尾叶桉与窿缘组树种间杂交种的生长特征

选定组配树种对桉树杂交种的特性起决定作用,但不同种间杂交种的生长表现常常不容易预测。为掌握华南地区桉树重要树种间杂交种的生长特征,促进桉树杂交育种的精准化,该文以父本为混合花粉的人工杂交种为遗传材料,以尾叶桉×巨桉为对照,进行了尾叶桉与桉树窿缘组树种(布拉斯桉、细叶桉、钝盖赤桉、昆北赤桉)的4种组配杂交种的生长特征研究。结果表明:在材积生长量上,尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种低于尾叶桉×巨桉,但其内部树种间差异显著(P0.05),其中尾叶桉×昆北赤桉具有显著优势;尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的树高、胸径均显著小于尾叶桉×巨桉,但其高径比显著大于尾叶桉×巨桉(P0.05);尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种具有高的和一致的保存率,且在不同组配间、家系间(组配内)均无显著差异,5年生值为84.4%～89.6%;尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的5年生材积的平均变异系数约为64%,组配间、家系间差异大,都大于尾叶桉×巨桉。尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的速生性、树形等与尾叶桉×巨桉间存在显著差异,尾叶桉与窿缘组树种杂交种的组配、家系间具有显著的生长差异,可为桉树遗传改良提供丰富的多样性。     

电导率与极端低温分布在闽中桉树引种决策上的研究

依据闽中地区永安市1971～2005年的极端低温与极值分布数学模型和气象学原理,探讨5～10 a内该区域不同海拔高度可能出现的极端异常低温,利用电导率测定引种区所引种的不同抗寒程度的桉树种的半致死温度,事前评价引种的可行性.首次提出利用极端低温与电导率进行引种决策,并把该方法称作"极端环境反应法".结果表明:在出现10 a以上异常低温时,邓恩桉(Eucalyptus dunnii)在该区域垂直分布可达海拔775 m,巨桉(E.grandis)及相近抗寒能力的桉树可在海拔467 m以下栽植,赤桉(E. camaldulensis)可在海拔960 m以下栽植.该方法可广泛应用于其它区域与不同树种引种的事前评价与决策.     

巨桉种源/家系综合选择研究

为选择巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)优良种源,对其13个种源177个家系性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,22月生巨桉除生长量在区组间差异显著外,其他性状在种源、家系和区组间均存在极显著的差异;50月生时各性状差异均达极显著水平。50月生时,单株材积位于前四的种源分别是2号(来自昆士兰州Copperlode)、3号(来自昆士兰州Ravenshoe)、1号(来自昆士兰州N W Townsille)和11号(来自四川省黑龙滩)。50月生时,有78个家系的单株材积增长量超过总体家系平均值(0.08 m3),位于前三的家系是分别为2号(来自2号种源)、156号(来自福建天马东溪的10号种源)和93号(来自昆士兰州Bambaroo的8号种源)。50月生巨桉的胸径、树高、单株材积、干形、分枝和冠幅的遗传力分别为0.56、0.91、0.73、0.67、0.64和0.76;这些性状的表型变异系数分别为26.64%、29.37%、64.41%、17.58%、15.26%和45.80%;遗传变异系数分别为25.94%、24.30%、60.97%、28.59%、26.07%和42.96%。相关性分析表明,冠幅和分枝呈较小的负相关,其余各性状间均呈正相关性。结合生长指标和形质指标,最终筛选出4个优良种源和18个优良家系。     

广东樟木头5种桉树的能量特征研究

对广东省东莞市樟木头林场5种6 a生巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)、柳桉(E.saligna)、大花序桉(E.cloeziana)、粗皮桉(E.pellita)和托里桉(E.torelliana)的能量特征进行研究.结果表明:5种桉树不同组分的灰分含量和热值存在显著差异(P<0.01).灰分含量为0.16%-8.37%,其中巨桉、柳桉、粗皮桉和托里桉均是叶>皮>枝>根>干,而大花序桉为皮>叶>枝>根>干;各组分的干重热值为15.12-18.85 kJ g~(-1),均以叶最高、皮最低,巨桉与粗皮桉为叶>枝>干>根>皮;柳桉与托里桉为叶>干>枝>根>皮;大花序桉为叶>枝>根>干>皮;去灰分热值为16.37～19.87 kJ g~(-1),除粗皮桉为叶>枝>皮>干>根外,其它4种各组分的去灰分热值均与干重热值的变化趋势相同.5种桉树的平均干重热值和去灰分热值分别以巨桉、粗皮桉最高,但均以托里桉最低.     

