林窗对川西亚高山岷江冷杉幼苗生物量及其分配格局的影响

采用样带法调查了川西亚高山原始岷江冷杉林林窗和林冠下岷江冷杉幼苗(H≤100 cm)的密度、高度、基径和各构件生物量,分析了各构件生物量间的相关性.结果表明：林窗与林冠下幼苗密度分别为12 903和2 017株·hm^-2;平均高度分别是26.6和24.3 cm,差异显著;平均基径分别为4.97和5.13 mm,差异不显著.林窗内各龄级幼苗的生物量与林冠下同龄级幼苗的生物量之间差异不显著.林窗对不同龄级幼苗各构件生物量积累的影响不同,林窗内幼苗枝干生物量比在12年达到最大(1.54),随后其比值维持在0.69左右;林冠下幼苗在15年后(含15年),枝条生物量大于主干生物量.生长在林窗和林冠环境的幼苗单株总生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量、地上生物量和根生物量与幼苗基径的平方(D²)和苗高(H)的乘积有显著的线性关系.林窗与林冠下幼苗各构件生物量之间有显著的正相关关系.     

光照条件对蒙古栎幼苗生长及形态特征的影响

对生长于不同光照环境(林内和林外)下的蒙古栎幼苗的形态特征进行了比较.结果表明,光照条件对蒙古栎幼苗的生物量及其分配具有明显影响,林外幼苗单株生物量为林外的4.48倍,其中以根系生物量的差别为最大,林外为林内的6.23倍;林外与林内幼苗根冠比分别为2.70和1.11.在不同的光照条件下,蒙古栎幼苗的叶片形态表现出明显不同,林外叶片比叶面积明显低于林内,分别为139.55cm2/g 和284.94cm2/g,林内约为林外的2.04倍;一次生长叶面积林外明显低于林内,总叶面积则高于林内.二次生长使蒙古栎幼苗的叶面积有明显增加,但是经过二次生长后,幼苗的单株生物量没有明显增加,说明二次生长叶片对于蒙古栎幼苗生物量的积累没有明显贡献;光照对于蒙古栎主干及根系的形态具有明显影响,林外幼苗高(包括二次生长)明显低于林内幼苗,而地径则相反,林外幼苗根系的长度和直径则明显高于林内幼苗;林外幼苗顶芽体积明显大于林内幼苗.同时,林外幼苗的二次生长导致顶芽体积明显下降,从而对翌年的高生长量和未来干型产生影响.认为,蒙古栎幼苗通过形态上的一系列可塑性变化来适应不同的光环境以获取最大的碳收益.     

不同光照对望天树种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响

在不同光照梯度的人工遮荫和森林生境中,研究了西双版纳季节雨林标志树种望天树的种子萌发和幼苗早期生长特征.结果表明,裸地上的强光照和深度遮荫均不利于望天树种子的萌发,中等程度的遮荫有利于种子萌发.望天树种子萌发率在林窗中央最大,而且萌发迅速,林窗边缘和林下生境不利于种子萌发.幼苗株高、基径和单株叶面积等生长指标均在部分遮荫处理条件下最大;幼苗根冠比在裸地上最高,且随遮荫程度的增加而降低;幼苗比叶面积在一定光照强度范围内随遮荫程度的增加而增大,在3层遮荫最大.除幼苗根冠比以外的其它生长参数均在林窗中央最大.讨论了环境因子(主要是光照强度和光质)对望天树种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.     

秦岭北坡不同生境栓皮栎实生苗生长及其影响因素

栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)是中国暖温带和亚热带林区的主要建群种,也是重要的栲胶、软木资源树种。为了阐明栓皮栎在不同生境条件下的种子成苗、实生苗生长及其与环境因素的关系,采用典型样地调查的方法,对秦岭北坡栓皮栎林3种生境中(林窗、林缘、林下)的栓皮栎种子库中种子数量、实生苗的存活数量、生长情况及生物量分配进行了研究,对影响实生苗生长发育的环境因素进行了相关分析。结果表明:林下、林窗和林缘的种子库中种子数量差异显著(P0.05),3种生境中能够萌发形成1a苗的种子数量少,种子能否萌发明显受枯枝落叶层厚度、光照强度和空气湿度的影响;栓皮栎种群有充足的苗库,其中较大年龄实生苗数量是种群能否持续更新的关键,林下、林窗和林缘中8a苗分别占该年龄实生苗总量的22.53%、45.60%和31.87%,林窗中较大年龄实生苗的数量比林下和林缘多,林窗为栓皮栎实生苗的定居提供了有利条件;栓皮栎实生苗的生长与光照强度和空气温度显著正相关,与土壤含水量显著负相关,林窗中实生苗的生长状况和生物量积累均优于林缘、林下。林窗对栓皮栎种群更新有利。在今后的栓皮栎林的经营过程中,可以适当间伐,增加林窗数量,为种群可持续发育提供有利条件。     

