血清Ferritin、Cat S、MCP-1与妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的关系及妊娠结局的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨血清铁蛋白（Ferritin）、组织蛋白酶S（Cat S）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者胰岛素抵抗的关系,并分析影响GDM患者妊娠结局的影响因素。方法：选取2019年4月～2021年12月期间来石家庄市妇幼保健院产检并诊断为GDM的产妇154例纳为GDM组,另取同期来石家庄市妇幼保健院产检的健康产妇100例作为对照组。检测对比两组的血清Ferritin、Cat S、MCP-1水平以及稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,血清Cat S、Ferritin、MCP-1与HOMA-IR的相关性以Pearson相关系数进行分析。GDM组患者根据妊娠结局分为正常妊娠结局组和不良妊娠结局组,妊娠结局的影响因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：GDM组血清Ferritin、Cat S、MCP-1水平及HOMA-IR均高于对照组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,GDM患者的血清Cat S、Ferritin、MCP-1水平与HOMA-IR均呈正相关（P<0.05）。154例GDM患者中,有58例出现不良妊娠结局,占比37.66%。单因素分析结果显示,GDM患者的妊娠结局与糖尿病家族史、GDM确诊时孕周、年龄、口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）结果、孕前体质量指数（BMI）、血清Ferritin、Cat S、MCP-1水平以及HOMA-IR有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄≥35岁、孕前BMI≥24 kg/m²、OGTT结果＞2项异常、血清Ferritin、Cat S、MCP-1水平偏高是GDM患者妊娠结局不良的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：GDM患者的血清Ferritin、Cat S、MCP-1水平异常升高,且与胰岛素抵抗有关。GDM患者的妊娠结局受到血清Ferritin、Cat S、MCP-1水平、年龄、孕前BMI、OGTT结果等因素影响。     

血清皮质抑素、分拣蛋白、人类白细胞抗原-G与妊娠期糖尿病患者糖代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗的关系及对妊娠结局的影响

摘要 目的：探讨血清皮质抑素（CST）、分拣蛋白（sortilin）、人类白细胞抗原-G（HLA-G）与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者糖代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗的关系及对妊娠结局的影响。方法：选取2019年6月至2021年5月本院收治的333例GDM患者为研究组,另选取同期42例妊娠糖耐量正常的健康孕妇为对照组,比较两组研究对象糖代谢指标、胰岛素抵抗指标及血清CST、sortilin、HLA-G水平,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析糖代谢、胰岛素抵抗指标与血清CST、sortilin、HLA-G水平的相关性。根据随访期间的妊娠结局将GDM患者分为不良结局组与良好结局组,比较两组血清CST、sortilin、HLA-G水平及临床资料的差异,采用Logistic回归分析法明确导致GDM患者不良妊娠结局的危险因素。结果：研究组糖尿病家族史、合并高脂血症占比及空腹血糖（FPG）、服糖后1 h血糖（1hPG）、服糖后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）及sortilin水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,研究组血清CST、HLA-G水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）。GDM患者血清CST、HLA-G与FPG、2hPG、HbAlc、FINS、HOMA-IR均呈负相关（P<0.05）,血清sortilin与FPG、2hPG、HbAlc、FINS、HOMA-IR均呈正相关（P<0.05）。研究组不良妊娠结局发生率为15.32%。不良结局组年龄≥35岁、孕前1个月体质量指数（BMI）≥24 kg/m²、有不良孕产史、糖尿病家族史、合并高脂血症、血糖控制不佳占比及血清sortilin水平均高于良好结局组,血清CST及HLA-G水平低于良好结局组（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥35岁、孕前1个月BMI≥24 kg/m²、血糖控制不佳、血清CST低水平、血清sortilin高水平、血清HLA-G低水平为GDM患者妊娠结局不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：GDM患者血清CST、sortilin、HLA-G与糖代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗及不良妊娠结局关系密切,提示临床在加强血糖监测和控制的同时,检测血清CST、sortilin、HLA-G可能有助于评估GDM患者病情和预测不良妊娠结局的发生风险。     

血清同型半胱氨酸、胰腺衍生因子、肥胖抑制素与妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制情况和妊娠结局的关系分析

