Sequence-specific 1H NMR assignments and secondary structure in the sea anemone polypeptide Stichodactyla helianthus neurotoxin I

Sequence-specific assignments are reported for the 500-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the 48-residue polypeptide neurotoxin I from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus (Sh I). Spin systems were first identified by using two-dimensional relayed or multiple quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy, double quantum spectroscopy, and spin lock experiments. Specific resonance assignments were then obtained from nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) connectivities between protons from residues adjacent in the amino acid sequence. Of a total of 265 potentially observable resonances, 248 (i.e., 94%) were assigned, arising from 39 completely and 9 partially assigned amino acid spin systems. The secondary structure of Sh I was defined on the basis of the pattern of sequential NOE connectivities, NOEs between protons on separate strands of the polypeptide backbone, and backbone amide exchange rates. Sh I contains a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet encompassing residues 1-5, 16-24, 30-33, and 40-46, with a beta-bulge at residues 17 and 18 and a reverse turn, probably a type II beta-turn, involving residues 27-30. No evidence of alpha-helical structure was found.     

Assignment of the proton NMR spectrum of reduced and oxidized thioredoxin: sequence-specific assignments, secondary structure, and global fold

Complete proton assignments are reported for the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of Escherichia coli thioredoxin in the oxidized (with active-site disulfide bridge) and reduced (with two sulfhydryl groups) states. The assignments were obtained by using an integrated assignment strategy in which spin systems were identified from a combination of relayed and multiple quantum NMR techniques prior to sequential assignment. Elements of secondary structure were identified in each protein from characteristic nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE), coupling constants, and slowly exchanging amide protons. In both oxidized and reduced thioredoxin, approximately 33% of the 108 amino acid residues participate in a beta-sheet containing four major strands (three antiparallel and one parallel). A further short beta-strand is connected in a parallel fashion at the N-terminal end of the sheet. Two of the antiparallel beta-strands are connected by a 7-residue beta-bulge loop. Three helical segments, also containing approximately 33% of the amino acid residues, are well-defined in both oxidized and reduced thioredoxin. The remaining third of the molecule apparently consists of reverse turns and loops with little defined secondary structure. The global folds of oxidized and reduced thioredoxin are shown to be essentially identical. Both NOE connectivities and chemical shift values for the two proteins are very similar, except in the immediate vicinity of the active site where significant variations in the chemical shift indicate subtle conformational changes. While the overall fold of oxidized thioredoxin is the same in solution and in the crystalline state, some small differences in local conformation are apparent.     

Assignments of backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances and secondary structure of ribonuclease H from Escherichia coli by heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.

The assignments of individual magnetic resonances of backbone nuclei of a larger protein, ribonuclease H from Escherichia coli, which consists of 155 amino acid residues and has a molecular mass of 17.6 kDa are presented. To remove the problem of degenerate chemical shifts, which is inevitable in proteins of this size, three-dimensional NMR was applied. The strategy for the sequential assignment was, first, resonance peaks of amides were classified into 15 amino acid types by 1H-15N HMQC experiments with samples in which specific amino acids were labeled with 15N. Second, the amide 1H-15N peaks were connected along the amino acid sequence by tracing intraresidue and sequential NOE cross peaks. In order to obtain unambiguous NOE connectivities, four types of heteronuclear 3D NMR techniques, 1H-15N-1H 3D NOESY-HMQC, 1H-15N-1H 3D TOCSY-HMQC, 13C-1H-1H 3D HMQC-NOESY, and 13C-1H-1H 3D HMQC-TOCSY, were applied to proteins uniformly labeled either with 15N or with 13C. This method gave a systematic way to assign backbone nuclei (N, NH, C alpha H, and C alpha) of larger proteins. Results of the sequential assignments and identification of secondary structure elements that were revealed by NOE cross peaks among backbone protons are reported.     

1H NMR studies of porcine calbindin D9k in solution: sequential resonance assignment, secondary structure, and global fold

