基于高通量测序的精神分裂症患者 肠道菌群多样性

目的探讨精神分裂症患者肠道菌群多样性变化。方法收集16例精神分裂症患者(schizophrenia,Sch)与18例健康者(healthy donor,HD)的粪便样本,提取肠道菌群基因组,扩增16SrRNA基因,运用Illumina平台进行测序。对测序结果进行多样性和物种组成差异分析。结果精神分裂症患者组肠道菌群在门、纲、目、科、属、种、分类操作单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs)水平的群落种类数目少于健康对照组。Alpha多样性指标中患者组的Ace指数(226.58±31.67)、Chao1指数(222.29±34.45)和Shannon指数(2.66±0.69)明显低于健康对照组(293.63±56.07、302.2±57.99、3.59±0.36),差异均有统计学意义(Ps0.001),而Simpson指数(0.20±0.17)明显高于健康对照组(0.07±0.03),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);Beta多样性分析显示两组研究对象肠道菌群样本可被鉴别区分。精神分裂症患者组与健康对照组样本在门和属水平上肠道菌群组成和含量有差异,其中患者组拟杆菌门和软壁菌门占比明显低于健康组,差异有统计学意义(21.76%vs.27.05%,P=0.008;0.00%vs.0.20%,P=0.033),而放线菌门明显高于健康组(13.52%vs.2.88%,P=0.020),差异有统计学意义;患者组拟杆菌属和柔嫩梭菌属占比明显低于健康组(9.15%vs.20.60%,P=0.031;3.29%vs.9.58%,P=0.005),差异有统计学意义,而双歧杆菌属、普雷沃菌属和巨单胞菌属明显高于健康组(10.89%vs.1.78%,P=0.025;10.88%vs.1.98%,P=0.046;10.78%vs.2.69%,P=0.026),差异有统计学意义。结论基于16SrRNA的高通量测序有助于分析精神分裂症患者肠道菌群多样性变化,为研究肠道菌群与精神分裂症的关系提供新的思路和理论依据。     

基于16S rDNA高通量测序技术对克罗恩病患儿肠道菌群变化的研究

目的研究克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease, CD)儿童和正常人群肠道菌群的分布,寻找与CD发生发展显著相关的菌属结构。方法纳入CD患儿36例和健康儿童21例,CD患儿分为活动期22例、缓解期14例,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术,分析各组肠道菌群的生物多样性与结构组成。结果 CD组患儿(活动期与缓解期)肠道菌群丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数较健康儿童组有明显下降,差异有统计学意义(F=8.829 0,P=0.001 0,P=0.004 5;F=8.890 0,P=0.000 3,P=0.035 6)。在门类水平,所有CD患儿肠道菌群的放线菌门数量减少,变形菌门数量增多。在菌属水平,与健康儿童组相比,所有CD组患儿Faecalibacterium相对丰度显著减低,Klebsiella(克雷伯菌属)、Enterococcus(肠球菌属)相对丰度显著升高。活动期CD组Blautia(布劳特菌属)、Bifidobacterium(双歧杆菌属)、Subdoligranulum、Lachnospira(毛螺旋菌属)、Anaerostipes(丁酸弧菌属)、Eubacterium_rectale_group(直肠杆菌属)的相对丰度明显下降。结论 CD患儿肠道菌群结构及相对丰度较健康儿童存在显著差异。肠道菌群结构的异常与儿童CD的发生发展存在相关性。     

甘肃省武威市胃癌患者肠道菌群分布

目的通过比较甘肃省武威市胃癌患者和健康对照人群肠道菌群的分布,探讨胃癌患者肠道菌群的变化与胃癌发生发展的关系,并寻找可能作为该地区胃癌患者的潜在生物标志物。方法收集24例胃癌患者和24例健康对照人群的粪便样本,提取DNA,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序进行肠道菌群分析。结果分析2组研究对象肠道菌群的Alpha多样性,发现胃癌患者组和健康对照组肠道菌群的Chao1指数差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.907,P=0.364),胃癌患者组的Simpson指数升高且差异具有统计学意义(Z=-3.258,P=0.001),表明武威市胃癌患者肠道菌群多样性增加;物种差异分析表明,2组人群在门水平上,Fusobacteria、Patescibacteria、Synergistetes的相对丰度变化差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05),在属水平上,Bacteroides(拟杆菌属)、Lachnospiraceae_UCG-008、Lachnoclostridium、Blautia、Roseburia等34个菌属的相对丰度变化差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。通过菌属微生物关联网络图发现,在34个差异菌属中,Streptococcus、Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003等菌属的节性重要性较高;通过LEfSe分析和组间秩和检验分析发现,Lac_Lachnospira、Lachnospiraceae_UCG-004在健康对照组和胃癌患者组之间是显著差异的菌属。结论与健康对照组人群的肠道菌群比较,胃癌患者组的菌群多样性增加,胃癌患者肠道菌群的改变主要以Lachnospiraceae等益生菌属的相对丰度减少和Alloprevotella、Desulfovibrio等致病菌属的相对丰度增加为主。Lac_Lachnospira、Lachnospiraceae_UCG-004可能为武威市胃癌患者潜在生物标志物。     

