珠江广州河段轮虫群落结构的初步研究

2004年4月-2005年4月,对珠江广州河段轮虫群落结构特征进行了初步研究。经鉴定,共发现轮虫65种（包括亚种）,其中西氏三肢轮虫（Filinia novaezealandiae）、华美腔轮虫（Lecane elegans）为我国的新记录种。优势种为裂痕龟纹轮虫（Anuraeopsis fissa）、角突臂尾轮虫（Brachionus angularis）、尾突臂尾轮虫（Brachionus caudatus）、Filinia novaezealandiae、暗小异尾轮虫（Trichocerca pusilla）和微型多突轮虫（Liliferotrocha subtilis）。调查发现径流量对轮虫密度有重要影响,轮虫的两次密度高峰分别出现在春末夏初和秋季。丰水期,轮虫密度较低;枯水期前期,轮虫密度较高;枯水期后期,轮虫密度较低。此外,轮虫种群还受到温度、盐度等因素的影响。研究结果表明轮虫在河流生态系统中具有重要作用。     

Associations of Rotifera in the zooplankton of the lake sources of the White Nile

Plankton samples for rotifers were collected by means of vertical hauls with phytoplankton nets at eight stations on Lake Albert during the course of a year. Similar hauls were taken from Lakes Kyoga, Victoria, George and Edward in October and November. The rotifers found in the samples are listed and some estimates of their abundance and seasonal occurrence in Lake Albert are given. The most important planktonic rotifers are Keratella tropica and several species of Brachionus . Other species may also become locally or temporarily abundant; Lecane bulla becomes numerous in samples taken near vegetation after disturbance by rough weather, or where blue-green algae are abundant.
The associations of rotifers at the stations on Lake Albert and in the other lakes have been compared by means of the Sorensen Index and the index of diversity. The highest diversity is found in situations with a high rate of flow, as at the mouth of the Victoria Nile, where the extra species are non-planktonic forms swept into suspension by the current. This high diversity is associated with low numbers of individuals per unit volume. In Lake Albert rotifers are most consistently present and abundant at the mouth of the River Semliki, where the rate of flow is moderated by a large reed swamp. The middle of Lake Albert is poor in rotifers, and this may be related to the sparseness of planktivorous fish coupled with competitive elimination of the rotifers by larger crustacean zooplankters.
The associations of rotifers in Lakes Kyoga and George are similar, and resemble one another more than they resemble the associations in their neighbouring deeper lakes. The association in Lake Kyoga also resembles the associations found in water of a similar depth at the northern end of Lake Albert.     

Associations of Rotifera in the zooplankton of the lake sources of the White Nile

Plankton samples for rotifers were collected by means of vertical hauls with phytoplankton nets at eight stations on Lake Albert during the course of a year. Similar hauls were taken from Lakes Kyoga, Victoria, George and Edward in October and November. The rotifers found in the samples are listed and some estimates of their abundance and seasonal occurrence in Lake Albert are given. The most important planktonic rotifers are Keratella tropica and several species of Brachionus . Other species may also become locally or temporarily abundant; Lecane bulla becomes numerous in samples taken near vegetation after disturbance by rough weather, or where blue-green algae are abundant.
The associations of rotifers at the stations on Lake Albert and in the other lakes have been compared by means of the Sorensen Index and the index of diversity. The highest diversity is found in situations with a high rate of flow, as at the mouth of the Victoria Nile, where the extra species are non-planktonic forms swept into suspension by the current. This high diversity is associated with low numbers of individuals per unit volume. In Lake Albert rotifers are most consistently present and abundant at the mouth of the River Semliki, where the rate of flow is moderated by a large reed swamp. The middle of Lake Albert is poor in rotifers, and this may be related to the sparseness of planktivorous fish coupled with competitive elimination of the rotifers by larger crustacean zooplankters.
The associations of rotifers in Lakes Kyoga and George are similar, and resemble one another more than they resemble the associations in their neighbouring deeper lakes. The association in Lake Kyoga also resembles the associations found in water of a similar depth at the northern end of Lake Albert.     

