不同等级环境对大、小鼠及其应用的影响

目的了解不同等级环境（屏障环境和普通环境）对实验大小鼠的一般生理表现和抗应激能力以及对药物反应的影响,初步判定严格的微生物控制是否影响实验动物的人类模型作用。方法将40只SPF级Wistar大鼠和200只SPF级BALB／c小鼠分别饲养于屏障环境和普通环境内,通过以下实验对比观察不同等级环境对实验大、小鼠及其应用的影响：每周测量动物的体重增长情况;饲养35d后,测定大鼠15项血液学指标、14项血液生化指标和9个脏器的相对重量;以抗缺氧实验和游泳实验判断对小鼠体质和抗应激能力的影响;以5．氟尿嘧啶急性毒性实验和戊巴比妥钠麻醉实验测试其对药物作用的异同。结果在5周观察期内,屏障环境饲养小鼠和大鼠的体重增长均明显快于普通环境的对照动物（P〈0．05）;普通环境饲养大鼠的血液RBC、WBC、PCT、PLT、GOT、GGT、GPT、CK、TB值高于屏障环境大鼠（P〈0．05）,而CHO、LDL-C和HDL-C值低于屏障环境大鼠（P〈0．05）;不同微生物环境条件饲养小鼠的游泳耐力和抗缺氧实验结果接近,但是屏障环境组动物所获数据的变异较小;不同等级环境条件饲养小鼠的戊巴比妥钠麻醉反应和5-氟尿嘧啶中毒反应相似,而屏障环境组动物的麻醉维持时间较短,LD50较低,95％可信限狭窄。结论饲养于屏障环境和普通环境的实验大、小鼠在一般生理表现上出现部分差异,动物的抗应激能力和对药物的反应未发生显著变化;在屏障环境条件中,动物的药物反应更敏感、所获数据更稳定,因此,初步认为严格微生物控制条件下的SPF级动物可以作为生活在自然环境中的人类的模型动物。     

实验动物运输盒微生物指标检测分析

目的检测SPF金黄地鼠在从204车间转运到隔离器车间时微生物污染情况,同时对不同运输盒进行比较,筛选合格的实验动物运输盒。方法用TSA培养皿模拟实验动物运输过程,比较沉降菌检测结果。结果大小IVC笼盒内环境微生物能控制在14 cfu/4 h以下,而且菌落形态与SPF饲养间环境内的沉降菌基本一致,符合标准要求;甲乙普通运输盒内环境微生物却在70 cfu/4 h以上,不符合标准要求。结论 SPF金黄地鼠在从204车间转运到隔离器车间时未受到污染;实验动物转移运输应选择大小IVC笼盒。     

复合式实验动物屏障系统一款集动物饲养、实验一体化的屏障设备的设计

目的依据节能、安全、高效、实用的原则,设计一款集饲养与实验一体化的屏障设施。方法在该屏障系统中主要设计了可以组合的传入单元、生活单元、过渡单元和实验单元。在动物和物品的传递流程中,加入了自动灭菌的控制。结果本设计能够提高工作效率,有效保障实验动物的清洁度。结论本系统可以满足清洁级和SPF级的中、小规模实验动物生产及实验需要。     

实验动物屏障系统微生物动态状况

目的研究运行中的实验动物屏障系统微生物的情况。方法采用沉降菌法、棉拭子法等方法,研究运行中的屏障系统不同区域、不同环境指标下屏障系统内微生物的状况。结果动态下的屏障系统微生物情况与国标GB14925-2001中静态环境有较大不同,动物饲养室和动物实验室沉降菌浓度远高于静态要求;辅助区域在规范化消毒及严格管理的情况下,能达到国标要求。屏障系统的微生物情况存在一定的昼夜变化规律,在晚间出现峰值。结论合适的换气次数可有效控制实验动物屏障系统的沉降菌浓度;加强消毒及硬件的管理,是屏障系统内环境稳定的保障。     

军事医学科学院实验动物中心简介

军事医学科学院实验动物中心始建于1951年,是国内最早从事实验动物科学研究、生产繁育、动物实验及实验动物人才培训为一体的综合性实验动物专业单位。现设有实验动物生产、动物实验、饲料生产、科学研究等8个科室及实验动物微生物、遗传、病理、营养等专业学科,技术人员200多人。现有各种设施面积4万平方米,繁育供应各种实验动物20多种,年生产能力达60余万只。啮齿类动物生产全部达NPF标准。现有动物实验SPF级屏障设施5000平方米,设施条件国内领先,可承担各类动物实验课题。     

招聘启事

<正>生化与细胞所动物实验技术平台招聘动物饲养管理技术人员中科院上海生物化学与细胞生物学研究所动物实验技术平台是研究所重要的公共服务和技术支撑平台之一。动物实验技术平台拥有大小鼠屏障设施4000平方,小鼠IVC笼位20000个及一批动物实验相关的仪器设备,能为科研工作提供良好的实验动物饲养管理服务及专业化的技术支持,包括大小鼠的饲养管理、生理指标检测、影像学诊断、行为学分析及胚胎操作等。详细信息请参考网站     

