荨麻科楼梯草属植物瘦果的补充描述（英文）

楼梯草属植物的瘦果具有较高的形态多样性,可作为种类鉴定的重要依据。然而,中国超过半数楼梯草属植物缺少瘦果形态信息。该研究通过野外考察、标本查阅以及光镜和扫描电镜的观察,对七种楼梯草属植物的瘦果进行了补充描述,并提供了墨线图和照片。该研究结果对该属的进一步分类修订提供了有价值的信息。     

中国楼梯草属研究随记

(1)描述了自广西发现的荨麻科楼梯草属二新种,毛托叶楼梯草和弄岗楼梯草,并分别给出二种与近缘种的区别特征;(2)首次记录少齿楼梯草在中国的分布;(3)首次给出短梗楼梯草和少齿楼梯草的雌头状花序、雌花和瘦果的形态描述;(4)对楼梯草属所特有的具肋瘦果的出现时间问题进行了简略讨论。     

荨麻科楼梯草属七种植物果实的补充描述

楼梯草属植物的果实形态特征是属下系的划分和种类鉴定的重要依据之一,对于研究该属演化关系具有重要意义。通过标本查阅及野外调查,为该属七种植物的果实进行了补充描述,对该属的进一步分类修订提供有价值的信息。     

算盘楼梯草与密枝楼梯草绝非同种（英文）

在2011年,特产我国南部的算盘楼梯草(Elatostema glochidioides W.T.Wang)被归并于特产大洋洲萨瓦伊岛的密枝楼梯草(E.ramosissimum Reinecke)。最近我研究了二种植物的标本,了解到二种虽在体态上甚为相似,但存在重要形态区别:在算盘楼梯草,叶上面被短糙伏毛,下面无毛,具三出脉,雌头状花序的花序托明显,雌花无花被片,瘦果具纵肋。在密枝楼梯草,叶上面无毛,下面中脉上被糙伏毛,具半离基三出脉,雌花有3(-4)花被片,瘦果有小瘤状突起。根据上述重要区别,本文将算盘楼梯草的种的身份以恢复。     

川西高原12种风毛菊属植物瘦果形态和发芽特征

分析了12种风毛菊属植物瘦果形态、果皮微形态和发芽特征,并探讨了瘦果形态和发芽特征与植物地理分布范围之间的关系.瘦果形状包括倒披针形、圆柱形和圆柱状倒三角形3种类型.瘦果长度、宽度和厚度变幅较大,平均变幅达10％.瘦果果皮微形态可区分为条纹型、网纹型和孔纹型,以条纹型最为普遍.种内瘦果微形态特征十分稳定,是很好的分类学依据.种子(瘦果)发芽率差异较大,最高达98％,而最低仅为40％.风毛菊属植物地理分布范围与瘦果冠毛长度和百粒瘦果重量显著相关,与瘦果饱满率、冠毛比重、发芽率之间均为正相关,但相关性不显著.本文涉及的风毛菊属植物瘦果冠毛比重较高,有利于远距离传播,且高发芽率和百粒瘦果重量为幼苗的成功定居提供了保障,在青藏高原有更广的潜在分布区.     

东北地区蒲公英属瘦果微形态特征及其分类学意义

通过对东北地区10种蒲公英瘦果形态及微形态特征进行观察比较,为蒲公英属（Taraxacum F.H.Wigg.）分类研究提供瘦果形态学证据。利用体式数码光学解剖镜和电子探针显微镜,对蒲公英瘦果进行观察比较,并根据瘦果大小、形状、喙基比例、颜色及微形态表面纹饰特征进行聚类检索。结果表明,（1）瘦果微形态特征为全身具刺,具白色斑点,刺状突起成行且规则排列,但刺大小及密度存在显著差异;（2）检索结果表明,以蒲公英瘦果形态及微形态特征进行检索的结果与《中国植物志》中的分类结果一致。该实验通过对东北地区10种蒲公英瘦果形态及微形态特征进行描述,确定了蒲公英瘦果形态特征差异可作为分类学表征证据,并将喙基长度（B）与瘦果长度（A）（不包括喙基长）之比命名为喙基比（B/A）,该比值可增补为分类要点。研究结果支持《中国植物志》中对蒲公英属的分类结果。     

荨麻科楼梯草属三种植物花序的补充描述

楼梯草属的花序不但是反映该属进化趋势的重要器官之一,而且还是该属的属下划分及种间鉴定的关键性状。本文基于大量的有花标本研究,并参照模式标本及相关文献资料对该属的三种植物花序形态进行了补充描述。     

荨麻科楼梯草属三种植物花序的补充描述

楼梯草属的花序不但是反映该属进化趋势的重要器官之一,而且还是该属的属下划分及种间鉴定的关键性状。本文基于大量的有花标本研究,并参照模式标本及相关文献资料对该属的三种植物花序形态进行了补充描述。     