The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of Ca2+-saturated porcine calbindin D9k (78 amino acids, Mr 8800) has been assigned. Greater than 98% of the 1H resonances, including spin systems for each amino acid residue, have been identified by using an approach that integrates data from a wide range of two-dimensional scalar correlated NMR experiments [Chazin, Rance, & Wright (1988) J. Mol. Biol. 202, 603-626]. Due to the limited quantity of sample and conformational heterogeneity of the protein, two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments also played an essential role in the identification of spin systems. On the basis of the pattern of scalar connectivities, 43 of the 78 spin systems could be directly assigned to the appropriate residue type. This provided an ample basis for obtaining the sequence-specific resonance assignments. The elements of secondary structure are identified from sequential and medium-range NOEs, values of 3JNH alpha, and the location of slowly exchanging backbone amide protons. Four well-defined helices and a mini beta-sheet between the two calcium binding loops are present in solution. These elements of secondary structure and a few key long-range NOEs provided sufficient information to define the global fold of the protein in solution. Generally good agreement is found between the crystal structure of the minor A form of bovine calbindin D9k and the solution structure of intact porcine calbindin D9k. The only significant difference is a short one-turn helix in the loop between helices II and III in the bovine crystal structure, which is clearly absent in the porcine solution structure.     

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-I(HNTX-I)的~1H-NMR信号归属和二级结构分析(英文)

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-I(HNTX-I)是从海南捕鸟蛛(Ornithoctonus hainana)的粗毒中纯化的一种新型神经毒素。应用二维1H-NMR.技术研究HNTX-I的溶液结构特点,通过分析水和重水中的DOF-COSY、TOCSY和NOESY谱,识别出HNTX-I全部33个氨基酸残基自旋体系;通过NOESY谱中的dαN、dβN、dNN和Dαδ联系完成了序列专一的谱峰归属,从而确认了HNTX-I所有的主链质子和大于96％的侧链质子的化学位移。并通过分析3JNH-CaH耦合常数、序列间的NOE联系以及慢氢交换质子等,确定HNTX-I的二级结构主要是由三股反平行的β-折迭组成(Lys7-Cys9,Tyr20-Asn23和Trp28-Val31),这些结构特点与已经探明结构的其它蜘蛛毒素的基本相同。这些结果为完全解析HNTX-I的溶液三维结构奠定了基础。     

Assignment of the backbone 1H and 15N NMR resonances of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme

The proton and nitrogen (15NH-H alpha-H beta) resonances of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme were assigned by 15N-aided 1H NMR. The assignments were directed from the backbone amide 1H-15N nuclei, with the heteronuclear single-multiple-quantum coherence (HSMQC) spectrum of uniformly 15N enriched protein serving as the master template for this work. The main-chain amide 1H-15N resonances and H alpha resonances were resolved and classified into 18 amino acid types by using HMQC and 15N-edited COSY measurements, respectively, of T4 lysozymes selectively enriched with one or more of alpha-15N-labeled Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Gly, Gln, Glu, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, or Val. The heteronuclear spectra were complemented by proton DQF-COSY and TOCSY spectra of unlabeled protein in H2O and D2O buffers, from which the H beta resonances of many residues were identified. The NOE cross peaks to almost every amide proton were resolved in 15N-edited NOESY spectra of the selectively 15N enriched protein samples. Residue specific assignments were determined by using NOE connectivities between protons in the 15NH-H alpha-H beta spin systems of known amino acid type. Additional assignments of the aromatic proton resonances were obtained from 1H NMR spectra of unlabeled and selectively deuterated protein samples. The secondary structure of T4 lysozyme indicated from a qualitative analysis of the NOESY data is consistent with the crystallographic model of the protein.     

SMS 201-995, an octapeptide somatostatin analogue. Assignment of the 1H 500 MHZ n.m.r. spectra and conformational analysis of SMS 201-995 in dimethylsulfoxide

The possible conformations of SMS 201-995, an active analogue of somastostatin, have been studied in dimethylsulfoxide solution by 500 MHz proton n.m.r. spectroscopy. The assignments have been made by use of 2D-correlated methods to detect long-range coupling connectivities in aromatic residues and between the alpha protons of consecutive residues. NOESY experiments enabled us to correlate amide and alpha protons of neighbouring amino acid residues, which indicate a less flexible situation than in water. Measurements of temperature coefficients of the amide protons, of NH-C alpha H coupling constants and NOE effects are in favour of one predominant conformation with a beta turn, of type II', involving amino acids Phe3 to Thr6.     