摘要 目的：探讨血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、胰腺衍生因子（PANDER）、肥胖抑制素（Obestatin）与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者血糖控制情况和妊娠结局的关系。方法：选择2021年1月至2022年1月于我院就诊的286例GDM患者,根据分娩前糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平分为血糖控制达标组（HbA1c＜7%,173例）和血糖控制不达标组（HbA1c≥7%,113例）,检测并比较两组患者入组时血清Hcy、PANDER、Obestatin、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗（HOMA-IR）水平,采用Pearson相关分析Hcy、PANDER、Obestatin与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR的相关性。根据妊娠结局分为妊娠结局不良组（90例）和妊娠结局良好组（196例）,采用多因素Logistic回归分析GDM患者妊娠结局的影响因素。结果：血糖控制不达标组血清Hcy、PANDER、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR水平均高于血糖控制达标组,而Obestatin水平低于血糖控制达标组（P＜0.05）。血清Hcy、PANDER水平与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR水平均呈正相关,Obestatin水平与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR水平均呈负相关（P＜0.05）。妊娠结局不良组年龄、入组时体质量指数（BMI）、糖尿病家族史、血糖控制不达标比例以及血清Hcy、PANDER、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR水平均高于妊娠结局良好组,Obestatin水平则低于妊娠结局良好组（P＜0.05）。血糖控制不达标、血清Hcy、PANDER水平是GDM患者妊娠结局不良的危险因素,而Obestatin水平是保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：GDM血糖控制不达标患者血清Hcy、PANDER水平增高,Obestatin水平降低,且与胰岛素抵抗和妊娠结局不良有关。     

血清血管细胞黏附分子-1、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1、血管生成素样蛋白8与妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠结局的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清血管细胞黏附分子-1（VCAM-1）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1（PAI-1）、血管生成素样蛋白8（ANGPTL8）与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者妊娠结局的关系。方法：选择2019年4月~2021年3月期间陕西中医药大学第二附属医院收治的GDM孕妇136例作为研究组。选择同时期来陕西中医药大学第二附属医院产检的健康孕妇120例作为对照组。收集研究组患者的人口学及临床资料,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组孕妇的血清VCAM-1、PAI-1、ANGPTL8水平,观察两组孕妇的妊娠结局情况。研究组孕妇根据妊娠结局情况分为妊娠结局不良组和妊娠结局良好组,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析GDM孕妇妊娠结局不良的影响因素。结果：研究组的血清VCAM-1、PAI-1、ANGPTL8水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组的妊娠结局不良总发生率高于对照组（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示,GDM孕妇妊娠结局不良与年龄、产前体质量指数（BMI）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、总胆固醇（TC）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、糖尿病家族史、分娩史、居住地、VCAM-1、PAI-1、ANGPTL8水平有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥35岁、产前BMI≥28 kg/m²、HbAlc水平较高、居住地为城镇、VCAM-1、PAI-1、ANGPTL8水平升高均是GDM孕妇妊娠结局不良的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：GDM孕妇血清VCAM-1、PAI-1、ANGPTL8水平异常升高,且三者均为GDM孕妇妊娠结局的影响因素,值得临床关注。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者糖化白蛋白、内脂素、摄食抑制因子-1水平与胰岛素抵抗和妊娠结局的关系分析