岷江冷杉林林窗小气候及其对不同龄级岷江冷杉幼苗生长的影响

对川西亚高山原始岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林林窗内和林冠下小气候及岷江冷杉幼苗生长和生物量进行了两个生长季的连续观测。结果表明:6月林窗内与林冠下太阳辐射的日积累量没有显著性差异,而7~8月的日积累量则有显著性差异。整个生长季节,林窗内太阳辐射的平均积累量为8.10×MJ·m^-2,而林冠下太阳辐射的平均积累量为5.02×MJ·m^-2,两个位点太阳辐射积累量的显著差异主要来自7~8月日积累量的不同;林窗内5和15 cm层土壤的日平均温度比林冠下相应深度分别高2.1和2.7℃,差异显著。林窗内和林冠下3~8年岷江冷杉幼苗高增长率分别为1.2±0.3 cm·a^-1和1.1±0.3 cm·a^-1,差异不显著;9~20年岷江冷杉幼苗高增长率分别为6.2±2.4 cm·a^-1和3.0±0.9 cm·a^-1,差异显著。林窗内岷江冷杉幼苗根、主茎和总生物量与林冠下幼苗根、主茎和总生物量没有显著差异。不同年龄的岷江冷杉幼苗叶和侧枝生物量积累对林窗微环境的响应不同。     

沙埋和种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长的影响

研究了沙埋深度和种子大小对内蒙古毛乌素沙地植被群落中占优势的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发、出苗、幼苗存活和生长的影响.结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、休眠率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量.在0.5-2cm的浅层沙埋下,种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量最高,休眠率最低;沙埋深度≥4 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量随着沙埋深度增加显著降低,而休眠率却显著升高;沙埋深度≥12 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿种子不能够出苗,幼苗也不能够存活.种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发率没有显著影响,但对出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量影响显著.在各个沙埋深度下,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子间的萌发率没有显著差异.当沙埋深度≤6 cm时,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子在同一沙埋深度下的出苗率间没有显著差异;但当沙埋深度≥8 cm时,在同一沙埋深度下,大种子的出苗率显著高于中种子和小种子的出苗率,而中种子和小种子出苗率间没有显著差异.0.5-10 cm的沙埋深度中,除6 cm和8 cm深度下中种子和小种子萌发幼苗的生物量间没有显著差异外,其余深度下,大种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量显著高于同一沙埋深度下中种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量,后者又显著高于小种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量.可能正是种子萌发对沙埋环境的忍耐或响应能力以及种子的多态性提高了柠条锦鸡儿在毛乌素沙地的适合度,为其在流动或半流动沙丘环境中成功定居并形成优势群落奠定了基础.     

菌根接种对长苞铁杉幼苗生长的影响

采用天然长苞铁杉林富含菌根真菌的根际土壤,对长苞铁杉种子进行盆栽接种育苗试验,比较接种处理和未接种的长苞铁杉种子萌发率、菌根侵染率、幼苗生长、生物量分配及氮磷钾含量的差异。结果表明,外生菌根对长苞铁杉种子的萌发没有影响,对幼苗生长和氮磷钾养分的吸收有明显的促进作用,接种幼苗菌根感染率超过75%,其株高、根生物量、叶生物量和氮磷钾含量等均比对照显著增加,但对生物量在器官中的分配没有显著影响。     