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ(HNTX-Ⅰ)的1H-NMR信号归属和二级结构分析

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ(HNTX-Ⅰ)是从海南捕鸟蛛(Ornithoctonus hainana)的粗毒中纯化的一种新型神经毒素.应用二维1H-NMR技术研究HNTX-Ⅰ的溶液结构特点,通过分析水和重水中的DQF-COSY、TOCSY和NOESY谱,识别出HNTX-Ⅰ全部33个氨基酸残基自旋体系;通过NOESY谱中的dαN、dβN、dNN和dαδ联系完成了序列专一的谱峰归属,从而确认了HNTX-Ⅰ所有的主链质子和大于96%的侧链质子的化学位移.并通过分析3JNH-CαH耦合常数、序列间的NOE联系以及慢氢交换质子等,确定HNTX-Ⅰ的二级结构主要是由三股反平行的β-折迭组成(Lys7-Cys9,Tyr20-Asn23和Trp28-Val31),这些结构特点与已经探明结构的其它蜘蛛毒素的基本相同.这些结果为完全解析HNTX-Ⅰ的溶液三维结构奠定了基础.     

Proton NMR studies of apo-neocarzinostatin from Streptomyces carzinostaticus. Sequence-specific assignment and secondary structure

The sequence-specific resonance assignment of apo-neocarzinostatin from Streptomyces carzinostaticus was carried out from two-dimensional proton-NMR spectra. The assignments were obtained for the backbone protons of 111 of the 113 residues of the protein, missing the two C alpha H of one glycine but including 3 of the 4 prolines. The majority of side chain protons were also assigned. The secondary structure derived from the analysis of sequential connections corresponds to ten beta-strands separated by clearly identified loops and turns. Inter-strand connectivities and slowly exchanging amide protons confirm the presence of the two disulfide bridges from Cys37 to Cys47 and from Cys88 to Cys93 and indicate a global folding similar to that of the similar proteins, actinoxanthin and macromomycin, for which crystallographic data are available.     

Sequence-specific 1H NMR assignments and identification of slowly exchanging amide protons in murine epidermal growth factor

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) assignments for the murine epidermal growth factor (mEGF) in aqueous solution were determined by using two-dimensional NMR at pH 3.1 and 28 degrees C. The assignments are complete for all backbone hydrogen atoms, with the exception of the N-terminal amino group, and for 46 of the 53 side chains. Among the additional seven amino acid residues, three have complete assignments for all but one side-chain proton, and between two and four protons are missing for the remaining four residues. The sequential assignments by nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy are consistent with the chemically determined amino acid sequence. The NMR data show that the conformations of both the Tyr3-Pro4 and Cys6-Pro7 peptide bonds are trans in the predominant solution structure. Proton-deuterium exchange rate constants were also measured for 13 slowly exchanging amide protons. The information presented here has been used elsewhere to determine the three-dimensional structure of mEGF in aqueous solution.     

1H-NMR study of neurotoxin B-IV from the marine worm Cerebratulus lacteus. Solution properties, sequence-specific resonance assignments, secondary structure and global fold.

Sequence-specific resonance assignments are reported for the 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectrum of the 55-residue neurotoxin B-IV, isolated from the heteronemertine worm Cerebratulus lacteus. A range of two-dimensional homonuclear correlated and NOE spectra was used in making these assignments, which include NH, C alpha H and C beta H resonances, as well as most resonances from longer-chain spin systems, with the exception of the ten Lys residues, where spectral overlap prevented complete, unambiguous assignments. The secondary structure of B-IV was identified from the pattern of sequential (i, i + 1) and medium range (i, i + 2/3/4) NOE connectivities and the location of slowly exchanging backbone amide protons. Two helices are present, incorporating residues 13-26 and 33-49, and the C-terminal five residues form a helix-like structure. A type-I reverse turn, involving residues 28-31 is present in a small loop linking the two major helices, and the N-terminus appears to be unordered at 27 degrees C, although it may adopt a more ordered conformation at lower temperatures. These elements of secondary structure, together with the four disulfide bonds in the protein, provide sufficient information to define the global fold of the molecule in solution. The pH and temperature dependence of the toxin have been investigated by 1H-NMR and the pKa values of several ionisable sidechains determined.     

Sequence-specific 1H and 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure of GDP-bound human c-Ha-Ras protein in solution

Summary All the backbone ¹H and ¹⁵N magnetic resonances (except for Pro residues) of the GDP-bound form of a truncated human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene product (171 amino acid residues, the Ras protein) were assigned by ¹⁵N-edited two-dimensional NMR experiments on selectively ¹⁵N-labeled Ras proteins in combination with three-dimensional NMR experiments on the uniformly ¹⁵N-labeled protein. The sequence-specific assignments were made on the basis of the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) connectivities of amide protons with preceding amide and/or Cprotons. In addition to sequential NOEs, vicinal spin coupling constants for amide protons and C protons and deuterium exchange rates of amide protons were used to characterize the secondary structure of the GDP-bound Ras protein; six strands and five helices were identified and the topology of these elements was determined. The secondary structure of the Ras protein in solution was mainly consistent with that in crystal as determined by X-ray analyses. The deuterium exchange rates of amide protons were examined to elucidate the dynamic properties of the secondary structure elements of the Ras protein in solution. In solution, the -sheet structure in the Ras protein is rigid, while the second helix (A66-R73) is much more flexible, and the first and fifth helices (S17-124 and V152-L171) are more rigid than other helices. Secondary structure elements at or near the ends of the effector-region loop were found to be much more flexible in solution than in the crystalline state.     