摘要 目的：观察妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者糖化白蛋白（GA）、内脂素（Visfatin）、摄食抑制因子-1（Nesfatin-1）水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系,并分析导致妊娠结局不良的危险因素。方法：选取2018年6月~2021年1月期间我院收治的120例GDM患者作为观察组,同一时间段选择来我院行孕检的90例正常孕妇作为对照组。检测受试者血清中Visfatin、Nesfatin-1、GA、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血糖（FPG）水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）。采用Pearson相关分析Visfatin、Nesfatin-1、GA与胰岛素抵抗的关系。采用多因素Logistic回归分析妊娠结局不良的影响因素。结果：观察组的GA、Visfatin、Nesfatin-1、HOMA-IR高于对照组,HOMA-β低于对照组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关分析结果显示,GA、Visfatin、Nesfatin-1与HOMA-β呈负相关,而与HOMA-IR呈正相关（P<0.05）。观察组的妊娠不良结局发生率明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：妊娠不良结局与分娩年龄、居住地、糖尿病家族史、产前体质量指数（BMI）、合并多囊卵巢综合征、流产史、分娩史、甲状腺功能情况、产次、FPG、FINS、GA、Visfatin、Nesfatin-1、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β有关（P<0.05）,而与文化程度、单/双胎妊娠、孕次无关（P>0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示：居住地为城市、产前BMI≥28 kg/m²、分娩年龄≥35岁、合并多囊卵巢综合征、GA≥13%、Visfatin≥82mmol/L、Nesfatin-1≥9 μg/L、流产史、甲状腺功能异常是导致GDM产妇妊娠结局不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：GDM患者中存在GA、Visfatin、Nesfatin-1高表达,且与胰岛素抵抗明显相关。GDM产妇的妊娠不良结局发生率较高,受分娩年龄、居住地、产前BMI、合并多囊卵巢综合征、流产史、GA、Visfatin、Nesfatin-1、甲状腺功能异常等多种因素影响,可考虑针对上述患者采取相关干预措施,以改善患者的妊娠结局。     

血清成纤维细胞生长因子2、21、23与妊娠期糖尿病患者新生儿结局的关系

摘要 目的：探讨血清成纤维细胞生长因子2（FGF2）、成纤维细胞生长因子21（FGF21）、成纤维细胞生长因子23（FGF23）与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者新生儿结局的关系。方法：选取2021年1月～2022年12月期间于我院产检的妊娠24～28周孕妇147例,均进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,根据OGTT结果分为GDM组（n=86）和非GDM组（n=61）。其中GDM组根据新生儿结局分为不良组（n=21）和良好组（n=65）。对比非GDM组、GDM组的血清FGF2、FGF21、FGF23水平及新生儿结局情况。对比不良组和良好组的血清FGF2、FGF21、FGF23水平。单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析影响GDM患者新生儿结局的影响因素。结果：GDM组的血清FGF2、FGF21、FGF23水平均高于非GDM组（P<0.05）。GDM组的不良新生儿结局总发生率高于非GDM组（P<0.05）。不良组的血清FGF2、FGF21、FGF23水平均高于良好组（P<0.05）。单因素分析显示,GDM患者不良新生儿结局与年龄、孕前体质量指数（BMI）、分娩前BMI、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）有关（P<0.05）。多因素分析结果显示,年龄偏高、FPG偏高、孕前BMI偏高、2hPG偏高、分娩前BMI偏高、HOMA-IR偏高、FGF2偏高、FINS偏高、FGF21偏高、FGF23偏高均是GDM患者不良新生儿结局的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：GDM患者血清FGF2、FGF21、FGF23水平升高,其与年龄、孕前BMI、分娩前BMI、FPG、2hPG、FINS、HOMA-IR偏高均是导致GDM患者不良新生儿结局的危险因素。     

妊娠合并乙肝病毒感染患者血清DNMT1、TIM-3与HBV-DNA病毒载量和妊娠结局的关系分析

摘要 目的：探讨妊娠合并乙肝病毒（HBV）感染患者血清脱氧核糖核酸甲基转移酶1（DNMT1）、T细胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白-3（TIM-3）与乙型肝炎病毒-脱氧核糖核酸（HBV-DNA）病毒载量和妊娠结局的关系。方法：选取2021年1月～2022年1月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的186例妊娠合并HBV感染患者为HBV感染组,根据HBV-DNA病毒载量分为阳性组56例和阴性组130例,根据妊娠结局分为结局不良组和结局良好组,另选取同期于南京医科大学第一附属医院进行孕检的150名健康孕妇为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平。比较HBV感染组与对照组、阳性组与阴性组血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析妊娠合并HBV感染患者妊娠结局不良的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平对妊娠合并HBV感染患者妊娠结局不良的预测价值。结果：与对照组比较,HBV感染组血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平升高（P＜0.05）。与阴性组比较,阳性组血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平升高（P＜0.05）。186例妊娠合并HBV感染患者妊娠结局不良发生率为55.38%（103/186）。单因素分析显示,妊娠结局不良与HBV感染孕周、HBV-DNA病毒载量、谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、DNMT1、TIM-3有关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,HBV-DNA病毒载量阳性和DNMT1＞34.94 ng/mL、TIM-3＞18.96 pg/mL为妊娠合并HBV感染患者妊娠结局不良的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平单独和联合检测预测妊娠合并HBV感染患者妊娠结局不良的曲线下面积分别为0.798、0.791、0.870。结论：妊娠合并HBV感染患者血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平升高与HBV-DNA病毒载量阳性和妊娠结局不良密切相关,血清DNMT1、TIM-3水平联合对妊娠合并HBV感染患者妊娠结局预测价值良好。     

