姜科、闭鞘姜科植物繁育系统与传粉生物学的研究进展

综述了姜科Zingiberaceae植物繁育系统和传粉生物学方面的研究及其进展。姜科有50余属1500多种,是一个泛热带分布的、动物传粉的单子叶植物大科。姜科植物中存在着雌花两性花异株、雄花两性花同株、花柱卷曲性、雄性先熟、自交不亲和等多种性表达方式和花部机制。姜科植物重要的传粉动物包括各种蜂类、天蛾、蝴蝶、鸟类等,不同的传粉动物对应不同的花部特征。在相对有限的研究中,姜科植物展现出了一些独特的传粉和繁育机制,在豆蔻属Amomum、山姜属Alpinia等植物中发现的花柱卷曲性被认为是植物界中一种独特的促进异交的行为机制,在对黄花大苞姜Caulokaempferia coenobialis的研究中发现了植物界中一种全新的花粉滑动自花传粉机制,这些新的研究和发现丰富了我们对姜科植物传粉和繁育系统多样性的认识。本文提出了今后姜科植物繁殖生物学研究的建议:对更多未知姜科植物类群的传粉和繁育系统进行研究;从系统发育的角度开展姜科不同类群植物的传粉和繁育系统的演化研究;对花柱卷曲性这一独特的性多态现象开展全面深入的研究。     

姜科植物的FTIR鉴别分类研究

红外光谱图峰形峰位大体一致,所含化学成分基本相同,是由碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类等生物大分子振动谱带构成。该研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合聚类分析,对姜科植物姜亚科2族6属29种植物进行光谱测试,分析比较姜科同族不同属和同属不同种植物在红外谱图上表现出的差异。将1800~1000 cm-1进行二阶导数处理,并对差异较大的1750~1400、1200~1000 cm-1两个波段分别进行比较分析,用吸光度比值A1516/A3424、A1449/A3424来反映二苯基庚烷和姜辣素的相对含量,再将二阶导数据进行系统聚类。结果表明：姜科植物的主要化学成分姜辣素与二苯基庚烷类化合物的相对含量在族属间和属种间有差异,两种化合物的相对含量在同族不同属植物中差别很大,在同属不同种植物中大体一致;姜科植物的糖类化学成分以单糖和多糖为主;在族属级的水平分类中,2族6属姜科植物的分类与传统分类结果基本吻合,并从光谱角度建议心叶凹唇姜的族级分类应该深入研究。通过研究可知,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合聚类分析法可以应用于姜科植物的分类。该研究结果为姜科植物的分类系统学提供了参考。     

中国姜科野生资源的收集繁育与应用

姜科植物是姜目植物中最具特色的一个类群,具有很高的应用价值。本文从姜科野生植物资源的分布入手,对国内姜科野生植物资源进行收集,并对其繁殖技术进行研究,以期为该科植物的开发应用提供参考。     

豆蔻属植物化学成分和药理作用研究进展

姜科豆蔻属植物分布于热带和亚热带地区,大多可药用,作为传统常用药材使用。该属植物结构类型丰富,具有胃肠保护作用、抗氧化、降血糖、抗炎、抗过敏、抗菌、肝脏保护和阿尔兹海默保护等药理活性,具有开发利用价值。通过近十年国内外文献检索,对该属植物的化学成分和药理作用的研究进展进行系统综述,为豆蔻属植物的研究开发和综合利用提供依据。     

国产姜科植物的染色体计数初报

<正> 姜科植物是热带、亚热带的特有植物,全世界约有50属1,500种,根据已报道的文献初步统计,国外已进行染色体计数的种类约有20属150种;而占世界姜科植物的半数以上的属和90％的种未作细胞学研究。我国姜科植物种类丰富,约占世界姜科植物的~1/10(150种),但其中~2/8的种类未有染色体资料,这些种类虽为我国所特有,亦缺乏细胞学研究。     

姜黄素诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究进展

姜黄素是从姜科植物的根茎姜黄中提取的一种植物多酚,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凝、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗肿瘤等药理作用。本文综述了姜黄素诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的分子生物学机制研究进展。     

榄香烯——一种新型的抗肿瘤药

榄香烯为姜科植物温郁金中提取的有效成分,是近年来我国自行开发的新型抗肿瘤药物,经具有疗效好,副作用小等特点,受到了广泛的重视。本文综述了榄香烯的一般药理特性,体内和体外抗肿瘤作用、临床应用及其作用机理等几方面的研究工作     

