Characteristics of fungal community structure during the decomposition of mixed foliage litter from Pinus massoniana and broadleaved tree species in southwestern China

针叶树凋落物相当顽强且养分含量低,而阔叶凋落物通过增加可降解养分和促进微生物代谢来促进针叶凋落物的分解。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)凋落物和三个阔叶凋落物混合可能会增加真菌分解者的多样性和丰富性,并且会随着阔叶树种的数量和比例而有所差异。我们使用高通量测序技术分析了西南地区马尾松与香椿(Toona sinensis),香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和檫木(Sassafras tzumu)凋落叶混合分解过程中的真菌群落组成和多样性,共设置35种实验处理。研究结果表明,与单一凋落叶相比,除马尾松+香椿,马尾松+檫木+香椿和马尾松+檫木+香樟组合中马尾松凋落叶占70%-80%以及马尾松+檫木+香樟+香椿组合中香椿凋落叶所占比例较小外,其余混合凋落叶均增加了真菌的多样性和丰富性。其中马尾松+香樟+香椿组合中的7:1:2的真菌多样性和丰富性显著高于其他处理。子囊菌门和担子菌门是最主要的优势门,曲霉属是最丰富的真菌群落属。一针一阔(6:4)和一针两阔(阔叶凋落叶占30%-40%)组合的凋落叶在整个分解过程中均表现出较强的协同作用,并且增加了可分解较难分解物质真菌菌群的相对丰度。可见马尾松+香樟+香椿组合中阔叶凋落物占30%-40%比例时增加了真菌的多样性,促进了针叶凋落物中难分解物质的分解。因此,香椿和香樟可能是构建马尾松混交林潜在的候选阔叶伴生树种。     

马尾松与乡土阔叶树种凋落叶木质素降解的混合效应

为了解森林凋落叶分解过程中木质素的释放规律,对马尾松(Pinus massoniana,P)、檫木(Sassafras tzumu,S)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora,C)和香椿(Toona sinensis,T)凋落叶分解过程中的木质素降解率进行了研究.结果表明,大部分混合凋落叶的木质素在分解过程中出...     

马尾松与乡土阔叶树种凋落叶混合分解过程中全碳释放的动态变化

为了调整低山丘陵区低效林林分结构,探明马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）与乡土阔叶树种凋落叶混合分解过程中的全碳（C）释放规律。本研究以华南广泛分布的马尾松、檫木（Sassafras tzumu（Hemsl.） Hemsl）、香樟（Cinnamomum camphora（Linn） Presl）以及香椿（Toona sinensis（A. Juss.） Roem.）凋落叶为研究对象,将这4个树种凋落叶按照不同树种搭配以及混合比例组合为35个处理后进行野外分解实验,探讨C释放最佳的凋落叶树种组合以及混合比例。研究发现：4个单一树种凋落叶之间,香椿凋落叶的C释放最快,檫木和香樟凋落叶次之,马尾松凋落叶最慢。31个混合凋落叶中,C释放的非加和效应随着分解时间的延长表现出先升增强后减弱的趋势,且相对于其他季节,凋落叶在秋季的非加和效应有所减弱。一针一阔树种组合中,香樟凋落叶占比≥30%的处理：PC73和PC64的协同效应较强;一针两阔和一针三阔组合中,阔叶占比≥30%且含有香椿凋落叶的处理：PST613和712、PCT631和613、PSCT7111和6121的协同效应较强。     