Two-dimensional 1H NMR studies of cytochrome c: assignment of the N-terminal helix

The 1H resonances of 11 sequential amino acids in the N-terminal helix of horse ferrocytochrome c were studied by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. All the main-chain protons from Lys-5 through Ala-15 and many of the side-chain protons were assigned. J-Correlated spectroscopy (COSY) was used to distinguish protons on neighboring bonds and to recognize amino acid types. Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) was used to define spatially contiguous protons and to determine amino acid sequence neighbors. The relayed coherence experiment (relay COSY) was used to resolve many ambiguities in intraresidue J-coupled connectivities and interresidue NOE connectivities. This required no explicit knowledge of the solution structure. The pattern of NOEs found is consistent with a regular alpha helix between glycine-6 and lysine-13; H bonding continues at least through alanine-15 [see Wand, A.J., Roder, H., & Englander, S. W. (1986) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)]. Chain disorder occurs at the N-terminus. There is no indication of significant spin diffusion among the backbone amide and alpha-protons of this 12.4-kilodalton protein even at the longest NOE mixing time used (140 ms).     

Sequence-specific 1H NMR assignments and determination of the secondary structure for the activation domain isolated from pancreatic procarboxypeptidase B

Nearly complete sequence-specific 1H NMR assignments are presented for amino acid residues 3-81 in the 81-residue globular activation domain of porcine pancreatic procarboxypeptidase B isolated after limited tryptic proteolysis of the zymogen. These resonance assignments are consistent with the chemically determined amino acid sequence. Regular secondary structure elements were identified from nuclear Overhauser effects and the sequence locations of slowly exchanging backbone amide protons. The molecule contains two alpha-helices, including residues 20-30 and approximately residues 58-72, and a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet with the individual strands extending approximately from 12 to 17, 50 to 55, and 75 to 77. The identification of these secondary structures and a preliminary analysis of additional long-range NOE distance constraints show that isolated activation domain B forms a stable structure with the typical traits of a globular protein. The data presented here are the basis for the determination of the complete three-dimensional structure of activation domain B, which is currently in progress.     

Sequential 1H NMR assignments of iron(II) cytochrome c551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Sequence-specific 1H NMR resonance assignments for all but the C-terminal Lys 82 are reported for iron(II) cytochrome c551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 25 degrees C and pH = 6.8. Spin systems were identified by using TOCSY and DQF-COSY spectra in 2H2O and 1H2O. Sequential assignments were made by using NOESY connectivities between adjacent amide, alpha, and beta protons. Resonances from several amino acids including His 16, Gly 24, Ile 48, and Met 61 experience strong ring-current shifts due to their placement near the heme. All heme protons, including the previously unassigned propionates, have been identified. Preliminary analysis of sequential and medium-range NOEs provides evidence for substantial amounts of helix in the solution structure. Long-range NOEs indicate that the folds in solution and crystal structures are similar. For one aromatic side chain (Tyr 27) that is close to the heme group we found a transition from hindered ring rotation at low temperature to rapid rotation at high temperature.     

Dihydrofolate reductase: sequential resonance assignments using 2D and 3D NMR and secondary structure determination in solution