圆瓣姜花花部维管束解剖及其系统学意义

用石蜡切片技术研究了圆瓣姜花(Hedychium forrestii Diels)的花部维管束系统解剖结构,探讨了同源异形的各轮花器官维管束来源和属性.结果表明,圆瓣姜花的2枚花瓣状结构为外轮雄蕊成员;唇瓣是三重结构,其中脉源十1枚外轮雄蕊维管束系统,两侧脉源于2枚内轮雄蕊维管束系统;上位腺体为隔膜蜜腺.本研究支持Thompson和Gregory关于姜科唇瓣是三重结构的观点;与其他姜科植物一样,圆瓣姜花子房延长部形成的上位腺体属于隔膜蜜腺而不是雄蕊成员.与已研究过的姜花属植物比较,姜花属花器官维管束系统的来源与走向是一致的,同源异形现象在姜花属植物花的进化中扮演极为重要的角色,可为解释花器官属性提供重要线索.     

姜科植物地理

本文讨论了姜科的分类系统、起源、进化和地理分布．姜科为一还热带分布科,按Ｂｕｒｔｔ［８］的系统分２亚科４族．全世界有５２属,约１３７７种,其中姜亚科含４８属,１２６８种．主要分布于热带亚洲．其现代分布中心在印度－马来西亚。闭鞘姜亚科含４属,１０９种,主要分布于热带美洲及非洲。本文在化石资料及现代分布资料的基础上,讨论了姜科的早期分化时间、地点及现代分布格局形成。化石记录表明．欧洲、北美及印度的白垩纪、早第三纪均发现过姜科的化石,据此姜科植物的起源时间应不晚于早白垩纪。姜亚科的早期分化中心推论在劳亚古陆的南部．欧洲和北美没有现代姜科的分布是因为第三纪冰期的影响．而亚洲热带地区现代姜科植物繁盛是因为气候适宜．且相对稳定所致．南美的姜亚科种类应是由非洲传人．而大洋洲的姜亚科种类则是由马来西亚传入．闭鞘姜亚科的早期分化中心推论在西冈瓦纳古陆．亚洲及大洋洲的闭鞘姜亚科的种类应是随印度板块飘向亚洲时传入。中国姜科植物有２２属．２０９种（占全世界属的４２％．种的１５％）．主要分布于马来西亚亚区（占全国属的９０％）．其次为中国喜马拉雅亚区（占全国属的６８％）。最少为中国－日本亚区（占全国属的４５％）。统计数字表明．马来西亚     

毛姜花原变种花寿命对两性适合度的影响

植物的花寿命被认为是由雌、雄适合度的增长和维持花开放的花费之间的平衡来决定的。姜花属(Hedychium)是姜科唯一一个从热带到高海拔地区分布的大属, 属内不同种类植物的花寿命差异很大。毛姜花原变种(H. villosum var. villosum)的花寿命为5 d, 显著长于其它同域分布的姜科植物。通过人工剪除毛姜花原变种的柱头来使花朵具雌性功能的时间缩短, 结果显示: 在不同的处理中, 结实率随花朵具雌性功能时间的延长而增加, 开花1 d后剪除柱头的结实率为1.85% ± 1.59%, 极显著低于对照的结实率20.96% ± 4.13%, 说明其较长的花寿命能显著地增加传粉的成功率和结实率, 长达5 d的花寿命有利于雌性适合度的提高。同时, 毛姜花原变种开花1 d后, 剩余的平均花粉数和总平均花粉数没有显著差异, 而开花后2、3和4 d后剩余的平均花粉数则极显著少于总平均花粉数, 说明随着花寿命的延长, 花粉输出量也显著增加, 其长达5 d的花寿命也有利于其雄性适合度的提高。较长的花寿命在毛姜花原变种拓展新的生境、向更高海拔地区的扩散中也许起着重要的作用。姜科植物有着极其多样性的传粉和繁育系统, 花寿命在姜科植物传粉和繁育系统的多样性形成及其进化中起着重要作用, 同时, 较长的花寿命有效地提高了雌性适合度和雄性适合度, 从而使姜科植物能脱离热带生境, 向更高海拔的地区扩散, 花寿命在姜科植物从热带地区到高海拔地区的分布过程中也起着重要作用。     

植物花柱运动

花柱运动在姜科(Zingiberaceae)、竹芋科(Marantaceae)、锦葵科(Malvaceae)和西番莲科(Passifloraceae)植物中存在,但它们运动的模式是不同的.姜科植物两种表型的花柱可以同时向相反的方向运动,竹芋科的花柱在触动扳机后发生不可逆转的爆发性运动,锦葵科的花柱运动时分枝向下反卷与花药紧密接触,而西番莲科的花柱运动虽很类似于锦葵科,花柱向花药方向运动,但很少碰触到花药.花柱运动对传粉和交配系统有深刻影响.     