Rotifers of Benin River,Nigeria

Plankton hauls were made with 55 m Hydrobios nets at one Jamieson and six Benin River stations at monthly intervals for 12 and 24 months during 1981/82 and 1986–1988, respectively. In all, a 100 km stretch of the Benin River and its tributary, the Jamieson, were covered. Fifty species of Rotifera were recorded. About 80% were cosmopolitan. The turbulent nature of the river is reflected in a diversity of Lecanidae found, although the dominant species were Keratella tropica (Apstein) and Keratella cochlearis (Gosse) (Brachionidae). Spatial investigations revealed the euryhaline nature of Brachionus plicatilis (O. F. Muller), and showed most Benin River rotifers to be freshwater inhabitants.     

The diversity and longitudinal changes of zooplankton in the lower course of a large, regulated European river (the lower Vistula River, Poland)

The diversity and longitudinal variation of zooplankton in the lower Vistula River were analyzed. Samples were taken from 40 stations located along a 272-km long section of the lower river course. During the study the unique technique of taking samples from “the same water” was used. The zooplankton community was dominated by rotifers and nauplii — larval stages of copepods. The most abundant species were: Brachionus angularis, Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus budapestiensis. The zooplankton species diversity in the main channel of the lower Vistula River was similar to other large European rivers; however, its abundance was lower. The diversity, abundance and biomass of potamoplankton steadily decreased downstream. This could be related both to scarcity of storage zones for potamoplankton development in the river due to the extensive regulation processes, and changes in hydrological conditions of the main channel (by the straightening of riverbed) where the samples were collected.     

渭河流域浮游动物群落结构及其水质评价

分别于2017年10月和2018年6月对渭河流域内12个采样点的浮游动物种类、物种密度、生物量和水温、电导率、溶解氧浓度和pH等水质指标进行调查, 并利用生物多样性指数法对水质进行评价。结果显示, 共鉴定出57种浮游动物(原生动物11种、轮虫33种、枝角类7种、桡足类6种)。优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫Brachionus calyciflorus。枯水期浮游动物密度变化范围在0.72—7.84 ind./L, 平均密度为(2.79±2.11) ind./L; 浮游动物生物量为0.38—6.15 mg/L, 平均生物量为(2.31±2.64) mg/L; CCA分析表明, 水温、溶解氧、海拔和电导率与渭河流域浮游动物群落结构有明显的相关性; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数分别为1.07、0.69。丰水期浮游动物密度变化范围在0—179.02 ind./L, 平均密度为(16.66±49.18) ind./L; 浮游动物生物量0—2448.12 mg/L, 平均生物量为(243.96±673.78) mg/L; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Margalef丰富度指数分别为0.78、1.15。依据浮游动物种类密度和多样性指数对水质进行评价, 结果为渭河水系北道、林家村为中度污染, 魏家堡为重度污染, 咸阳、临潼、华县为轻度污染; 泾河水系杨家坪、雨落坪、张家山为中度污染; 北洛河水系刘家河、交口河、状头为中度污染。     

Long-term changes of planktonic rotifers in a subtropical Chinese lake dominated by filter-feeding fishes

1. The long-term changes (1956–1998) in density and species composition of planktonic rotifers were studied at two sampling stations (I, II) of Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic Chinese Lake densely stocked with filter-feeding fishes. Annual average densities of rotifers increased with an increase in fish yield and eutrophication, whilst species number decreased from 82 in 1962–1963 to 62 in 1994–1998.
2. During 1962–98, some species such as Anuraeopsis fissa , Polyarthra spp. (including P. dolichoptera & P. vulgaris ) , Trichocerca pusilla and Synchaeta oblonga increased their percentage in abundance remarkably, whilst the proportion of Keratella cochlearis decreased at two relatively eutrophic stations from 19 to 4.2% at Station I and from 30 to 3.2% at Station II.
3. The high r _max of A. fissa probably made it more successful than other rotifers under high predation pressure by planktivorous fish. The decrease in the K. cochlearis population might be attributed partly to predation by Cyclops vicinus .
4. Small rotifers were less vulnerable to fish predation than large-sized cladocerans. Decreases in cladocerans coincided with increases in rotifers, suggesting that the indirect effect of fish predation on cladocerans might have partly contributed to the population development of rotifers in Lake Donghu during recent decades.
5. We also conducted surveys (1994–1998) of seasonal dynamics of rotifers at four sampling stations (I–IV) which have varied in trophic status after fragmentation of the lake in the 1960s. A total of 75 species were identified at the four stations. Both densities and biomass of rotifers were considerably higher in the two more eutrophic stations than in the two less eutrophic stations. This indicates that the population increase of rotifers at Stations I and II during recent decades might be partly attributed to eutrophication of the lake water.     