血清SF、AMH、APN、NF-κB与肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征不孕患者胰岛素抵抗和IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清铁蛋白（SF）、抗苗勒管激素（AMH）、脂联素（APN）、核因子-κB（NF-κB）与肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）和体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）助孕妊娠结局的关系。方法：选取2019年1月～2021年1月广西医科大学第一附属医院收治的120例PCOS不孕症患者,根据体重指数（BMI）分为肥胖组（BMI≥28 kg/m²,79例）和非肥胖组（BMI＜28 kg/m²,41例）,肥胖组患者根据IVF-ET妊娠结局分为妊娠失败组47例和妊娠成功组32例。酶联免疫吸附法检测血清AMH、APN、NF-κB、SF水平,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,采用Pearson相关系数分析肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者血清AMH、APN、NF-κB、SF水平与HOMA-IR的相关性,采用多因素Logistic回归分析IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局的影响因素。结果：肥胖组血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平和HOMA-IR高于非肥胖组,APN水平低于非肥胖组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示,肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者的HOMA-IR与血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平呈正相关（r=0.663、0.734、0.687,均P＜0.05）,与APN水平呈负相关（r=-0.683,P＜0.05）。妊娠失败组黄体生成素（LH）、LH/促卵泡生成素（FSH）比值、HOMA-IR、血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平均高于妊娠成功组,受精率、优胚率、FSH、APN水平均低于妊娠成功组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,LH、LH/FSH、HOMA-IR、SF、AMH、NF-κB水平升高是肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者IVF-ET妊娠失败的危险因素,APN水平升高是IVF-ET妊娠失败的保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：肥胖型PCOS不孕症患者血清AMH、NF-κB、SF水平升高,APN水平降低,且与IR和IVF-ET助孕妊娠结局有关。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清PGRN、FGF21、Vaspin水平与糖脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗的相关性分析

摘要 目的：研究妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者血清颗粒蛋白前体（PGRN）、成纤维细胞生长因子21（FGF21）及内脏脂肪组织源性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂（Vaspin）水平与糖脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗（IR）的相关性。方法：选取2016年1月～2020年1月我院收治的300例GDM患者纳入研究,作为观察组,另取同期于我院进行体检的健康孕妇100例作为对照组。比较两组血清PGRN、FGF21、Vaspin水平、糖脂代谢以及IR相关指标水平,并通过Pearson相关性分析血清PGRN、FGF21及Vaspin水平与糖脂代谢、IR的关系。结果：观察组血清PGRN、FGF21及Vaspin水平均高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。观察组空腹血糖（FPG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）均高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。观察组胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）高于对照组,而胰岛素β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）低于对照组（均P＜0.05）。经Pearson相关性分析可得：GDM患者血清PGRN、FGF21及Vaspin水平与FPG、TC、TG、LDL-C、HOMA-IR均呈正相关关系,而与HOMA-β呈负相关关系（均P＜0.05）。结论：GDM患者血清PGRN、FGF21及Vaspin水平均存在异常高表达,且和糖脂代谢及IR存在密切关系,可能成为临床上GMD诊治的潜在靶点。     