冬末春初圈养梅花鹿健康与腹泻个体粪便菌群的比较分析

腹泻是制约梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)养殖发展的主要因素之一，通常与肠道菌群失衡有关，而健康与腹泻梅花鹿个体菌群组成变化尚不清楚。为探究健康与腹泻梅花鹿肠道菌群差异，分析梅花鹿腹泻原因，以圈养雄性梅花鹿为实验对象，采集正常及腹泻梅花鹿粪便共18份，通过16S rRNA基因测序进行比较分析。研究结果表明，腹泻组菌群丰度及多样性较健康组均有所下降。在门至属水平，腹泻组理研菌科(Rikenellaceae)、克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae)等有益菌丰度下降，Treponema＿2菌属等促炎菌丰度上升。此外，瘤胃球菌科UCG-014菌属(Ruminococcaceae＿UCG-014)和理研菌科RC9菌属(Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group)在健康组中显著富集；疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)在腹泻组显著富集。腹泻梅花鹿与健康梅花鹿粪便菌群组成和多样性存在显著差异，疣微菌门丰度升高可能是导致梅花鹿腹泻的一个原因。     

细菌性阴道病肠道菌群与阴道菌群16S rDNA测序分析

目的通过对细菌性阴道病(BV)患者肠道菌群及阴道菌群16S rDNA扩增子测序,分析其结构、多样性、相关性以及BV对肠道菌群的影响,为今后治疗BV提供新的思路。方法选取符合纳入标准的BV患者11例(BV组),健康者9例(C组),留存阴道分泌物及新鲜粪便进行16S rDNA基因检测分析。结果C组阴道菌群以乳杆菌属为主,BV与加德纳菌属、普雷沃菌属、Sneathia、窄食单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、阿托波菌属、Shuttleworthia、巨型球菌属密切相关。BV组肠道、阴道菌群丰富度均高于C组。Alpha多样性分析中C组和BV组肠道菌群、阴道菌群的Shannon指数组间比较,χ²值为29.137, P=0.000<0.05,两组阴道菌群Shannon指数组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),BV组高于C组。物种多样性曲线反映本研究样本测序数据量的合理性,表明BV组的肠道菌群多样性、丰富度均高于C组,主坐标分析表明C组肠道与阴道的菌群结构差距较大,BV组肠道与阴道的菌群结构有相似之处,且两组肠道菌群结构接近。BV组阴道菌群中厚壁菌门丰度较C组低,放线菌门、拟杆菌门较C组高;BV组肠道菌群中拟杆菌门丰度较C组低;C组肠道中拟杆菌门明显高于阴道,厚壁菌门明显低于阴道; BV组阴道菌群中放线菌门丰度高于C组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论BV阴道菌群与肠道菌群具有相关性,BV可能引起肠道菌群结构比例和多样性的改变。     

赫哲族和汉族健康人群肠道细菌群落分析

目的对汉族和赫哲族健康人群肠道菌群进行研究,探讨遗传背景和饮食习惯对肠道菌群多样性以及组成的影响。方法以佳木斯市区20例健康汉族人群、佳木斯街津口赫哲族聚居地的20例健康赫哲族志愿者及20例健康汉族人群粪便样本为研究对象,应用基于16S rDNA V3-V4可变区的高通量测序技术测定肠道菌群多样性以及核心菌群的组成。结果获得测序序列3 080 422条,归类于2 029个OTUs。街津口地区的赫哲族人群肠道菌群多样性最丰富,而佳木斯地区的汉族人群肠道菌群多样性最低;基于bray_curtis_permanova Beta多样性分析发现,样本在组间微生物组成结构上差异具有统计学意义(F=1.481 3、2.033 5、1.622 2,P=0.045 0、0.009 0、0.025 5);属水平上,佳木斯地区的汉族人群的优势菌属为萨特菌属(Sutterella),街津口赫哲族聚居地的汉族人群的优势菌属为瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus),而赫哲族的优势菌属为芽殖菌属(Gemmiger)。结论赫哲族和汉族健康人群肠道菌群在多样性和菌群结构组成上存在显著差异,这种差异与遗传背景和饮食习惯有着密切联系。     