Three-dimensional (3D) heteronuclear NMR techniques have been used to make sequential 1H and 15N resonance assignments for most of the residues of Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a monomeric protein of molecular mass 18,300 Da. A uniformly 15N-labeled sample of the protein was prepared and its complex with methotrexate (MTX) studied by 3D 15N/1H nuclear Overhauser-heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (NOESY-HMQC), Hartmann-Hahn-heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HOHAHA-HMQC), and HMQC-NOESY-HMQC experiments. These experiments overcame most of the spectral overlap problems caused by chemical shift degeneracies in 2D spectra and allowed the 1H-1H through-space and through-bond connectivities to be identified unambiguously, leading to the resonance assignments. The novel HMQC-NOESY-HMQC experiment allows NOE cross peaks to be detected between NH protons even when their 1H chemical shifts are degenerate as long as the amide 15N chemical shifts are nondegenerate. The 3D experiments, in combination with conventional 2D NOESY, COSY, and HOHAHA experiments on unlabelled and selectively deuterated DHFR, provide backbone assignments for 146 of the 162 residues and side-chain assignments for 104 residues of the protein. Data from the NOE-based experiments and identification of the slowly exchanging amide protons provide detailed information about the secondary structure of the binary complex of the protein with methotrexate. Sequential NHi-NHi+1 NOEs define four regions with helical structure. Two of these regions, residues 44-49 and 79-89, correspond to within one amino acid to helices C and E in the crystal structure of the DHFR.methotrexate.NADPH complex [Bolin et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13650-13662], while the NMR-determined helix formed by residues 26-35 is about one turn shorter at the N-terminus than helix B in the crystal structure, which spans residues 23-34. Similarly, the NMR-determined helical region comprising residues 102-110 is somewhat offset from the crystal structure's helix F, which encompasses residues 97-107. Regions of beta-sheet structure were characterized in the binary complex by strong alpha CHi-NHi+1 NOEs and by slowly exchanging amide protons. In addition, several long-range NOEs were identified linking together these stretches to form a beta-sheet. These elements align perfectly with corresponding elements in the crystal structure of the DHFR.methotrexate.NADPH complex, which contains an eight-stranded beta-sheet, indicating that the main body of the beta-sheet is preserved in the binary complex in solution.     

Epidermal growth factor from the mouse. Physical evidence for a tiered beta-sheet domain: two-dimensional NMR correlated spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser experiments on backbone amide protons

When H2O-exchanged, lyophilized mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) is dissolved in deuterium oxide at low pH (i.e., below approximately 6.0), 13 well-resolved, amide proton resonances are observed in the downfield region of an NMR spectrum (500 MHz). Under the conditions of these experiments, the lifetimes of these amide protons in exchange for deuterons of the deuterium oxide solvent suggest that these amide protons are hydrogen-bonded, backbone amide protons. Several of these amide proton resonances show splittings (i.e., JNH alpha-CH) of approximately 8-10 Hz, indicating that their associated amide protons are in some type of beta-structure. Selective nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments performed on all amide proton resonances strongly suggest that all 13 of these backbone amide protons are part of a single-tiered beta-sheet structural domain in mEGF. Correlation of 2D NMR correlated spectroscopy data, identifying scaler coupled protons, with NOE data, identifying protons close to the irradiated amide protons, allows tentative assignment of some resonances in the NOE difference spectra to specific amino acid residues. These data allow a partial structural model of the tiered beta-sheet domain in mEGF to be postulated.     

Secondary structure determination for the Antennapedia homeodomain by nuclear magnetic resonance and evidence for a helix-turn-helix motif.

The homeodomain encoded by the Antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila was studied in aqueous solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Sequence-specific resonance assignments have been obtained for the complete polypeptide chain of 68 amino acid residues. The secondary structure determined from nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) and information about slowly exchanging amide protons includes three helical segments consisting of the residues 10-21, 28-38 and 42-52, respectively. Combination of the presently available NMR data with computer modeling provided preliminary evidence for the presence of a helix-turn-helix motif in the homeodomain. Near the turn, this supersecondary structure appears to be very similar to the DNA binding site in the 434 and P22 c2 repressors, but both helices in the homeodomain include 2-3 additional residues when compared with these prokaryotic DNA-binding proteins.     

Assignment of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the proteinase inhibitor IIA from bull seminal plasma by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance at 500 MHz

The assignment of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectrum of the protease inhibitor IIA from bull seminal plasma is described and documented. The assignments are based entirely on the amino acid sequence and on two-dimensional n.m.r. experiments at 500 MHz. Individual assignments were obtained at 18 degrees C and 45 degrees C for the backbone protons of all 57 amino acid residues, with the single exception of the N-terminal pyroglutamate amide proton. The amino acid side-chain resonance assignments are complete, with the exception of 17 long side-chains, i.e. Pro13, Met43 and all the Glu, Gln, Lys and Arg, where only one or two resonances of C beta H2 and in some cases C gamma H2 could be identified. The sequential assignments showed that the order of the two C-terminal residues in the previously established primary structure had to be changed; this was then confirmed by chemical methods. The chemical shifts for the assigned resonances at 18 degrees C and 45 degrees C are listed for an aqueous solution at pH 4.9. A preliminary characterization of the polypeptide secondary structure was obtained from the observed patterns of sequential connectivities.