜜露分泌具有一定的抑制作用。     

黄荆中β-石竹烯对棉蚜的毒力和作用机理

为明确泰山野生黄荆Vitex negundo种子中的有效杀虫活性成分、杀虫作用及其毒理机制,本研究采用硅胶柱层析,GC-MS技术和生物活性追踪方法,测定了泰山黄荆种子中的杀虫活性成分;采用生物测定和生化分析法,研究了黄荆中的β-石竹烯和α-蒎烯对棉蚜Aphis gossypii的毒力及作用机制。结果表明：通过三级柱层析从黄荆中分离得到对棉蚜毒力高的馏分β-石竹烯和α-蒎烯,其含量分别达7.68%和5.45%。β-石竹烯和α-蒎烯对棉蚜的触杀毒力都较高,并以β-石竹烯的毒力最高,LD₅₀为0.65×10^-1 μg/头。β-石竹烯和α-蒎烯对棉蚜均具有强烈的忌避作用,处理棉蚜24 h的AFC₅₀分别为0.80×10³和0.89×10³ mg/L,其中也以β-石竹烯的忌避毒力最大。β-石竹烯和α-蒎烯以亚致死剂量处理棉蚜,对其繁殖力、排蜜频率和排蜜量均有显著不利影响。β-石竹烯和α-蒎烯处理棉蚜或离体酶,对乙酰胆碱酯酶、多酚氧化酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶都有明显抑制作用。结果显示β-石竹烯和α-蒎烯是黄荆种子提取物中的重要杀虫活性成分,并且其致毒机制存在多样性,开发应用价值大。     

抗吡虫啉棉蚜种群对吡蚜酮等药剂的交互抗性及施药对其生物学特性的影响

为了明确吡蚜酮对抗吡虫啉棉蚜Aphis gossypii种群的防治效果,提出抗吡虫啉棉蚜的治理策略,利用抗吡虫啉棉蚜种群(RF₂₇)、敏感种群(SS)和夏津田间种群(XJ),分别采用浸渍法、微量点滴法、生化测定法和系统观察法研究了棉蚜无翅成蚜对吡蚜酮等药剂的交互抗性及施药对其生物学特性的影响。结果表明: 吡蚜酮对RF₂₇,XJ和SS的LD₅₀分别为1.213×10^-5,8.506×10^-5和5.140×10^-5 μg/头,RF₂₇对吡蚜酮表现出明显的负交互抗性现象。RF₂₇对啶虫脒、烯啶虫胺和噻嗪酮分别产生2.35,2.98和1.71倍的抗性。RF₂₇的羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的比活力较SS分别高2.73和1.57倍,说明羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶比活力的提高是引起棉蚜对吡虫啉产生抗性的重要原因之一。吡蚜酮分别处理RF₂₇,XJ和SS,其羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶均受到显著抑制。吡蚜酮以低剂量处理RF₂₇成蚜,对其生长发育有显著的不利影响,表现为若蚜存活率降低(64.60%),净生殖率降低（10.39）,内禀增长率和周限增长率显著降低(分别为0.21和1.23),世代历期延长（10.87 d）,相对适合度较小（仅为0.70）。这些结果表明吡蚜酮在棉蚜防治中具有很高的应用价值。     

黄荆提取物对蚜虫的毒力及其与吡虫啉的联合毒力

采用浸渍法测定了黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物、吡虫啉和氧乐果对苹果黄蚜、棉蚜和桃蚜的毒力,利用毛细管点滴法测定了黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物与吡虫啉混配对棉蚜的联合毒力,采用皿内选择法测定了黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物和吡虫啉等药剂对桃蚜的驱避效应.结果表明：黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物对苹果黄蚜、棉蚜和桃蚜的LC₅₀分别为334.59、362.79和2685.80 mg·L^-1,对苹果黄蚜和棉蚜的杀虫毒力较高.黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物与吡虫啉按1000 ∶1混用,其共毒系数可达177.45,增效作用显著.黄荆二氯甲烷种子提取物和吡虫啉对桃蚜均有明显的驱避活性,处理后24和48 h 对桃蚜的驱避率分别达55.75%、39.44 %和69.89%、65.43%.噻虫嗪和啶虫脒也有一定驱避活性,处理后24和48 h对桃蚜的驱避率达16.52%～33.68%.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉蚜的杀虫剂敏感性及解毒酶系的影响

采用浸叶法,以亲本常规棉作对照,室内测定了吡虫啉和辛硫磷对在转Bt基因棉上取食不同世代棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover的毒力,并用酶标仪测定了转Bt基因棉对棉蚜酯酶、羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力的影响。结果表明,棉蚜对吡虫啉和辛硫磷的敏感性并未受Bt棉的影响,2种杀虫剂对分别取食Bt棉1代和多代（60代以上）的棉蚜与取食亲本常规棉棉蚜的LC₅₀值之间均无显著差异。在抗虫棉GK12上取食1代和21代的棉蚜,其酯酶、羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力与取食亲本常规棉的棉蚜之间差异不显著。可见,转Bt基因棉对棉蚜的杀虫剂敏感性和解毒酶活力无显著影响。     

苦豆子生物碱对萝卜蚜的毒力及其对几种酯酶的影响

苦豆子Sophora alopecuroids(L.)的次生代谢物质为喹诺里西定生物碱类。本研究明确了该生物碱中的野靛碱对萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)有很高的毒杀作用,对其无翅成蚜的致死中浓度(LC₅₀浸渍法)为(432.59±2.12)mg/L,优于著名的杀蚜生物碱毒黎碱和烟碱,两者对该试虫的LC₅₀分别为(684.70±2.28)mg/L和(1090.65±2.01)mg/L。用小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫作试虫,得知苦豆子7种主要生物碱对昆虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)有抑制作用,其抑制程度排序为：总碱>野靛碱>槐胺碱>槐定碱>槐果碱>氧化苦参碱>苦参碱>苦豆碱。野靛碱和苦豆碱对a-乙酸萘酯酶、a-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶及酯酶同功酶的活性亦表现不同程度的抑制作用。     