马尾松人工林林窗边缘效应对樟和红椿凋落叶难降解物质分解的影响

采用凋落物分解袋, 以四川低山丘陵区马尾松人工林人工砍伐形成的7个不同面积的林窗边缘(100、225、400、625、900、1225、1600 m²)为研究对象, 以林下为对照, 研究了2种乡土树种——樟和红椿凋落叶难降解物质(木质素、纤维素、总酚、缩合单宁)在不同大小林窗边缘的降解动态特征.结果表明:马尾松人工林林下与不同大小林窗边缘相比较,红椿凋落叶中除纤维素外,其余难降解物质的降解率以及樟凋落叶木质素降解率均显著高于林下.在全年分解过程中, 2种凋落叶4种难降解物质的降解率总体均呈现持续上升的趋势.其中,缩合单宁降解最快,其次是总酚和纤维素,而木质素降解最慢.随林窗面积的增大, 红椿凋落叶除纤维素外,其余难降解物质在中型林窗边缘(400、625 m²)具有相对较高的降解率,而樟凋落叶的木质素在625 m²林窗边缘时也表现出较高的降解率.在凋落叶分解过程中,难降解物质降解率与凋落叶袋内温度和凋落物质量均呈显著相关.中型林窗(400～625 m²)对凋落物分解过程中难降解物质的降解具有更显著的边缘效应, 而这种边缘效应与物种有一定关联.     

林窗对川西亚高山凋落叶总酚和缩合单宁损失动态的影响

总酚和缩合单宁作为重要组分参与并调控森林凋落物的分解过程,其可能受到林窗直接或间接的影响。该研究以川西亚高山6种常见植物(包括方枝柏(Juniperus saltuaria)、岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var. faxoniana)、四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)、红桦(Betula albosinensis)、康定柳(Salix paraplesia)和高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum))凋落叶为研究对象,在林窗内外不同位置(林窗中心、林冠林窗、扩展林窗、郁闭林下)进行为期3年的原位分解实验,探究凋落叶总酚和缩合单宁在3年分解过程中冬季和生长季节的动态特征。研究发现凋落叶总酚和缩合单宁均在分解第一年具有较高的损失速率,分别为10.76和8.5mg·d–1;林窗对酚类物质降解的影响随分解进程逐渐减弱并具有明显的季节性差异;6种凋落叶总酚含量均在生长季降低较快,且初始缩合单宁含量较高的凋落叶在第一年冬季有较高的缩合单宁损失速率。研究表明森林林窗内的凋落叶在长期分解过程中,其酚类物质的降解受凋落叶质量和季节差异的影响更为显著。研究结果有...     

马尾松人工林林窗大小对四种凋落叶质量损失和养分释放的影响

马尾松人工林乔木层植物凋落物的分解对林地养分平衡和系统物质循环具有重要意义,并可能受不同大小林窗下微环境差异的影响。采用凋落物袋分解法,以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林人为砍伐形成的7个不同大小林窗(G1:100 m~2、G2:225 m~2、G3:400 m~2、C4:625 m~2、G5:900 m~2、G6:1225m~2、G7:1600 m~2)为研究对象,林下(G0)为对照,研究林窗大小对红椿(Toona ciliata)、桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和马尾松4种乡土树种凋落叶质量损失及养分释放的影响。结果显示:1)林窗大小(G0-G7)显著影响林窗中心放置的红椿和桢楠凋落叶N和P释放率、香樟凋落叶失重率和N、P、K释放率以及马尾松凋落叶P和K释放率。相对于林下,中小型林窗(G1-G4)的凋落叶失重率和N、P释放率明显较大,而大型林窗(G6-G7)的凋落叶K释放率明显较大。2)林窗内放置位置显著影响红椿、桢楠和马尾松凋落叶的K释放率及香樟凋落叶的P释放率。红椿和桢楠的凋落叶K释放率从林窗中心到边缘显著减少,而马尾松凋落叶K释放率及香樟P释放率从林窗中心到边缘显著增加。3)4种凋落叶类型中红椿凋落叶分解最快,其分解50%和95%所需时间分别为5.29和23.14个月。上述结果表明,林窗大小和林窗内位置对凋落物质量损失及其养分释放具有显著影响,但影响大小及趋势随物种初始基质质量的差异具有明显变化,研究结果为亚热带低山丘陵区马尾松人工低效林的科学经营及管理提高了一定的科学依据。     