Environmental factors determining the structure of rotifer communities in a river-shed reservoir

This study was designed to find out which environmental factors (temperature, oxygen concentration and food resources) are more important in steering the rotifers vertical distribution and community structure in an oligo-changing to-mesotrophic reservoir. It was observed that, despite the influence of temperature and oxygen content of the water, biotic factors especially the food availability and changes in trophic state were crucial in shaping the vertical distribution and species composition of rotifers in Meimoa Reservoir, located in Tagus River in Portugal.     

浙江水源地河流浮游动物多样性与环境因子的通径分析

为探明水源地河流浮游动物多样性及与水环境因子的关系, 利用浮游动物多样性参数监测水质, 2010-2014年间, 我们于每年的冬季(1月)、春季(4月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(10月), 对浙江2个水源地河流采样站(H1站和H2站)展开浮游动物种类组成、丰度和多样性指数的季节性调查, 同时测定水环境因子。结果表明, H1站和H2站浮游动物平均丰度分别为1,387.4 ind./L和873.0 ind./L, 小型浮游动物(轮虫 + 桡足类无节幼体)丰度分别占92.8% (H1站)和91.5% (H2站)。两采样站轮虫、枝角类和桡足类的优势种均为针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)和温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops sp.)。多元逐步回归与通径分析结果表明: 冬季氮磷比是轮虫类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)波动的限制因子, 主要通过总磷含量对轮虫类H′指数产生较大的间接正向作用; 春季氮磷比是轮虫类H′指数发展的决策因子; 秋季氮磷比可通过总氮含量对轮虫类H′指数产生较大的间接正向作用。冬季氨氮、总氮含量分别是甲壳动物体积多样性指数(Hs)的决策因子和限制因子。夏季溶解氧含量是总浮游动物物种丰富度(d)波动的限制因子, 主要通过pH值对d指数产生较大的间接正向作用, 作用机制表现为轮虫类H′指数随着夏季溶解氧含量的升高呈极显著上升(P < 0.01), 而甲壳动物Hs指数则显著下降(P < 0.05)。水源地河流环境因子与浮游动物多样性之间的相互关系为浙江水源地生态学监测提供了可能性。     

上海饮用水源地青草沙水库轮虫群落结构的特征及其环境影响因子

青草沙水库是位于长江河口的一座江心水库,是现今上海最大的水源地,作为一个半自然半人工水体,其生态系统具有特殊性,既会受到来水影响,又有自身独特性,轮虫作为最有效的水质监测生物之一,能很好地反应水库的水体现状,为水库管理提供生物学参考依据。于2014~2015年对青草沙水库轮虫群落结构的特征进行了研究,依据水库轮虫水平分布和时间分布特征,分析了该水库轮虫的种类组成、优势种、污染指示种、数量分布。结合多样性指数运用聚类分析方法分析轮虫群落结构特征,采用冗余分析方法研究轮虫和环境因子的关系。两年共发现轮虫32种,2014年为20种,优势种7种;2015年为26种,优势种2种。其中针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)为两年共有优势种。寡污型种类共鉴定出8种。2014年年均生物密度比2015年低,分别为(156.37±119.48)ind/L和(237.12±252.86)ind/L。2014年年均生物量比2015年高,分别为(0.1316±0.1146)mg/L和(0.1229±0.1371)mg/L。聚类分析表明,轮虫的水平分布与水库的形状、地理特征水文情况有着很大关系。冗余分析(RDA)表明,水温、溶氧、总氮、总磷、浮游植物生物密度为主要影响因子。     