两个品系普通级和SPF级小型猪部分血液学指标的比较

目的了解不同微生物控制程度（屏障环境和普通环境）对小型猪部分血液学和生化指标的影响。方法分别对10只SPF（无特定病原体）级五指山小型猪、10只普通级五指山小型猪和10只SPF级广西巴马小型猪1、0只普通级广西巴马小型猪测定13项血液学指标和21项血清生化指标。结果普通级小型猪红细胞数（RBC）、血球比积（HCT）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）低于SPF级小型猪,白细胞数（WBC）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）高于SPF级小型猪（P〈0.05）;且部分指标在不同品种间有差别。结论普通级小型猪和SPF级小型猪部分血液学和血清生化指标等生物学特性存在显著差异。     

半屏障系统的建立及其饲养SPF级裸鼠

半屏障系统的建立及其饲养ＳＰＦ级裸鼠白绍槐，张旋波，罗明远，柳家玉，叶钟灼，杨文，谢从义华西医科大学实验动物中心成都６１００４１目前国际上通常建立饲养ＳＰＦ（Ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｆｒｅｅ）动物的屏障系统，投资大，维持费用高，难于适应我国国...     

四种独立通风笼具（IVC）的检测

目的比较4种独立通风笼具（individually ventilated cages,IVC）的环境参数。方法参考GB14925-2001的检测方法对分别来自4个厂家生产的4种不同的IVC进行环境检测。结果4种IVC在空气洁净度、落下菌、噪声和照度等4个指标检测数据较为一致;在梯度压差、换气次数、气流速度等3个指标存在较大的差别;而温湿度等指标取决于IVC所处的外部环境。结论目前缺乏国家标准对IVC环境指标进行限定,各厂家所生产的IVC存在差异,需要在此方面加强研究,以促进IVC的标准化,更好的服务于实验动物行业。     

实验动物建筑设施节能技术探讨

实验动物建筑设施的节能方案设计是制约设施建立与正常运行管理的关键因素。良好的节能措施包括优化屏障环境与IVC笼具工艺布局设计,有利于保证实验区空气质量、节省综合投资及提高设施3-5倍的利用率;采用变风量空调控制系统,可大大降低新风的热能耗,并使空调负荷减少约10%-50%新风量能耗;采用先进的中央空调智能节电系统（简称GL-CAC）,可实现中央空调辅机节电30%-60%、主机节电5%-20%的目标;优化卫生热水与消毒蒸汽设备工程可节约50%的投资及其运行费用;对设施系统运行实施科学管理,也可以节省人力资源与年度运行管理费用。     

生物工程技术在实验小鼠生物净化上的应用

目的采用体外受精的技术,对L858R、TL清洁级小鼠,以及来源于野外的中华小家鼠,和感染肺炎克来伯氏菌的Balb/c-nu裸鼠进行生物净化。方法对于需要净化的小鼠的雄鼠,采集附睾的精子,放入HTF溶液中获能,然后加入经过超排的卵团,体外受精。20-22 h后,挑选形态正常的二细胞胚胎,在净化实验室,移植给假孕的SPF级ICR母鼠,待产仔。仔鼠断奶后,随机选择仔鼠及带奶母鼠送检。结果体外受精的胚胎,经过移植后,均顺利产仔;仔鼠及母鼠的微生物级别,均达到SPF级。结论对于微生物级别较低的实验小鼠,采用在洁净实验室内做体外受精、胚胎移植的方法,可以提高实验小鼠的微生物级别。     

SPF级实验动物设施改造若干工艺问题的探讨

依据国家标准,结合原建筑结构和对实验动物的实际需要,对我校原有实验动物设施进行了改造,该工程设计合理,施工规范,改造后的SPF级实验动物设施通过验收,各项环境指标均符合国家标准,实现了低成本、低能耗和低运行费的效果。     

Learning continuous potentials from smFRET

Potential energy landscapes are useful models in describing events such as protein folding and binding. While single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments encode information on continuous potentials for the system probed, including rarely visited barriers between putative potential minima, this information is rarely decoded from the data. This is because existing analysis methods often model smFRET output assuming, from the onset, that the system probed evolves in a discretized state space to be analyzed within a hidden Markov model (HMM) paradigm. By contrast, here, we infer continuous potentials from smFRET data without discretely approximating the state space. We do so by operating within a Bayesian nonparametric paradigm by placing priors on the family of all possible potential curves. As our inference accounts for a number of required experimental features raising computational cost (such as incorporating discrete photon shot noise), the framework leverages a structured-kernel-interpolation Gaussian process prior to help curtail computational cost. We show that our structured-kernel-interpolation priors for potential energy reconstruction from smFRET analysis accurately infers the potential energy landscape from a smFRET binding experiment. We then illustrate advantages of structured-kernel-interpolation priors for potential energy reconstruction from smFRET over standard HMM approaches by providing information, such as barrier heights and friction coefficients, that is otherwise inaccessible to HMMs.     