7种桉树花粉微观形态及其亲缘关系分析

为了解我国常用桉树树种的亲缘关系,利用扫描电镜观察7种桉属(Eucalyptus)树种的花粉形态。结果表明,粗皮桉(E.pellita)、窿缘桉(E. exserta)的7个花粉性状大多处于前2位,其中粗皮桉花粉的赤道面长、宽和面积最大,分别为17.522、17.090μm和300.830μm~2,而窿缘桉花粉的萌发沟长、宽和大小最大,分别为6.576、0.720μm和4.718μm~2;赤桉(E. camaldulensis)花粉的赤道面最小,韦塔桉(E.wetarensis)花粉的萌发沟最小。聚类分析表明,在信息保留87.5%时,7树种可以分为3组,粗皮桉和窿缘桉聚在一组,韦塔桉和巨桉(E. grandis)聚在一组,其余聚在一组。粗皮桉、窿缘桉的花粉外壁纹饰较光滑,细叶桉(E. tereticornis)和赤桉属常规,尾叶桉(E. urophylla)、韦塔桉和巨桉较粗糙。从花粉形态分析,粗皮桉和窿缘桉的亲缘关系较近,韦塔桉、尾叶桉的亲缘关系较远,细叶桉、赤桉和巨桉的亲缘关系与传统分类结果一致。因此,7种桉树花粉形态反映了一些新的亲缘关系,对桉树的杂交育种有指导意义。     

雷州半岛桉树生物质能源林生长的密度效应研究

以雷州半岛2年生桉树无性系DH201(Eucalyptus grandis  E. tereticornis)能源林为研究对象,对6种不同密度配置下的林分生长量、生物量以及热值等进行了分析,探讨密度对桉树生物质能源林生长的影响。结果表明,密度对桉树胸径和树高生长量影响极显著,在林分不同发育阶段对林分蓄积量的影响不同;单株生物量随密度增大而减小。1年生的林分蓄积量和生物量均以密度为10000 ind. hm-2的最大,分别为52.57 m3 hm-2和32.02 t hm-2;2年生的林分蓄积量和生物量均以密度为2500 ind. hm-2的最大,分别为75.85 m3 hm-2和45.66 t hm-2;密度对热值及灰分含量的影响不显著。因此,1年生和2年生的桉树能源林的最优密度分别为10000 ind. hm-2和2500 ind. hm-2。     

闽北不同立地类型的邓恩桉生长特性调查

通过标准地调查法,分析邓恩桉9 a生林分在闽北不同立地类型中胸径和树高的生长表现。结果表明,山地林1邓恩桉林分平均胸径和树高分别为11.6 cm、11.5 m,山地林2邓恩桉林分平均胸径和树高分别为13.0 cm、13.1 m,河岸林邓恩桉林分平均胸径和树高分别为21.3 cm、17.0 m。虽然各林分之间生长差异明显,但均超过本地乡土树种马尾松、杉木的速生丰产指标,且这些差异主要是由各林分中出现部分林木向高生长方向分化造成的,是邓恩桉在引种区适应生长的表现。     