不同光照处理下青藏高原克隆植物黄帚橐吾(Ligulariavirgaurea)种子大小对其幼苗生长的影响

以高寒草甸克隆植物黄帚橐吾为实验材料,通过遮荫网模拟植被遮荫,研究种子大小与萌发及幼苗生长能力的关系和幼苗对光照条件的反应。结果表明：（1）在自然光照下,黄帚橐吾种子大小对种子萌发的影响显著,大种子的萌发率高于小种子。遮荫生境下,大、小种子萌发率有所降低,但遮荫对小种子萌发的影响比大种子显著。小种子的萌发率下降了近1/8,而大种子的萌发率仅下降了1/11。（2）黄帚橐吾种子大小对幼苗生物量积累影响显著,大种子幼苗总生物量（TB）大于小种子幼苗的。但生物量的分配与播种时间相关,播种后60 d,在自然光照条件下,大种子幼苗对根生物量的分配大于小种子幼苗,而对叶生物量的分配则正好相反。在遮荫环境中,大、小种子幼苗普遍对根的生物量分配增加,大种子幼苗根冠比（R/S）大于小种子幼苗。（3）黄帚橐吾种子大小对幼苗的生长也有明显影响。在自然光照下,小种子幼苗的相对生长速率（RGR）较大于大种子幼苗,但叶面积比率（LAR）、叶面积干质量比（SLA）、叶干质量（LWR）差别不明显。在遮荫条件下,幼苗的LAR、SLA、LWR显著增加,但大、小种子幼苗间差异不显著,幼苗的RGR减小,小种子幼苗的减小趋势大于大种子幼苗。     

不同光照处理下青藏高原克隆植物黄帚橐吾(Ligulariavirgaurea)种子大小对其幼苗生长的影响

以高寒草甸克隆植物黄帚橐吾为实验材料,通过遮荫网模拟植被遮荫,研究种子大小与萌发及幼苗生长能力的关系和幼苗对光照条件的反应。结果表明:(1)在自然光照下,黄帚橐吾种子大小对种子萌发的影响显著,大种子的萌发率高于小种子。遮荫生境下,大、小种子萌发率有所降低,但遮荫对小种子萌发的影响比大种子显著。小种子的萌发率下降了近1/8,而大种子的萌发率仅下降了1/11。(2)黄帚橐吾种子大小对幼苗生物量积累影响显著,大种子幼苗总生物量(TB)大于小种子幼苗的。但生物量的分配与播种时间相关,播种后60d,在自然光照条件下,大种子幼苗对根生物量的分配大于小种子幼苗,而对叶生物量的分配则正好相反。在遮荫环境中,大、小种子幼苗普遍对根的生物量分配增加,大种子幼苗根冠比(R/S)大于小种子幼苗。(3)黄帚橐吾种子大小对幼苗的生长也有明显影响。在自然光照下,小种子幼苗的相对生长速率(RGR)较大于大种子幼苗,但叶面积比率(LAR)、叶面积干质量比(SLA)、叶干质量(LWR)差别不明显。在遮荫条件下,幼苗的LAR、SLA、LWR显著增加,但大、小种子幼苗间差异不显著,幼苗的RGR减小,小种子幼苗的减小趋势大于大种子幼苗。     

秦岭北坡不同生境栓皮栎种子雨和土壤种子库动态

为了阐明栓皮栎种子雨和种子库动态,以秦岭北坡林下、林窗、林缘3种生境栓皮栎天然林为对象,采用离地和地面收集种子的方法,连续定位观测了栓皮栎种子雨、种子库的数量、质量动态,以及幼苗发育过程.结果表明:栓皮栎种子雨从8月中旬开始,9月中旬到10月上旬达到高峰期,11月上旬结束;3种生境种子雨降落历程、发生时间和组成不同;林下种子雨强度最大,为(39.55±5.56)粒·m-2,林窗种子雨降落时间最早,持续时间最长,种子活力最高,而林缘成熟种子占其种子雨的比例最大,达58.7％.从种子雨降落结束到翌年8月,土壤种子库总储量均以林下最大,林缘最小;各生境的土壤种子库中成熟、未成熟、被啃食种子数量和种子活力均随时间变化呈递减趋势,而霉烂种子数量则相反.各生境的土壤种子库中的种子均主要集中在枯落物层,其次为0～2 cm土层,2～5 cm土层中只有极少量种子存在.3种生境中栓皮栎幼苗的密度差异显著,林窗幼苗最多,林缘次之,林下最少.说明林窗更适合栓皮栎种子的萌发和幼苗生长.在栓皮栎林的经营中,通过适当间伐、增加林窗数量,可以促进栓皮栎林的天然更新.     