马尾松人工林林窗大小对两种凋落叶难降解物质含量的影响

林窗通过改变森林微环境及土壤环境而影响凋落物难降解物质的降解, 目前关于人工林林窗对凋落物分解过程中难降解物质影响的研究较少。该文采用凋落物分解袋法, 以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林人工砍伐形成的7个不同面积的林窗(G1: 100 m²、G2: 225 m²、G3: 400 m²、G4: 625 m²、G5: 900 m²、G6: 1225 m²、G7: 1600 m²)为研究对象, 以林下为对照, 研究了林窗大小对两种乡土树种——樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和红椿(Toona ciliata)凋落叶分解过程中难降解物质(木质素、纤维素、总酚、缩合单宁)含量的影响。结果表明: 1)林窗大小对林窗中心红椿凋落叶缩合单宁、总酚、木质素的含量有显著影响, 对其纤维素含量和樟凋落叶中4种难降解物质含量均无显著影响。随着林窗面积的增大, 红椿凋落叶中除纤维素含量外的其余3种难降解物质含量, 中小型林窗(G1-G5, G1: 100 m², G2: 225 m², G3:400 m², G4: 625 m², G5: 900 m²)低于大型林窗(G6、G7, G6: 1225 m², G7: 1600 m²)。2)林窗不同位置, 只有红椿凋落叶中缩合单宁含量林窗中心显著低于边缘, 其余难降解物质含量和樟凋落叶中4种难降解物质含量均无显著差异。樟凋落叶的木质素含量在G3林窗显著低于林下; 红椿凋落叶除纤维素含量外的其余难降解物质含量, 中小型林窗从林窗中心到边缘均显著低于林下。3)随着分解时间的延长, 两种凋落叶都表现出缩合单宁、纤维素含量降低, 木质素含量升高, 总酚含量先升高后降低的变化趋势。研究结果表明: 中小型林窗(100-900 m²)较大面积林窗干扰更有利于凋落叶中难降解物质的降解, 而林窗内的环境异质性应该是凋落物中难分解物质分解动态的主要调控因子, 并且这种效应依赖于初始凋落物质量。     

减雨对南亚热带马尾松人工林凋落物分解的影响

为探究气候变化背景下降雨格局改变对马尾松人工林凋落物分解及养分释放过程的影响,以南亚热带马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林为研究对象,设置穿透雨减少50%和不减雨(对照)处理,开展连续观测野外降水控制实验。采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了减雨处理对南亚热带马尾松人工林凋落叶分解速率及养分释放的影响,以及凋落叶分解速率的影响因素。结果表明:凋落叶分解2年后,减雨处理和对照林凋落叶残留率分别为38.09%和38.06%;凋落叶分解过程中碳元素表现为淋溶-富集-释放,而氮元素表现为富集,减雨50%在一定程度上促进了氮的富集,但未达到显著水平。相关分析表明,凋落叶的残留率与氮浓度和月积温呈显著负相关,与碳/氮呈显著正相关。本研究发现,减雨50%并未改变马尾松凋落叶分解速率和养分释放模式,凋落叶的残留率与氮浓度、碳/氮及月积温密切相关。     

中亚热带主要树种凋落叶在杉木人工林中分解及氮磷释放过程

采用分解网袋法研究了马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cycloblanopsis glauca)等树种凋落叶在21年生杉木人工林内的分解速率和养分释放过程。经过13个月的分解实验,4种供试凋落叶以青冈分解最快,质量失重率为33.5%,其次为桤木和木荷,马尾松分解最慢,其质量失重率仅为29.9%。4种凋落叶分解50%和95%所需要的时间分别为21～26个月和94～112个月。在凋落叶分解过程中,除桤木凋落叶中氮含量下降外,其他3种凋落叶的氮含量均增加,但凋落叶的C/N均降低;在凋落叶分解的前3个月,凋落物中磷含量快速下降,此后变化很小,C/P呈增加趋势。在凋落叶分解过程中,马尾松凋落叶对氮素表现为固持作用,而其他3种凋落叶对氮素表现为净释放,4种凋落叶的磷素均表现为净释放。4种供试材料中桤木较适合与杉木混交种植。     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶多酚类物质在不同降雨期间的降解特征