中国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物命名考及区分要点

由于苦草属（Vallisneria L.）植物的繁殖器官微小,营养器官相似且变异较大,使该属植物的鉴定和命名较混乱。笔者通过对有关文献的考证和长期跟踪观察,对我国记载的苦草属3种植物——苦草（Vallisneria natans（Lour.）Hara）、刺苦草（V.spinulosa Yan）、密刺苦草（V.denseserrulata Makino）的命名历史进行了梳理,并对这3种植物的形态特征进行了详细描述。根据种间形态差异,可为苦草属植物的分类鉴定和相关研究提供一定的参考。     

贵州楼梯草属(荨麻科)植物种类组成及分布格局

荨麻科(Urticaceae)楼梯草属(Elatostema)植物种类繁多、形态相似、关系密切,是植物分类学界公认的疑难分类群之一。贵州省地理位置特殊,水热条件较好,喀斯特地貌复杂多变,是我国楼梯草属植物的重要分布区,但一直以来种类不清,分类不明。为进一步理清资源本底及分布特征,该文通过近年调查和查阅资料形成贵州楼梯草属植物名录,分析其物种组成,并基于分布地及海拔数据分析空间分布特征,以期为贵州植物多样性保护以及区系研究提供进一步的基础资料。结果表明:全省赤车类群植物有1组1系7种,楼梯草类群有5组20系69种,分别占全国种类的17.94%、20.78%。楼梯草属植物共76种,其中13种为贵州楼梯草属特有种。在地理分布上,赤车类群主要见于黔北-黔东-黔南部分地区,沿赤水、桐梓、习水、正安-江口、印江-剑河-都匀、荔波-望谟一线,总体分布反呈“C”状; 楼梯草类群植物主要分布在黔北-黔东-黔南-黔西南大部分地区,沿赤水、正安、江口-七星关、开阳、施秉、黄平-兴义、兴仁、安龙、贞丰、望谟、独山、荔波一带分布较多,总体分布呈“三”字状; 楼梯草属特有植物总体呈点状、不均匀分布。该属植物主要分布在海拔600～1 000 m的范围内。     

Variability of the inflorescence ofMicroseris laciniata (Compositae: Cichorieae)

Quantitative characters of the flowering head of a garden population ofMicroseris laciniata were scored during the second, third, and fourth season of growth. Number of achenes per head, number of phyllaries per head and the average number of pappus parts per achene in single heads show significant plant to plant variation. Achenes per head and pappus parts per achene were scored in identical plants in two subsequent seasons. The number of pappus parts per achene varies freely between five and ten. This contrasts with annual species ofMicroseris in which either five or ten pappus parts are found, depending on the species. In spite of a clear plant-specific average of pappus parts, both high and low pappus part determination can be demonstrated in all specimens. The number of pappus parts depends on the position of an achene on the receptacle, marginal achenes usually having fewer pappus parts than central ones. This gradient is not closely correlated with the position of an achene on the genetic spiral.     

中国2种归化植物新记录

报道了发现于辽宁省的2种中国归化植物新记录:白毛马鞭草(Verbena stricta Vent.)和向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.),白毛马鞭草穗状花序粗壮而紧凑,单生枝顶或呈简单的聚伞状或圆锥状排列,且花序轴在果期显著延长,叶卵圆形,无柄,与中国有报道的本属其他物种区别明显。该种原产美国西部至中部地区,近来在辽宁省铁岭市发现有归化。向日葵原产于北美地区,被发现广泛归化于辽宁省大连市,营口市鲅鱼圈也有发现。归化种群形态特征与该地区栽培类型完全不同,其花序极多分枝,头状花序直径较小,瘦果极小,表面纹饰多样性很高。     

Importance of elaiosome size to removal of ant-dispersed seeds

Several studies relate removal of diaspores from different ant-dispersed plant species to the size of their claiosomes. This study is the first one to relate intraspecific variation in claiosome size to removal of diaspores by ants. This approach circumvents the problem posed by interspecific variation in chemistry and morphology of elaiosomes. We used the systemHepatica nobilis Mill. (Ranunculaceae) andMyrmica ruginodis Nyl. The elaiosome was the attractive part of the diaspore and its attractiveness decreased quickly after release from the fruit. In experimental runs where ants collected diaspores, the elaiosome size of accepted diaspores was larger than of those rejected and the largest diaspores were collected first. Since size of diaspore, elaiosome and achene were correlated, the diaspores that were removed first had both the largest elaiosome and achene. However, our experiments suggested that elaiosome size was more important to removal than achene size or the elaiosome:achene size ratio. If ant dispersal improves plant fitness, elaiosome size and hence diaspore size would be expected to increase over time. However, such directional selection mediated by the ants is probably counterbalanced by the plant. Seed predators and a negative trade-off between number and size of seeds would, among other factors, select for smaller diaspore size,i.e. counteract the effect of the ants' preference for larger elaiosomes.     