血清VEGF、sFlt-1、IL-4水平与妊娠期高血压疾病患者预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、可溶性Fms样酪氨酸激酶-1（sFlt-1）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）水平与妊娠期高血压疾病（HDP）患者分类及妊娠结局的关系。方法：选取2019年7月～2021年1月我院收治的204例HDP患者（HDP组）,根据指南分类原则分为妊娠期高血压组（n=88）、子痫前期组（n=66）、子痫组（n=50）,根据妊娠结局分为结局不良组和结局良好组,另选取同期100名于我院产检健康孕产妇为对照组。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归和受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析HDP患者妊娠结局不良的影响因素及血清VEGF、sFlt-1、IL-4水平对妊娠结局不良的预测价值。结果： 与对照组比较,HDP组血清VEGF、IL-4水平降低,sFlt-1水平升高（P＜0.05）。妊娠期高血压组、子痫前期组、子痫组血清VEGF、IL-4水平依次降低,sFlt-1水平依次升高（P＜0.05）。204例HDP患者妊娠结局不良发生率为29.90%（61/204）。单因素分析显示,妊娠结局不良与年龄、不同疾病分类、SBP、DBP、尿蛋白、VEGF、sFlt-1、IL-4有关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,HDP患者妊娠结局不良的独立危险因素与独立保护因素分别为子痫、sFlt-1升高与VEGF、IL-4升高（P＜0.05）。血清VEGF、sFlt-1、IL-4水平单独与联合预测HDP患者妊娠结局不良的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.766、0.774、0.770、0.905,VEGF、sFlt-1、IL-4联合预测HDP患者妊娠结局不良的AUC最大。结论：HDP患者血清VEGF、IL-4水平降低,sFlt-1水平升高,与HDP分类和妊娠结局不良有关,VEGF、sFlt-1、IL-4联合对HDP患者妊娠结局不良的预测价值较高。     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

The Choroid Plexuses and the Barriers Between the Blood and the Cerebrospinal Fluid

1. The fluid homeostasis of the brain depends both on the endothelial blood–brain barrier and on the epithelial blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier located at the choroid plexuses and the outer arachnoid membrane.2. The brain has two fluid environments: the brain interstitial fluid, which surrounds the neurons and glia, and the CSF, which fills the ventricles and external surfaces of the central nervous system.3. CSF acts as a fluid cushion for the brain and as a drainage route for the waste products of cerebral metabolism.4. Recent findings suggest that CSF may also act as a third circulation conveying substances secreted into the CSF rapidly to many brain regions.     

Epigenetics and aging: the targets and the marks

'Aging epigenetics' is an emerging field that promises exciting revelations in the near future. Here we focus on the functional and biological significance of the epigenetic alterations that accumulate during aging and are important in tumorigenesis. Paradigmatic examples are provided by the global loss of DNA methylation in aging and cancer and by the promoter hypermethylation of genes with a dual role in tumor suppression and progeria, such as the Werner syndrome (WRN) and lamin A/C genes. Another twist is provided by sirtuins, a family of NAD-dependent deacetylases that act on Lys16 of histone H4, which are emerging as a link between cellular transformation and lifespan.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Initiating and promoting the aquatic ecosystem health concept: the Society and the Journal

Since the 1970's the management of aquatic habitats has changed from piecemeal monitoring to the ecosystem approach; this was initiated in the North American Great Lakes, comprising social, economic, and environmental aspects. The information included in this paper is based on the presentation made at the Seminar On Ecosystem Approach To Water Management held in Oslo, Norway during 1991. Recently, the multidisciplinary, holistic, and integrated concept of ecosystem health has emerged, and is being advanced for the implementation of an ecosystem approach to environmental management, which has resulted in the formation of an international society (Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management Society) and the publication of a primary journal (Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health). The information has been updated to incorporate new developments and recent progress about the Society and the journal since the Oslo Seminar.     

Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the hypothalamus and subthalamus

In 16 adult cats with electrolytically destructed external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and in 8 cats with destructed putamen direct strio-pallido-hypothalamic and strio-pallido-subthalamic pathways have been studied. Degeneration of the axonal preterminals and terminals have been examined in preparations treated after Nauta--Gygax, Nauta--Laidlow, Finck--Heimer with simultaneous additional staining of the nuclei with cresyl violet after Kawamura--Niimi. Direct pallido- and putamen-hypothalamic pathways to nuclei of the grey tubercle, posterior and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus were stated. Direct pathways from the putamen to the subthalamic nucleus have been revealed, however, these pathways are represented in less degree than those of pallido-subthalamic connections. Direct pathways from the external portion of the globus pallidus and putamen to the subthalamic nucleus are more pronounced and represented by greater numbers of projections than those of strio-pallido-hypothalamic origin.