格氏栲天然林林窗和林下种子散布及幼苗更新研究

以格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林为研究对象,探讨了林窗和林下格氏栲种子雨、种子库的分布特征及幼苗更新状况。结果表明:林窗种子雨总量和完好种子密度高于林下,未成熟种子比例低于林下;林窗和林下种子雨高峰期掉落数量分别占种子雨总量的77.13%和74.5%;林窗种子库储量低于林下,种子库中以全食或捡拾种子比例最高,其中种子库储量垂直分布表现为枯落物层(约占2/3)>腐殖质层(0～5 cm)(约占1/3)>心土层(5～10 cm)(小于1%),以格氏栲种子占绝对优势;格氏栲从种子到幼苗的转化率低,林窗中格氏栲完好种子密度与幼苗密度均高于林下。林窗微生境提高了种子散布过程中格氏栲成熟种子的密度和比例,有利于促进格氏栲的幼苗更新,表明林窗在格氏栲种群恢复过程中扮演着重要角色。     

Predispersal predation of an understory rainforest herb Aphelandra aurantiaca (Acanthaceae) in gaps and mature forest

The opening of a canopy gap at Los Tuxtlas rainforest has an impact on populations of the understory herb Aphelandra aurantiaca: the ratio of recruited seedlings per reproductive individual is 1:17 in mature forest vs. gaps. Predation occurring before seed dispersal seems a plausible explanation for this observed difference. In a field experiment, in which insecticide was applied to plants growing in gaps and mature forest, we evaluated the extent to which herbivore damage to flowers, fruits, and seeds reduces the number of seeds available for seedling establishment. Under natural conditions, ∼30% of the flowers and >70% of the capsules of A. aurantiaca showed herbivore damage, but its impact changed depending on the type of forest habitat. Flower and fruit herbivores caused more damage in closed forest than in gaps, and this difference was even bigger under the insecticide treatment. Insecticide effectiveness varied depending on the type of forest patch. The highest herbivore impact on seeds was found in the mature forest without insecticide treatment, where most seeds were destroyed. The percentages of seed damage reported here show that predispersal predation is limiting seedling recruitment, especially in mature forest. Other possible explanations might be differences in insect composition, densities, and behavior between gaps and mature forest.     

六盘山区辽东栎的实生苗更新及其影响因子

研究了六盘山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)灌丛的种子产量、土壤种子库组成、湿沙和风干贮藏对种子寿命的影响以及动物取食子叶对种子萌发和幼苗建立的影响。结果表明, 辽东栎灌丛种子的完好率为27.51%, 被动物取食或搬运种子的比例(41.51%)显著高于其他类型种子(p < 0.01); 辽东栎次生林土壤种子库中萌发和虫蛀种子分别占35.16%和38.29%, 完好种子仅占13.65%, 捕食动物主要通过贮藏或搬运而影响土壤种子库中的种子密度。湿沙贮藏60天的辽东栎种子自动萌发率高达96.67%, 短期贮藏可加快种子的萌发进程, 提高萌发率和萌发指数, 但随着贮藏时间的延长, 种子萌发进程延迟, 萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数均不同程度地降低。排除动物取食处理的幼苗在林窗和林下生境的存活率分别为80%和83%, 而不排除动物取食幼苗在2种生境中分别仅有25%和31%能够存活, 表明子叶在幼苗建立中具有重要作用。林窗中幼苗子叶的动物取食率(85.00%)高于林下(71.00%), 子叶留存的幼苗在林窗中的存活率(6.00%)低于林下(15.50%), 而子叶被取食幼苗的存活率在两种环境中基本相等(分别为18.50%和18.00%)。     

Different responses to shade of evergreen and deciduous oak seedlings and the effect of acorn size