Pollution status of a tropical forest river using aquatic insects as indicators

Aquatic insects inhabiting Okhuo River, in a tropical forest near Benin City, Southern Nigerian, were studied between January and December 2006 to determine the taxa composition, diversity, EPT index, relative proportions of the various groups and hence the pollution level of the waterbody. Three stations were selected and sampled monthly using the kick sampling technique. A total of 3235 individual aquatic insects belonging to 24 taxa distributed among 23 genera in six orders were collected. The insect orders occurred in the following order of dominance: Ephemeroptera > Odonata > Coleoptera > Diptera > Plecoptera > Tricoptera. Based on the diverse composition of the community dominated by organisms intolerant of organic enrichment, and the high diversity and EPT index, water quality in Okhuo River is not significantly degraded. Community composition varies seasonally, with a trend toward a declining proportion during the rainy season and increasing proportions during the dry season. Aquatic insect composition in Okhuo River compares favourably with those in similar, relatively undisturbed forest streams and rivers in Nigeria, but the diversity and proportional distribution of taxa vary considerably between streams.     

Effect of urban and industrial wastes on species diversity of the diatom community in a tropical river,Malaysia

Monthly species diversity and other components of diversity of diatom samples collected over a period of one year at eight stations in the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia were analysed. Species diversity ranged between 0.52–3.62 bits individua^–1. Among the four stations located in the Linggi River (sensu stricto), highest diversity values were recorded at a station polluted by rubber effluent, followed by the stations unpolluted from point sources. Lowest diversity was recorded at a station polluted with urban sewage. At Kundor River, highest diversity was recorded at stations located downstream of rubber and palm oil waste discharges. On the whole, diversity values at unpolluted stations were always lower than at mildly polluted stations. Severe organic loadings caused low diversity by reducing the number of species (species richness) but did not increase the evenness (equitability) as expected when compared with unpolluted or mildly polluted stations. The changes in species diversity can be related to changes in diatom community structure and thereby changes in water quality, but cannot be used as an index of water quality.     

珠江三角洲河网浮游轮虫的群落结构

通过2012年4次对珠江三角洲河网浮游动物的生态调查,研究该水域浮游轮虫的群落结构,包括种类组成、优势种、生物量及多样性等的时空分布,探讨了浮游轮虫群落结构与环境因子的相关关系,并阐析了浮游轮虫的聚群结构.结果表明： 共检出53种浮游轮虫.优势种类的季节演替及空间变化明显,针簇多肢轮虫占有较大优势.从季节变化来看,枯水期密度及生物量均大于丰水期,丰水期的生物多样性指数和均匀度要高于枯水期,浮游轮虫生物量和多样性的季节间差异显著;从空间分布来看,平均密度及平均生物量均呈现自西南向东北升高的趋势,最大密度及生物量均出现在市桥,而生物多样性指数和均匀度指数的空间变化趋势则相反,最高值均出现在青岐,浮游轮虫密度在各调查站位间差异显著,生物量及多样性在各调查站位间的差异不显著.浮游轮虫的密度与生物量、生物多样性指数与均匀度指数呈显著正相关,多样性与生物量呈显著负相关,生物多样性指数和均匀度指数随着生物量的增加显著降低.在不同季节,浮游轮虫密度与水温、pH、溶解氧、叶绿素a含量及总磷、总氮等环境因子密切相关.根据浮游轮虫密度对调查站位进行聚群分析得出5种聚群结构,说明相应调查站位的水质状况有显著差异.     