老年阿尔茨海默病患者肠道微生态改变及其与认知功能的关系探讨

目的探讨老年阿尔茨海默症患者肠道微生态结构与认知功能的关系。方法将2016年7月-2019年5月医院收治的86例老年阿尔茨海默病患者和73例健康志愿者,分别记为研究组和对照组。采用简易精神状态评价量表(MMSE)进行评分评价两组认知功能,采用高通量测序检测两组肠道微生物多样性。比较两组肠道微生物多样性与MMSE评分,并比较研究组中认知功能正常者与障碍者肠道微生物结构;采用Pearson相关性分析法探讨肠道微生物结构与认知功能障碍者的相关性。结果研究组肠道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌科、乳杆菌科、拟杆菌科、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属、MMSE评分均低于对照组(均P0.05);研究组厚壁菌门、变形菌门、子囊菌门、梭菌科、假单胞菌科、葡萄球菌科、肠杆菌科、隐球酵母科、梭状芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、葡萄球菌属、变形杆菌属、假丝酵母菌属相对丰度均高于对照组(均P0.05);研究组中认知功能障碍发生率为70.93%,且认知功能障碍者肠道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数,门、科、属水平相对丰度与认知功能正常者对比和上述结果一致;研究组与对照组肠道拟杆菌门、子囊菌门、拟杆菌科、梭状芽胞杆菌属、假丝酵母菌属、放线菌门、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属相对丰度差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05);研究组认知功能障碍与认知功能正常者肠道未分类拟杆菌门、子囊菌门、假单胞菌属、拟杆菌属、变形杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、拟杆菌门、拟杆菌科、假丝酵母菌属相对丰度差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05);研究组中肠道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数,放线菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌科、乳杆菌科、拟杆菌科、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属相对丰度与MMSE评分均呈正相关,厚壁菌门、变形菌门、子囊菌门、梭菌科、假单胞菌科、葡萄球菌科、肠杆菌科、隐球酵母科、梭状芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、葡萄球菌属、变形杆菌属、假丝酵母菌属相对丰度与MMSE评分均呈负相关。结论老年阿尔茨海默病患者肠道微生物结构存在异常,且认知功能障碍者更加严重,认知功能与肠道微生物相关。     

山西省东南部地区胃癌患者肠道菌群分布的配对病例对照研究

目的观察胃癌患者肠道菌群的变化,为研究其发病机制和治疗措施提供依据。方法按照1∶1配对原则(年龄、性别、民族、居住地等)在长治某医院根据胃镜检查结果分别选取尚未进行过治疗的10例胃癌患者(胃癌组)和10例健康人群(对照组),面对面调查填写基本信息表,留取粪便样本,采用微生物16S rDNA扩增子测定技术检测粪便菌群,使用QIIME2(2019.4)、R脚本等软件分析人群肠道菌群结构。结果胃癌组与对照组之间,肠道菌群多样性Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Faith′s PD指数、Pielou′s evenness指数、Observed_species指数和Good′s coverage指数差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),但距离矩阵与PCoA分析显示2组菌群分布差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。在门水平上,2组粪便菌群都集中在厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门四类菌门上,胃癌组的变形菌门、梭杆菌门、互养菌门的丰度较对照组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。在属水平上,胃癌组的乳杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、脱硫弧菌属、瘤胃球菌属的丰度较对照组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。胃癌组瘤胃球菌科、Gemmiger和毛螺菌属的丰度较对照组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论胃癌患者肠道菌群物种多样性和属的丰度发生了改变。     

基于16S rDNA测序绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群结构与功能性分析

目的 通过16S rDNA测序技术对绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能进行分析,探讨肠道菌群与绝经综合征抑郁发生的关联。方法 选取2021年6月至2022年3月就诊于我院妇科门诊的绝经综合征抑郁患者19例为观察组（A组）,同期绝经综合征患者10例为对照组（C组）。利用16S r DNA基因测序法对患者肠道菌群进行物种注释分析和功能比较,统计两组肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能的变化。结果 两组肠道菌群差异明显。GraPhlAn物种组成图显示,患者肠道菌群总体以厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门组成。在门水平,与C组相比,A组放线菌门、变形菌门相对丰度较低,拟杆菌门相对丰度较高。在属水平,与C组相比,A组拟杆菌属、小杆菌属、巨单胞菌属、Lachnospiracea＿incertae＿se相对丰度较高,而Gemmiger、布劳特菌属、普雷沃菌属、粪球菌属、粪杆菌属、双歧杆菌属相对丰度偏低。进一步在属水平上选取了10种相对丰度差异具有统计学意义的菌群（P<0.05）：韦氏球菌属、消化球菌属、巨单胞菌属、史雷克菌属在A组的相对丰度较高（P<0.05）,柯林斯菌属、C...     

中国深圳和芬兰艾斯堡地区 健康婴幼儿肠道菌群的比较

目的探索中国与欧洲沿海发达地区婴幼儿肠道菌群的结构差异及随年龄增长的变化趋势。方法招募深圳地区健康婴幼儿35名并收集其粪便样本,采用Illumina的MiSeq平台对肠道菌群的16S rRNA V4序列进行测序。同时,结合40名芬兰艾斯堡地区健康婴幼儿肠道菌群数据,进行两地儿童菌群结构比较。结果中国与芬兰地区幼儿肠道菌群结构较为一致,在物种多样性及均匀度方面差异无统计学意义。菌属水平分析中,两组幼儿肠道内均呈现以拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属为主导的菌群结构。回归分析表明,幼儿肠道内菌群多样性随年龄的增长明显增加(R~2=0.174,P0.05),0～1岁与1～3岁幼儿的菌群结构差异有统计学意义(R~2=0.079,P0.05)。韦荣球菌、肠球菌和布劳特菌等菌属随年龄增长丰度明显降低,而粪杆菌、瘤胃球菌、罗斯菌等菌属显著增加。结论生命早期肠道菌群的发育主要与年龄因素密切相关,地区因素为次要因素。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.