青藏高原东缘风毛菊亚属16种植物果皮微形态研究

采用扫描电子显微镜对青藏高原东缘风毛菊亚属中的16种植物果实表皮微形态特征进行观察,结果表明：（1）果皮纹饰类型为：条纹型,有隔条纹型和网纹型。（2）根据种内个体间、组内种间以及组间的比较, 认为在风毛菊亚属中, 果实表皮显微特征在种内个体间比较稳定, 变异很小; 同组内种间表现出较大的相似性而不同组间存在着一定差异。说明在组和组下等级的分类学处理以及在系统位置和亲缘关系的探讨上, 果实显微特征具有重要的分类学价值。     

A new species of Rhynchospora section Tenues Kükenthal (Cyperaceae) from Puerto Rico

Rhynchospora depressirostris M. Strong, an overlooked species ofRhynchospora sect.Tenues Kükenthal, previously treated in the literature asR. tenuis Link, is described from Puerto Rico. An illustration and SEM images of the achene (fruit) are provided, and its relationship to closely allied and morphologically similar species is discussed.     

唐松草属六新种

描述了毛茛科唐松草属六新种:(1)大关唐松草,发现自云南东北部,与多枝唐松草甚为近缘,区别为其小叶较厚,较大,多呈卵形或宽卵形,心皮花柱较短,稍向后弯曲,瘦果呈新月形。(2)宽柱唐松草,发现自甘肃南部,其特征为心皮花柱扁平,近长圆形,腹面无柱头或柱头组织,据此特征可与此属中国其他种区别。(3)六脉萼唐松草,发现自四川中部,与白茎唐松草近缘,区别为其茎和小叶有毛,萼片具六条脉,一些雄蕊的花药败育,子房被短柔毛,柱头无翅。(4)吉隆唐松草,发现自西藏南部,与白茎唐松草甚为近缘,区别为小托叶卵形、急尖,复单歧聚伞花序一条顶生,无侧生者,雄蕊花药呈狭长圆形,顶端钝,无短尖头。(5)螺柱唐松草,发现自云南西北部,可能与白茎唐松草有亲缘关系,区别为其萼片具1条脉,花有4~5枚雄蕊,心皮花柱顶部螺旋状弯曲,柱头不明显。(6)札达唐松草,发现自西藏西南部,与多叶唐松草近缘,区别为其小叶顶端急尖,边缘具尖牙齿,聚伞圆锥花序具少数分枝和少数花,萼片狭卵形,花药狭长圆形。     

Aerial seed bank dynamics and seedling emergence patterns in two annual Mediterranean Asteraceae

Question: We explored the functional significance of seasonal aerial seed banks in two coexisting, heterocarpic annual Asteraceae with dormant (Chrysanthemum coronarium) and non‐dormant (Anacyclus radiatus) achenes. We hypothesised that the plant achene pool is a significant component of total seed reserves, and that within‐season seedling emergence timing is shaped by achene release patterns. Location: SW Spain. Methods: In an observational study, we established temporal achene release patterns. We also quantified the aerial and soil achene pools throughout the release season, and assessed seedling emergence timing. Sowing experiments were used to explore the influence of achene release dynamics on emergence timing, and to establish achene morph‐specific patterns of between‐year distribution of germination. Results: Achene release extended from late spring to late autumn (Chrysanthemum), or from early autumn to early winter (Anacyclus). Within species, achene morphs differed in release timing. Only in Chrysanthemum, a small achene fraction seemed to persist in the soil, and between‐year germination distribution differed among morphs. In coexisting populations, the Anacyclus plant achene pool was an order of magnitude higher than the soil pool throughout the release season, whereas in Chrysanthemum both pools were of the same magnitude during autumn. Within‐year seedling emergence was significantly staggered beneath parent plants compared with the pattern resulting solely from the germination response in soil, with the exception of Chrysanthemum in one of the two study years. Conclusions: Results suggest that seasonal aerial seed banks are effective within‐season, risk‐reducing traits in ruderal Mediterranean habitats characteristic of the study species.     

SEM observation of pollen grains and fruits of the Pieniny Mountains Polish endemic species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taraxacum pieninicum</Emphasis> (Asteraceae)

Taraxacum pieninicum Pawł. (Asteraceae) is an endemic species, growing only in Pieniny Mts. The aim of the presented work was to investigate its pollen morphology as well as its ultrastructural traits of achene pericarp. Pollen grains of this species were of medium size, echino-lophate and 3-zonocolporate. The external surface of the achene body was of scale sculpture, covered with the spikes. Pappus hairs were not branched, built of a few tubular cells, with acute, protruding ends.     

中国五种仙茅科植物叶形态及其分类学意义

为澄清仙茅科属间界限不清的分类学问题,该文以中国仙茅科3属5种植物为研究对象,利用显微镜、扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术,观察了其叶形态、叶表皮显微特征和叶解剖特征。结果表明:(1)叶形态有小型平整叶、中型波状叶、大型折扇状叶三种。(2)叶表皮毛状体结构为单细胞单列,可分为长柔毛、糙伏毛和星状柔毛三类。(3)叶表皮细胞有六边形和五边形,气孔为平列型和椭圆形,气孔大小和气扎密度呈反比。(4)叶表皮蜡质纹饰有光滑、颗粒、屑状和壳状四类。(5)叶中脉横切面分为平整型和龙骨型,维管束有圆形和椭圆形,叶表皮厚度与表皮细胞具有正相关性。对5种植物的叶形态和叶解剖特征比较分析认为,一些特征组合有助于理解仙茅科属间的亲缘关系和物种鉴定,支持大叶仙茅属独立于仙茅属。