Diversity and Abundance of the Planktonic Rotifers in Different Environments of the Upper Paraná River Floodplain (Paraná State – Mato Grosso do Sul State,Brazil)

This study proposes that diversity and abundance of rotifers show spatial and temporal variations in the Upper Paraná River floodplain due to heterogeneity of the environment and hydrological level fluctuations of the main river. The structure and dynamics of rotifer assemblages were investigated by samplings carried out during the rainy (February) and dry period (August) of the year 2000, in 36 environments (rivers, channels, backwaters, open and isolated floodplain lakes). The influence of phytoplankton biomass on rotifer diversity and abundance was also investigated. 104 taxa of rotifers were identified. The highest species richness was found in rivers and open floodplain lakes, the highest abundances in the isolated floodplain lakes, and the highest values of species diversity in the channels, especially during the rainy period. β₂-diversity values were higher in the channels, especially during the dry period. Flow differences and food availability were predominant factors influencing the structure and dynamics of the rotifer communities.     

A review of current Antarctic limno-terrestrial microfauna

Antarctic arthropods (mites and springtails) have been the subject of numerous studies. However, by far, the most diverse and numerically dominant fauna in Antarctica are the limno-terrestrial microfauna (tardigrades, rotifers and nematodes). Although they have been the focus of several studies, there remains uncertainty of the actual number of species in Antarctica. Inadequate sampling and conserved morphology are the main cause of misclassification of species and underestimation of this diversity. Most species’ distributional records are dominated by proximity to research stations or limited opportunistic collections, and therefore, an absence of records for a species may also be a consequence of the limitations of sampling. Limitations in fundamental knowledge of how many species are present and how widespread they are prevents any meaningful analyses that have been applied more generally to the arthropods within Antarctica, such as exploring ancient origins (at least pre-last glacial maximum) and tracking colonisation routes from glacial refugia. In this review, we list published species names and where possible the distribution of microfaunal (tardigrade, rotifer and nematode) species reported for Antarctica. Our current state of knowledge of Antarctic records (south of 60°S) includes 28 bdelloid rotifers, 66 monogonont rotifers, 59 tardigrades and 68 nematodes. In the light of the difficulties in working with microfauna across such geographical scales, we emphasise the need for molecular markers to help understand the ‘true levels’ of diversity and suggest future directions for Antarctic biodiversity assessment and species discovery.     

Factors Influencing the Seasonal Phenology and Composition of Zooplankton Communities in Mountain Temporary Pools

In 2001 nine temporary pools of the northern Apennines (Italy) were visited on 13 occasions during the ice‐free season (May to October). The aims of this research were to define the relationships between hydroperiod and other environmental variables and the zooplankton. In total, 49 zooplankton taxa were identified: 36 rotifers, 5 cladocerans, 6 copepods and 2 anostracans. Our results indicate that hydroperiod is a major determinant affecting zooplankton species richness. The highest number of taxa was found in the pond having the longest duration. Distinctive species assemblages were observed in different habitat types: pools with the shortest hydroperiod were characterised by organisms with brief life cycles (e.g. rotifers) and/or typical of temporary habitat (e.g. anostracans). Of the physical and chemical characteristics, pH and chlorophyll‐a appeared to have the largest influence on zooplankton distribution in the studied pools. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

宁波市内河排污口浮游动物群落结构的初步调查

2007年12月至2008年1月,调查了宁波市新河1^#站(对照)和2^#站(娱乐污水排出口)、前塘河3^#站(对照)和4^#站(生活污水排出口)浮游动物的群落结构和生物多样性.共发现浮游动物24种,浮游轮虫和浮游甲壳动物的优势种分别为萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti).1^#站和3^#站浮游动物的种类数多于2^#站和4^#站,生物量和多样性指数也均以1^#站和3^#站高于2^#站和4^#站.方差分析结果表明:萼花臂尾轮虫密度和浮游动物多样性指数在4个采样站之间均存在显著的差异(p<0.05).多重比较结果表明:1^#站与2^#站、1^#站与4^#站之间的萼花臂尾轮虫密度差异明显(p<0.20).3^#站与4^#站之间的轮虫多样性指数有明显差异(p<0.20);而1^#站与4^#站、1^#站与2^#站以及3^#站与4^#站之间的浮游甲壳动物多样性指数之间均有明显的差异(p<0.20).     