植物多酚类物质是森林凋落物中的重要组分,其含量的多寡在一定程度上决定了凋落物的分解速率。然而,凋落物分解过程中多酚类物质的降解动态仍不十分清楚。因此,以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林最具代表性的3个针叶树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和3个阔叶树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落叶为对象,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了6种凋落叶多酚类物质在第一年不同降雨期间的降解特征。结果表明:自微量降雨期起至雨季前期止,6种凋落叶多酚类物质具有一致的降解动态,降解率均表现为随着降水量的增加而增加;自雨季后期之后,多酚类物质含量均处于稳定状态。第一个分解年,6种凋落叶多酚类物质降解率大小顺序依次为:红椿(100%)柳杉(97.81%)杉木(94.45%)麻栎(93.67%)马尾松(93.06%)香樟(91.64%)。分解初期旱季两时期(微量降雨期和春季少雨期),6种凋落叶多酚类物质均有较大的降解量,其降解率占全年降解率的42.16%—71.20%。并且,除香樟以外的5种凋落叶多酚类物质大量降解释放发生在雨季前期,占全年降解率的44.46%—55.72%。此外,凋落叶多酚类物质初始含量与其降解率呈显著的二次函数关系。可见,降雨是湿润亚热带常绿阔叶林区凋落物多酚类物质降解的关键驱动因子之一,树种组成是影响凋落物多酚类物质降解的内部因素。     

Effects of forest gap size on litter recalcitrant components of two tree species in Pinus massoniana plantations

Aims The objective of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of recalcitrant components during foliar litter decomposition at different forest gap size in Pinus massoniana plantation in the low hilly land, Sichuan basin. Methods The experiment was set up by thinning P. massoniana plantation to establish seven different gap sizes (G1: 100 m², G2: 225 m², G3: 400 m², G4: 625 m², G5: 900 m², G6: 1225 m², G7: 1600 m²). The contents of four recalcitrant components (condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin, cellulose) in foliar litter of two native species (Cinnamomum camphora and Toona ciliata) placed in litterbags at different locations in the forest gaps were evaluated. The litterbags placed under closed canopy were used as the control. Litterbags with air-dried leaves of C. camphora and T. ciliata were placed at center, edge of the gap and under the closed canopy in November 2013, and collected in December 2013, February 2014, May 2014 and August of 2014 for lab analysis. Important findings The results showed that: 1) Forest gap size had significant effect on the content of condensed tannins, total phenol and lignin for T. ciliata in gap center. However, the forest gap size had no significant effect on the content of recalcitrant components in the litters of C. camphora and cellulose content of T. ciliata. With the increase of gap size, except for cellulose content, the other three recalcitrant components content in small and medium sized gaps (G1-G5) were significant lower than in large gaps (G6, G7). 2) The condensed tannis content of T. ciliata at the gap center were significant lower than at the gap edge. The lignin contents at gap center of G3 was significant reduced in the C. camphora litter. The condensed tannins, total phenol, and lignin contents of T. ciliata litter in small and medium gaps significantly decreased. 3) The contents of the four recalcitrant components in both species’ foliar litter changed with time. The contents of condensed tannins and cellulose decreased and the content of lignin increased significantly with time, however, the total phenol content increased initially, and then decreased. Therefore, small and medium sized gaps (100-900 m²) could be the optimal gap sizes to promote the degradation of litter recalcitrant components for two native species in P. massoniana plantations.     