苦豆子生物碱对萝卜蚜的毒力及其对几种酯酶的影响

苦豆子Sophoraalopecuroids（L．）的次生代谢物质为喹诺里西定生物碱类。本研究明确了该生物碱中的野靛碱对萝卜蚜（Lipaphiserysimi）有很高的毒杀作用,对其无翅成蚜的致死中浓度（LC50,浸渍法）为（4325±2．12）mg／L,优于著名的杀蚜生物碱毒黎碱和烟碱,两者对该试虫的LC50分别为（684．70±2．28）mg／L和（1090．65±2．01）mg／L。用小菜蛾（Plutellaxylostella）幼虫作试虫,得知苦豆子7种主要生物碱对昆虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）有抑制作用,其抑制程度排序为：总碱＞野靛碱＞槐胺碱＞槐定碱＞槐果碱＞氧化苦参碱＞苦参碱＞苦豆碱。野靛碱和苦豆碱对α-乙酸萘酯酶、α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶及酯酶同功酶的活性亦表现不同程度的抑制作用。     

甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性及其与酶活力的关系

【目的】明确甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)不同龄期幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱的敏感性及其与羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的相关性。【方法】采用室内生物测定方法检测甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性,并检测了不同龄期幼虫体内羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力。【结果】在所测定的5个龄期中,随龄期增加,敏感性逐渐降低,其中1~5龄幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的LC50分别为0.1010、0.3561、0.7568、1.4325和8.4390 mg/L,对毒死蜱的LC50分别为27.4632、46.8495、87.5222、129.3217和1 356.6770 mg/L。单头幼虫的羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力随虫龄的增加而提高,与龄期间对药剂的敏感性呈负相关(由于外源化合物摄入量减少,5龄单头幼虫的多功能氧化酶活力略有降低)。【结论】甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性存在非常明显的差异,在田间防治中,应选择对杀虫剂敏感性较高的低龄幼虫作为最佳防治时期。     

抗吡虫啉棉蚜对其他新烟碱类药剂的交互抗性及相关酶的活性变化

为明确抗吡虫啉棉蚜Aphis gossypii对其他新烟碱药剂交互抗性及相关酶活性的变化, 本研究以室内筛选的棉蚜吡虫啉抗性种群、山东夏津县田间多抗种群和敏感种群为材料,采用生测法测定了这3种不同抗性种群棉蚜对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺的交互抗性,以及3种解毒酶抑制剂对吡虫啉等药剂的增效作用,采用生化分析法测定了这3个种群棉蚜解毒酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性和药剂的抑制作用。结果表明：吡虫啉抗性种群、夏津田间多抗种群的棉蚜对呋虫胺均无交互抗性,但对烯啶虫胺的交互抗性分别达5.28和4.89倍。呋虫胺对抗吡虫啉棉蚜的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶都有显著的抑制作用;烯啶虫胺对抗吡虫啉棉蚜的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制作用较小。羧酸酯酶抑制剂TPP和多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO对吡虫啉和烯啶虫胺都有明显的增效作用,但对呋虫胺的增效作用不明显; 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶抑制剂DEM对3种药剂均没有明显的增效作用。呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺都可以抑制抗吡虫啉棉蚜的解毒酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶,其中以呋虫胺的抑制效果较为显著。结果显示呋虫胺在抗吡虫啉棉蚜治理中的应用价值较大,其结构可为今后新烟碱类药剂的开发提供参考。     

茄无网蚜几种酶对溴氰菊酯与高温胁迫的应答

[目的]通过研究茄无网蚜Acyrthosiphon solani(Kaltenbach)在溴氰菊酯和高温2种胁迫方式下其单位虫体质量解毒酶、保护酶和代谢酶活力的变化情况,为茄无网蚜耐药性研究、发生期预测等提供相应的理论依据.[方法]本文用LC50溴氰菊酯和32℃高温分别胁迫3龄茄无网蚜6、12、24、48和72 h,分析并比较其单位虫体质量谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、过氧化物酶、羧酸酯酶和海藻糖酶的活力变化.[结果]过氧化物酶和羧酸酯酶对2种胁迫方式的响应剧烈,单位虫体质量的过氧化物酶活力在茄无网蚜被溴氰菊酯胁迫6、24和48 h后被显著抑制(P＜0.05),在温度胁迫处理组中均高于对照组,且在6、12和24 h处理组差异显著(P＜0.05);羧酸酯酶活力在溴氰菊酯胁迫时有较大波动,在6、24、48和72 h处理组与对照差异显著(P＜0.05).海藻糖酶对2种胁迫方式的响应较剧烈,海藻糖酶活力在溴氰菊酯胁迫6、24、48和72 h处理组显著高于对照(P＜0.05),在温度胁迫6、12和72 h处理组与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶对2种胁迫方式的响应相对较弱,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活力仅在溴氰菊酯胁迫6h和24 h处理组与温度胁迫24 h处理组显著高于对照(P＜0.05).[结论]LC50溴氰菊酯胁迫比温度胁迫对茄无网蚜体内4种酶活力的影响更大;2种胁迫方式对茄元网蚜体内4种酶活性均产生影响,过氧化物酶与羧酸酯酶参与度更高.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.