An evergreen oak species, Cyclobalanopsis multinervis, and a deciduous oak species, Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata were grown from acorns under two light levels (full sunlight and shade at about 18 % of full sunlight, simulating the light intensities in forest clearings and gaps, respectively) for one growing season. Three hypotheses were tested: (i) the deciduous species grows faster than the evergreen species in forest gaps and clearings; (ii) the deciduous species responds more strongly in terms of growth and morphology to variation in light climate than the evergreen species; and (iii) seedling size is positively correlated to acorn size. The results showed: (i) at both light levels, the deciduous seedlings gained significantly more growth in biomass and height than the evergreen seedlings; (ii) both species produced significantly more biomass in full sunlight than in shade, without showing any significant difference in height between treatments. Increase in light intensity improved the growth of the deciduous seedlings more strongly; (iii) at a similar age, the deciduous seedlings showed a greater response in leaf morphology and biomass allocation to variation in light levels, but when compared at a similar size, biomass allocation patterns did not differ significantly between species; (iv) bigger acorns tended to produce larger seedlings, larger leaf sizes and more leaf area, between and within species. These differences demonstrate that the deciduous species is gap-dependent and has the advantage over the evergreen species in forest gaps and clearings.     

Seed dispersal, seedling establishment and gap partitioning among tropical pioneer trees

1 We examined the abundance and distribution patterns of pioneer seeds in the soil seed bank, and of pioneer seedlings in 53 recently formed gaps, in a 50‐ha forest dynamics plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. The aim was to assess the importance of dispersal limitation (failure of seeds to arrive at all sites suitable for their germination) and establishment limitation (failure of seeds having reached a site to germinate successfully and establish as seedlings) in determining patterns of gap occupancy.
2 The abundance of seeds in the soil seed bank was strongly negatively correlated with seed size, but was not correlated with the abundance of reproductive‐sized adult trees in the plot. In contrast, the abundance of pioneer seedlings > 10 cm height in natural gaps was strongly correlated with adult abundance, but was not correlated with seed size.
3 Seedlings were non‐randomly distributed among gaps, but seedling abundance was not directly related to gap size, and there was no evidence of partitioning of the light environment of gaps by small seedlings. Large differences in growth and mortality rates among species were observed after 1 year, and this may result in the gap size partitioning previously found in saplings of the same species.
4 Seedlings of most species, particularly those with large seeds, were relatively more abundant than expected in gaps close to their conspecific adults. Proximity to reproductives, and by inference dispersal limitation, therefore exerts some effect on seedling distribution. None the less, large differences between seed and seedling abundances for some species, and low seedling occupancy rates in some gaps close to adult conspecifics, suggest that seedling emergence probabilities and species‐specific establishment requirements may also be important determinants of local abundance.     

Seed predation patterns favor the regeneration of dominant species in forest gaps compared with the understory in an oak-pine mixed forest

Recent studies have demonstrated the higher likelihood of regeneration in forest gaps compared with the understory for the dominant species in pine-oak mixed forest. Here, we tested whether rodent seed predation or dispersal was beneficial for gap regeneration. We tracked the seed predation and dispersal of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata and Pinus armandii using coded plastic tags in the forest understory close to gaps. Our results demonstrated that the proportions of initial buried seeds of both species were significantly more abundant in the forest understory compared with gaps. After seed caching, however, significantly lower proportions of the seeds of both species survived in the forest understory compared with gaps during the 30-day observation period. The final survival proportions of the seeds cached in the forest understory were lower than those cached in the gaps the next spring, which indicated that small rodents rarely retrieved scatter-hoarded seeds from forest gaps. Our findings suggest that rodent seed predation patterns contribute to the regeneration of the dominant species in gaps compared with the understory in a pine-oak mixed forest. In the study area, reforestation usually involves planting seedlings but direct sowing in forest gaps may be an alternative means of accelerating forest recovery and successional processes.     

Factors Limiting Post‐logging Seedling Regeneration by Big‐leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Southeastern Amazonia,Brazil, and Implications for Sustainable Management1