广州城市森林六种典型林分碳积累研究

以广州市城市森林中桉树、马占相思、黧蒴、木荷、马尾松、杉木林分为研究对象, 采用样方调查和解析木测定相结合的方法, 分析了各林分乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量的分配状况, 及不同树种在生长过程中的碳积累规律。研究结果表明, 各林分碳储量的分布均表现为土壤层>植被层(乔木、灌木及草本层)>枯落物层, 但是林分间存在差异, 土壤层碳储量最高为马占相思林, 植被层碳储量最高为黧蒴林。各林分的总碳储量依次为马占相思(283.95 t·hm-2)>黧蒴(262.99 t·hm-2)>木荷(244.92 t·hm-2)>马尾松(224.09 t·hm-2)>桉树(166.28 t·hm-2)>杉木(157.66 t·hm-2)。各树种均在7 a时的材积则表现为桉树(0.1037 m3)>马占相思(0.0386 m3)>杉木(0.0189 m3)>木荷(0.0102 m3)>马尾松(0.0068 m3)>黧蒴(0.0038 m3); 25年生(25 a生)时黧蒴(0.3001 m3)>木荷(0.2228 m3)>马尾松(0.0783 m3)。其中, 7 a生马尾松的材积高于黧蒴, 然而25 a生材积正好相反。六种林分年均净生产力表现为: 桉树(7.57 t·hm-2·a-1)>马占相思(6.67 t·hm-2·a-1)>黧蒴(4.49 t·hm-2·a-1)>木荷(3.22 t·hm-2·a-1)>杉木(2.49 t·hm-2·a-1)>马尾松(1.37 t·hm-2·a-1)。该研究可为南亚热带城市森林中主要人工林树种和林分固碳效益的评价提供依据。     

短枝木麻黄国际种源试验和早期选择

为选择短枝木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)的优良家系,对来自10个国家23个种源109个家系的短枝木麻黄生长性状进行综合选择。结果表明,造林42个月后短枝木麻黄的树高、胸径、单株材积、抗虫性、健康状况和保存率在种源和家系间均存在极显著或显著差异。印度种源(18118)、中国种源(18267、18268和18586)、泰国种源(21199、18299和18297)在生长速度上表现较好;肯尼亚种源(18144、18142、18135)、澳大利亚种源(17862)、瓦努阿图种源(18312和18565)的抗虫性较好;瓦努阿图种源(18312)和肯尼亚种源(18142)的健康状况表现较好;中国种源(18586)、越南种源(18128)和肯尼亚种源(18144)的保存率较高。单株材积的遗传力最高,保存率和抗虫性的较低,健康状况的最低。利用单株材积、抗虫性、健康状况和保存率进行指数选择,按25%的入选率,28个综合性状优良的家系可作为下一步杂交育种的遗传材料。     

5种相思树和尾巨桉人工林土壤养分和酶活性特征

为揭示固氮树种土壤养分转化的酶学机制,对固氮树种[厚荚相思(Acacia crassicarpa)、黑木相思(A. melanoxylon)、卷荚相思(A.cincinnata)、大叶相思(A.auriculiformis)和马占相思(A.mangium)]及非固氮树种尾巨桉(Eucalyptusurophylla×E.grandis)人工林的土壤养分含量、酶活性及其相关性进行研究。结果表明,相思林40～60cm土层的pH均高于尾巨桉林;5种相思林土壤各土层的TP、TK含量均低于尾巨桉林,而20～40 cm土层的TC、TN含量均高于尾巨桉林,黑木相思林和马占相思林各土层的有效养分均显著高于尾巨桉林(P0.05)。0～10 cm土层中,相思林的土壤酸性磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性均高于尾巨桉林,大叶相思林的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性显著高于尾巨桉林(P0.05),卷荚相思林的土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于尾巨桉林(P0.05)。相关分析结果表明,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和几丁质酶活性与AP显著负相关(P0.05),蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性与NH4+-N显著负相关(P 0.05),脲酶、纤维素酶、芳基硫酸酯酶与土壤TK显著负相关(P0.05),几丁质酶活性与TN含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),土壤淀粉酶活性与NH4+-N呈显著正相关(P 0.05),过氧化氢酶活性与土壤TK含量呈显著正相关。可见,与尾巨桉人工林相比,在我国南方退化山地引种相思树可提高土壤关键酶的活性,对土壤有效养分具有明显改良作用,有利于退化地土壤的生态修复及人工林长期生产力的维持。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.