广西主要人工林凋落物分解过程及其对淋溶水质的影响

为探讨不同人工林各组分凋落物分解过程特征及其释放物质对淋溶水质的影响,恒温(28 ℃)培养条件下,在室内人工定期淋水模拟自然环境中凋落物的淋溶过程,对1年生和4年生尾巨桉、7年生杂交相思、13年生马尾松以及软阔林5种人工林的凋落叶、凋落枝、凋落皮进行255 d的模拟淋溶.结果表明：1年生和4年生尾巨桉各组分凋落物分解0～105 d的淋溶液色度和化学需氧量（COD）、总N和总P含量显著高于杂交相思、马尾松、软阔林,淋溶液pH值显著低于其他3种林分人工林;至255 d,1年生和4年生尾巨桉凋落叶淋溶液的COD累积量（193.9和212.8 g·kg^-1）分别是杂交相思、马尾松、软阔林的4.2、4.0、4.3倍和5.3、4.4、4.7倍;1年生尾巨桉凋落叶质量损失率、N和P淋失率显著大于杂交相思、马尾松和软阔林,凋落皮显著大于马尾松,而凋落枝与后三者基本相当.1年生尾巨桉凋落叶和凋落皮比4年生尾巨桉更易被分解淋溶,但凋落枝差异不显著.5种林分凋落物不同组分间,凋落叶最易被分解淋溶,凋落枝难于被分解淋溶.尾巨桉凋落物淋溶液pH值与色度、COD含量呈显著负相关,COD与色度、总N和总P呈显著正相关.     

中亚热带森林群落不同演替阶段优势种凋落物分解试验

选择我国亚热带森林群落3个主要演替阶段的7个优势种（其中马尾松代表演替初期优势种,木荷和香樟代表演替中期优势种,甜槠、小叶青冈栎、青冈和乐昌含笑代表演替后期优势种）的凋落物,采用网袋法进行分解试验. 结果表明:马尾松凋落物分解得最慢,年分解速率为0.51;木荷和香樟居中,分别为0.55和0.61;小叶青冈栎和乐昌含笑分解得最快,分别为0.89和1.12.沿着植被顺向演替的梯度,凋落物分解速度呈现加快的趋势. 分解速率同凋落物的初始P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值呈极显著相关(P<0.01),同C/N比值有显著相关关系(P<0.05).凋落物的P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值是预测凋落物分解快慢的良好指标.     

天童常绿阔叶林不同退化群落的凋落物特征及与土壤养分动态的关系

 该研究以浙江天童常绿阔叶林及退化群落的凋落物特征为内容,探讨了养分归还和土壤养分动态之间的联系。结果显示：1)常绿阔叶林退化显 著降低了凋落物的年凋落量,从成熟常绿阔叶林的13.03 Mg·hm^－2下降到灌丛的6.38 Mg·hm^－2。2)凋落物氮含量在成熟群落至灌丛阶段下降显 著,而磷含量无明显递减规律;氮磷归还量均随常绿阔叶林退化显著下降。 3)凋落物特征（年均值）与土壤养分的相关分析表明,土壤氮磷含 量与凋落物凋落量间呈显著线性正相关;土壤氮含量与凋落物氮含量间无显著线性关系,而与氮归还量呈显著线性正相关(p<0.05);土壤总磷 含量与凋落物磷含量和磷归还量间均呈显著线性正相关( 磷含量:p<0.01; 磷归还量: p<0.001);土壤无机氮含量与凋落物各特征间无显著相关 关系;土壤氮素硝化速率与凋落物凋落量和氮归还量间呈显著线性正相关(凋落物凋落量:p<0.01; 氮归还量: p<0.005),而与凋落物氮含量无 显著线性关系,与之相比,土壤氮素矿化速率与凋落物特征间均不存在显著线性关系。可以认为,在常绿阔叶林退化过程中,由于不同植物在 养分归还特征上的差异,导致了养分归还量的下降,从而使土壤养分库的物质来源减少,但是,群落结构简化而导致的非生物要素的改变,对 控制土壤生物过程发挥着更大的作用。     