Post‐logging seedling regeneration density by big‐leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), a nonpioneer light‐demanding timber species, is generally reported to be low to nonexistent. To investigate factors limiting seedling density following logging within the study region, we quantified seed production rates, germinability, dispersal patterns, and seed fates on the forest floor through germination and the first seedling growing season in southeastern Amazonia, Brazil. Fruit production rates were low by three logged and one unlogged populations compared to reports from other regions. Commercial‐sized trees (>60 cm diameter) were more fecund than noncommercial trees (30–60 cm diameter) at two sites, averaging 14.5 vs. 3.9 fruits/tree/year, respectively, at Marajoara, a logged site, over 8 yr. Fruit capsules contained an average of 60.3 seeds/fruit, 70 percent of which appeared viable by visual inspection. Sixty‐seven to 72 percent of apparently viable seeds germinated in nursery beds 2.5 mo after the dispersal period, when wet season rains began. Dry season winds blew most seeds west‐northwest of parent trees, with median dispersal distances of 28 and 9 m on west and east sides of parent trees, respectively. Nearly 100 percent of seeds fell within an area of 0.91 ha. On the forest floor beneath closed canopies, mammals, invertebrates, and fungal pathogens killed 40 percent of apparently viable seeds, while 36 percent germinated. Nine months after seedling establishment—midway through the first logging season following seed dispersal—14 percent of outplanted seeds survived as seedlings, representing 5.8 seeds/fruit. We conclude that seedlings are likely to survive in logging gaps at appreciable densities only in rare cases where previous year fruit production rates by logged trees were high (4–12.5% of commercial‐sized trees/year at Marajoara) and where tree crowns were felled in west or northwest directions.     

山地落叶阔叶林优势树种米心水青冈幼苗的定居

在郁闭的林冠下、模拟林窗和林间空旷地3种光照环境中,研究了施肥和未施肥的米心水青冈幼苗生存和生长发育过程．结果表明,幼苗在林下的发育受到光照不足的严重抑制,生长在林下的幼苗比生长在林窗和空旷地幼苗死亡快,死亡率高,幼苗在郁闭林下能够生存的时间不超过12周．施肥处理的幼苗比对照的幼苗死亡快,死亡率高．幼苗死亡很可能与土壤中的病原生物有关．虽然由林下光照强度增加到模拟林窗的光照强度后,幼苗发育有明显改善,但幼苗在模拟林窗环境和空旷地的生长没有显著差异．结果说明,米心水青冈新出土的幼苗在郁闭林冠下易受伤害,更新立苗阶段需要有比较好的光照条件,肥沃土壤可能也无助于改善郁闭林冠下幼苗的定居．     

紫茎泽兰土壤种子库特征及其对幼苗的影响

研究紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)土壤种子库特征及其对紫茎泽兰种子的萌发、幼苗命运的影响, 在综合治理紫茎泽兰入侵危害及防止紫茎泽兰的继续扩散等方面有着重要的意义。该文在攀枝花紫茎泽兰入侵严重的地区, 通过采集果园、放牧灌丛以及禁牧灌丛3种不同生境紫茎泽兰土壤种子库的样本, 以说明不同干扰程度下紫茎泽兰种子在土壤中的分布状况。通过野外调查并结合盆栽实验, 初步研究了紫茎泽兰土壤种子库基本特征以及光照和种子在土壤中的埋藏深度等对紫茎泽兰幼苗的影响。结果表明: 1)果园、放牧灌丛和禁牧灌丛等3种干扰程度不同生境的深层种子量占总种子量的比例分别为56.44%、46.96%和24.86% (p=0.006), 这说明土壤深层种子量大小与干扰成正比, 干扰越大, 深层次紫茎泽兰种子量占总种子量的比重越大。2)播种在0、1和5 cm深度的种子萌发率分别为64.67%、22.67%和13.33%, 即种子埋藏越深, 萌发率越低, 不同层次种子萌发率差异极显著(p=0.00); 幼苗死亡率分别为27.95%、0和0, 表层种子萌发的幼苗有较高的死亡率, 而由埋藏在深层的种子萌发的幼苗没有死亡, 土壤表层发芽的幼苗与不同埋藏深度种子萌发的幼苗之间死亡率差异极显著(p=0.00)。3)在无遮蔽、半遮蔽和全遮蔽3种不同情况下, 紫茎泽兰幼苗的死亡率分别为72.15%、30.38%和4.87%, 定居率分别为6.66%、33.99%和46.67%, 即遮蔽程度越高, 死亡率越低, 定居率越高, 不同处理之间死亡率和定居率差异均极显著(p=0.00)。研究结果暗示, 强光可能是导致紫茎泽兰幼苗死亡的重要原因, 人类活动的干扰可能导致更多的紫茎泽兰种子进入土壤深层, 从而改变了紫茎泽兰土壤种子库的结构。由于土壤深层种子比表层种子具有更强的抵抗强光照射等不良环境因子影响的能力, 所萌发的幼苗成活率高, 表明其具有更高的繁殖效率, 因此人类活动干扰是紫茎泽兰入侵后难以根除的原因之一。