First observations on longitudinal succession of Zooplankton in the main course of the Paraná River between Santa Fe and Buenos Aires Harbour

The material was been collected in 1972 during a field trip performed by the research vessel of the National Institute of Limnology, Argentina, along the main course of the Paraná River from the Santa Fe harbor down to the Río de la Plata. Sixty sampling stations were covered. In the lower course of the river sampling was carried out in the Paraná Guazú and the Paraná Bravo branches down to its confluence with the Uruguay River, and the Paraná de las Palmas and the Rio de la Plata down to the Buenos Aires harbor. Water samples for chemical analysis were collected and some physical parameters were measured.

Due to the characteristics of the part of the river under consideration, we have divided it into four sectors.

Sixty six species were seen. The rotifers were always the most important. Trichocerca rattus was the predominant species.

The Zooplankton density and specific diversity showing differences between those from industrialized areas and not industrialized ones.     

Parasite fauna of native and non‐native populations of Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) (Gobiidae) in the longitudinal profile of the Danube River

Parasite fauna of round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) in the Danube River was investigated in both its native range (two sites in the Bulgarian stretch of the Danube) and non‐native range of distribution (Croatian, Slovak and Austrian stretches) during 2005 and 2006. The aim was to identify possible changes in parasite communities associated with the introduction of a host into the new environment. A total of 29 metazoan parasite species were found to parasitize round goby in the Danube River; twelve of these parasite species were found in both the native and non‐native range of distribution. Introduction of a novel parasite species to the non‐native range via the round goby was not found. Eight parasite species occurred only in the native range and nine species only in the non‐native range of the round goby distribution. Losses of native parasite species in non‐native round goby populations and/or acquiring of novel parasite species in a new environment were not significant. Thirteen parasite taxa were recorded for the first time in round gobies. Three parasite taxa (Diplostomum spp., Pomphorhynchus laevis and Raphidascaris acus) were found in high prevalence and abundance at each sampling site in both the native and non‐native range. Parasite species diversity was assessed for each sampling site and season using three diversity indices (the Shannon, Simpson and Equitability indices), with the highest same‐season values found in a non‐native site in Slovakia (1.38, 0.69 and 0.60, respectively) and the lowest in a native site in Bulgaria (0.28, 0.12 and 0.14, respectively). Species diversity was higher in both non‐native round goby populations (Slovak and Austrian) compared to native Bulgarian populations. However, diversity indices values varied among almost all sampling sites.     

Structure of the zooplankton community in a subtropical shallow lake (Itapeva Lake – South of Brazil) and its relationship to hydrodynamic aspects

The structure of the zooplankton community in Itapeva Lake was formed by four groups and more than 127 zooplankton species, in which microplankton was the predominant size structure. The largest richness recorded was of the protists group and in autumn seasonal campaign. Protists were characteristic of the lake, regarding density, except during spring at the Center point (copepods) and autumn at the South point (rotifers). The seasonal distribution revealed that during summer, mean density increased in the zooplankton community, exactly the opposite of phytoplankton (that blooms during the cold season). However, the maximum density was recorded during autumn. High density was recorded for the ciliate Codonella sp. at all points and during all seasons. The abundance of the tecamoeba Difflugia tuberculata was strongly associated with the maximum effects of fetch in the lake. Rotifers were generally the second most representative groups in terms of density. Rotifers and Cladocera were more abundant in summer, whereas copepods were in spring and winter/98. The Shannon–Wiener index showed that the smallest zooplankton diversity average occurred during the winter/98 (H=1.44), while in autumn the largest zooplankton diversity average (H=2.36) was observed. Correlations (r-Pearson, p<0.05) with wind velocity were significant for zooplankton density (groups and/or abundant species), diversity, and richness. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a seasonally significant spatial-temporal variation for the factors sampling point, day and shift (p<0.01). Temporal alterations in density, diversity and richness were closely dependent on the hydrodynamic action induced by the wind on the spatial distribution of the zooplankton community in the Itapeva Lake.