我国商业化SPF级小鼠病原体污染分析

目的按现行国标《实验动物微生物学检测方法》和《实验动物寄生虫学检测方法》对我国商品化的无特殊病原体（specific pathogen free,SPF）小鼠进行微生物状况检测,为生产高质量的实验动物提供依据。方法对五家主要实验动物生产单位生产的ICR、KM、C57BL/6、BALB/c及BALB/c-nu品系的SPF级小鼠进行随机抽检。检测抽检小鼠所携带的微生物和寄生虫情况。结果在抽检的SPF级小鼠中,病毒污染主要包括呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型（Reo-3）、小鼠肺炎病毒（PVM）和多瘤病毒（POLY）;主要细菌污染为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌。这些微生物病原体中,除条件性致病菌绿脓杆菌外,其他病原体对小鼠本身和实验研究均具有一定的影响。     

Evaluation of individually ventilated cage systems for laboratory rodents: occupational health aspects

New ventilated caging systems for laboratory animals were compared with conventional caging regarding allergen distribution, ergonomic suitability, cage environment and animal welfare. This paper presents occupational health evaluations. Mice were placed in individually ventilated cage (IVC) systems, a ventilated cabinet, and in cages on open shelves (conventional husbandry). The IVC systems were studied at negative and positive airflow. Aeroallergens were sampled on filters (n = 204, including controls) in undisturbed rooms and during cage changing. Concentrations of mouse urinary allergen (Mus m 1) in filter eluates were measured using sandwich ELISA. An ergonomic evaluation was performed with measurement of traction forces. Staff exposure during cage changing was high in all systems, range 116-4430 ng Mus m 1/m3. In undisturbed animal rooms, allergen levels were orders of magnitude higher when using conventional caging compared with ventilated systems; P < 0.001. At positive pressure both IVCs leaked allergen (median Mus m 1 concentration was < 0.08 ng/m3 at negative, but 6.5 ng/m3 (IVC1) and 0.8 ng/m3 (IVC2S) at positive pressure). The IVC systems had ergonomic disadvantages compared with the conventional husbandry and the ventilated cabinet, for instance with cages in unsuitable working heights. Ventilated husbandry solutions reduce levels of airborne allergen substantially at negative pressure, but are ergonomically less suitable. To prevent allergen exposure during cage changing, we propose that this procedure should be performed under ventilated conditions. Producers and users must cooperate in optimizing animal caging systems for both animals and staff.     

The signifiance of meteorology in animal production

The production of meat, milk and eggs is highest and occurs at a maximal efficiency if the meteorological elements are within a certain range (zone of indifference). Outside this range the animal has to combat meteorological stress. This requires extra energy, so that less energy is available for productive processes. It is therefore important to find out at which levels the various meteorological elements become stressful to the animal organism. This study has to take into consideration the diversity of domestic animals, both with regard to structural features and functional traits. Responses of various categories of domestic animals to the following potentially stress producing meteorological conditions are briefly reviewed: cold, heat, solar radiation, high altitude and indoor environment. Knowledge so derived can be applied either by adapting the animal to the environment by breeding and selection, or by adapting the environment to the animal by technical and managerial means. Some suggestions are made for future considerations in the field of biometeorology of domestic animals.     

Microbiological monitoring of laboratory mice and biocontainment in individually ventilated cages: a field study

Over recent years, the use of individually ventilated cage (IVC) rack systems in laboratory rodent facilities has increased. Since every cage in an IVC rack may be assumed to be a separate microbiological unit, comprehensive microbiological monitoring of animals kept in IVCs has become a challenging task, which may be addressed by the appropriate use of sentinel mice. Traditionally, these sentinels have been exposed to soiled bedding but more recently, the concept of exposure to exhaust air has been considered. The work reported here was aimed firstly at testing the efficiency of a sentinel-based microbiological monitoring programme under field conditions in a quarantine unit and in a multi-user unit with frequent imports of mouse colonies from various sources. Secondly, it was aimed at determining biocontainment of naturally infected mice kept in an IVC rack, which included breeding of the mice. Sentinels were exposed both to soiled bedding and to exhaust air. The mice which were used in the study carried prevalent infectious agents encountered in research animal facilities including mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), mouse parvovirus (MPV), intestinal flagellates and pinworms. Our data indicate that the sentinel-based health monitoring programme allowed rapid detection of MHV, intestinal flagellates and pinworms investigated by a combination of soiled bedding and exhaust air exposure. MHV was also detected by exposure to exhaust air only. The IVC rack used in this study provided biocontainment when infected mice were kept together with non-infected mice in separate cages in the same IVC rack.