Response of degradative enzymes to N fertilization during litter decomposition in a subtropical forest through a microcosm experiment

With the continuing increase in human activities causing accelerating rates of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition inputs into forests, there is considerable interest in understanding the effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition. Two dominant litters were chosen from Zijin Mountain in China: Quercus acutissima from a broad-leaved forest and Pinus massoniana from a coniferous forest. The litters were incubated in microcosms and treated with a gradient of nitrogen fertilization. During a 6-month incubation, changes in chemical composition (i.e., lignin, total carbohydrate, and nitrogen), litter mass losses, soil pH values, and the activities of degradative enzymes were determined. Results showed that medium-nitrogen and high-nitrogen fertilization significantly accelerated litter decomposition rates of leaves, while only the high-nitrogen fertilization significantly accelerated litter decomposition rates of needles. The results also showed that cellulase and nitrate reductase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the broad-leaved forest, while catalase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the coniferous forest under conditions of no N fertilization; catalase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the broad-leaved forest, while catalase, cellulase, invertase, and nitrate reductase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the coniferous forest under conditions of N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization-stimulated litter decomposition was due to the fact that the activities of enzymes, particularly cellulase, were accelerated.     

Decomposition and nitrogen release from the foliage litter of fir (Abies sachalinensis) and oak (Quercus crispula) under different forest canopies in Hokkaido, Japan

When two tree species co-occur, decomposition and nitrogen (N) release from the foliage litter depend on two factors: the forest floor conditions under each canopy type and the species composition of the litter. We conducted an experiment using fir and oak to answer several questions regarding decomposition beneath canopies of the two species and the effects of litter species composition on decomposition. We compared the rates of decomposition and N release from three different litters (fir needle, oak leaf, and a mixture of the two) in 1-mm-mesh litterbags on the forest floor under three different canopies (a 40-year-old fir plantation, large oak trees, and mixed fir and oak trees) in Hokkaido, Japan, over a 2-year period. Beneath each of these canopy types, the litter decomposition rate and percentage of N remaining in the litterbags containing a mixture of fir and oak litter were not significantly different from the expected values calculated for litterbags containing litter from a single tree species. Oak leaf litter decomposed significantly faster than fir needle litter beneath each canopy type. The litter decomposition rate was significantly higher beneath the fir canopy than under the oak canopy, and was intermediate under the mixed canopy of fir and oak. No net N release, that is, a decrease in the total N compared to the original amount, was detected from fir litter under each canopy type or from oak leaf litter beneath the oak canopy. N increased over the original amount in the fir litter beneath the oak canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak, but N was released from the oak litter under the fir canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak. These results suggest that oak leaf litter blown onto fir forest floor enhances nutrient cycling, and this might be a positive effect of a mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees.     

Review of mixed forest litter decomposition researches

The litter plays an important role in forest ecosystems. Decomposition of mixed leaf litters has recently become an active research area because it mimics the natural state of leaf litters in most of forests. Many studies reported effects of mixing litters on their decomposition, ranging from positive, negative to neutral. In this paper decomposition mechanisms of mixed litters concluded by researchers were summarized. Firstly, plant litter quality had been recognized as an important factor to affect decomposition rate. Some studies showed a positive significant correlation between initial N, P concentration and non-additive effect in litter mixture decomposition. Secondly, it has been suggested that litter mixture could increase abundance and diversity of fauna and microbial decomposers, especially fungi. Thirdly, compared with single litter decomposition, the nutrient exchange between different litter species is often considered as one of main non-additive effects observed in litter mixture. Some results showed that the active transport of nutrients by fungal hyphae derived positive effect on the decomposition of litter mixture. The multiple factors such as, leaf litter species, investigation method and plot, were also analyzed. In conclusion, it is necessary to enhance a further research on factors in mixed litter decomposition and an interaction between various factors due to the complex relationship. We are looking forward to using these theories of mixed litter decomposition to direct practical forest management.