中国植物园五十年

概述了中国 14 0多个植物园过去 5 0年发展的历史过程、分布和特征 ,以及植物园在研究、保护、展示和利用生物多样性等方面的功能。评述了中国植物园早期在经济作物烟草、药用植物薯蓣和野生果树资源研究中对社会和经济发展的贡献 ,以及近年来在种子科学、物种保护、经济植物引种驯化和育种等方面的理论和应用研究成果。介绍了中国植物园活植物收集的现状。其中木兰科、姜科、苏铁类、药用植物、猕猴桃属和杜鹃属等收集圃的建设已属世界领先。介绍了植物园科普和旅游的发展和中国植物园特有的盆景艺术园和硅化木收集园     

中国植物园五十年

概述了中国140多个植物园过去50年发展的历史过程、分布和特征,以及植物园在研究、保护、展示和利用生物多样性等方面的功能.评述了中国植物园早期在经济作物烟草、药用植物薯蓣和野生果树资源研究中对社会和经济发展的贡献,以及近年来在种子科学、物种保护、经济植物引种驯化和育种等方面的理论和应用研究成果.介绍了中国植物园活植物收集的现状.其中木兰科、姜科、苏铁类、药用植物、猕猴桃属和杜鹃属等收集圃的建设已属世界领先.介绍了植物园科普和旅游的发展和中国植物园特有的盆景艺术园和硅化木收集园.     

Unusual intron in the second exon of a Type III polyketide synthase gene of Alpinia calcarata Rosc

Plant phenolic compounds form a valuable resource of secondary metabolites having a broad spectrum of biological activities. Type III polyketide synthases play a key role in the formation of basic structural skeleton of the phenolic compounds. As a group of medicinal plants, PKSs with novel features are expected in the genome of Zingiberaceae. The genomic exploration of PKS in Alpinia calcarata conducted in this study identified the presence of an unusual intron at the region forming the second exon of typical PKSs, forming a gateway information of distribution of novel PKSs in Zingiberaceae.     

Testing the potential of proposed DNA barcodes for species identification of Zingiberaceae

In 2009, the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended the combination of rbcL and matK as the plant barcode based on assessments of recoverability, sequencing quality, and levels of species discrimination. Subsequently, based on a study of more than 6600 samples belonging to 193 families from seven phyla, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 locus was proposed as a universal barcode sequence for all major plant taxa used in traditional herbal medicine. Neither of these two studies was based on a detailed analysis of a particular family. Here, Zingiberaceae plants, including many closely related species, were used to compare the genetic divergence and species identification efficiency of ITS2, rbcL, matK, psbK-psbI, trnH-psbA, and rpoB.The results indicate that ITS2 has the highest interspecific divergence and significant differences between inter- and intraspecific divergence, whereas matK and rbcL have much lower divergence values. Among 260 species belongingto 30 genera in Zingiberaceae, the discrimination ability of the ITS2 locus was 99.5% at the genus level and 73.1% at the species level. Thus, we propose that ITS2 is the preferred DNA barcode sequence for identifying Zingiberaceae plants.     

Evaluation of rapid molecular diagnostics for differentiating medicinal Kaempferia species from its adulterants

Accurate detection of unique herbs is crucial for herbal medicine preparation. Zingiberaceae species, which are important in Ayurvedic medicine of India, are often misidentified in Northeast (NE) Indian herbal markets. Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae) is one of the major components of popular Ayurvedic drugs used for rheumatic diseases (i.e.,“Gandha Thailam” and “Rasnairandadi Kashayam”), contusions, fractures, and sprains. In NE India, herbal healers often misidentify plants from the Marantaceae family (e.g., Calathea bachemiana and Maranta leuconeura) as Kaempferia, which leads to adulteration of the medicinal herb. This misidentification of herbs occurs in NE India because Zingiberaceae plant barcoding information is inadequate. As a consequence, herbal medicine is not only therapeutically less effective but may also cause adverse reactions that range from mild to life-threatening. In this study, we used eight barcoding loci to develop “fingerprints” for four Kaempferia species and two species frequently mistaken for Kaempferia. The PCR and sequencing success of the loci matK, rbcL and trnH-psbA were found to be 100%;the combination of matK, rbcL, and trnH-psbA proved to be the ideal locus for discriminating the Kaempferia species from their adulterants because the combined loci showed greater variability than individual loci. This reliable tool was therefore developed in the current study for accurate identification of Kaempferia plants which can effectively resolve identification issues for herbal healers.     

Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances.

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on identifying naturally occurring chemopreventive substances capable of inhibiting, retarding, or reversing the multi-stage carcinogenesis. A wide array of phenolic substances, particularly those present in dietary and medicinal plants, have been reported to possess substantial anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activities. The majority of these naturally occurring phenolics retain antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties which appear to contribute to their chemopreventive or chemoprotective activity. Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a pungent ingredient of hot chili pepper, protects against experimentally-induced mutagenesis and tumorigenesis. It also induces apoptosis in various immortalized or malignant cell lines. Plants of ginger family (Zingiberaceae) have been frequently and widely used as spices and also, in traditional oriental medicine. Curcumin, a yellow ingredient from turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae), has been extensively investigated for its cancer chemopreventive potential. Yakuchinone A [1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3-heptanone] and yakuchinone B [1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenylhept-1-en-3-one] present in Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel (Zingiberaceae) have inhibitory effects on phorbol ester-induced inflammation and skin carcinogenesis in mice, and oxidative stress in vitro. These diarylheptanoids suppress phorbol ester-induced activation of ornithine decarboxylase and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1alpha and their mRNA expression. They also nullified the phorbol ester-stimulated induction of activator protein 1 (AP-1) in cultured human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. In addition, both yakuchinone A and B induced apoptotic death in HL-60 cells. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) contains such pungent ingredients as [6]-gingerol and [6]-paradol, which also have anti-tumor promotional and antiproliferative effects. Resveratrol (3, 5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin found in grapes and other dietary and medicinal plants, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a major antioxidative green tea polyphenol, exert striking inhibitory effects on diverse cellular events associated with multi-stage carcinogenesis. In addition, these compounds have ability to suppress proliferation of human cancer cells via induction of apoptosis.     

Isolation and screening of endophytes from the rhizomes of some Zingiberaceae plants for L-asparaginase production

Endophytes are described as microorganisms that colonize the internal tissues of healthy plants without causing any disease. Endophytes isolated from medicinal plants have been attracting considerable attention due to their high biodiversity and their predicted potential to produce a plethora of novel compounds. In this study, an attempt was made to isolate endophytes from rhizomes of five medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae family, and to screen the endophytes for L-asparaginase activity. In total, 50 endophytes (14 bacteria, 22 actinomycetes, and 14 fungi) were isolated from Alpinia galanga, Curcuma amada, Curcuma longa, Hedychium coronarium, and Zingiber officinale; of these, 31 endophytes evidenced positive for L-asparaginase production. All the L-asparaginase-positive isolates showed L-asparaginase activity in the range of 54.17–155.93 U/mL in unoptimized medium. An endophytic fungus isolated from Curcuma amada, identified as Talaromyces pinophilus, was used for further experiments involving studies on the effect of certain nutritional and nonnutritional factors on L-asparaginase production in submerged fermentation. Talaromyces pinophilus initially gave an enzyme activity of 108.95 U/mL, but gradually reduced to 80 U/mL due to strain degeneration. Perhaps this is the first report ever on the production of L-asparaginase from endophytes isolated from medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae family.     

广东中山市芳香植物调查

中山市共有芳香植物39科64属90种,其中裸子植物3科5属6种,双子叶植物31科52属74种,单子叶植物5科7属10种。主要集中于木兰科、樟科、桃金娘科、芸香科、菊科、马鞭草科和姜科等,本文详细介绍了樟树、山苍子、黄栀子、山姜和鱼腥草等重要的芳香植物,并结合其特点及加工方法就合理开发利用提出建议。     

广东惠州芳香植物资源调查

经调查,广东省惠州市共有芳香植物52科120属177种,其中裸子植物4科10属12种,双子叶植物43科101属150种,单子叶植物5科9属15种。该地区芳香植物主要集中于木兰科、樟科、桃金娘科、芸香科、菊科、唇形科和姜科等7科共88种,占该地区芳香植物总种数的49.7%。结合惠州地区气候及地理特点,认为山苍子、黄樟、樟树、土沉香、檀香、栀子、黄花蒿、蔓荆、毛麝香等9种植物可作为该地区重点开发的芳香植物。