果翅对霸王种子田间萌发的影响

于2007年10月将具有果翅(具翅)和剥去果翅(去翅)的霸王种子埋于阿拉善左旗不同深度(0 cm、2 cm、5 cm)土壤中,1年内每2月取样1次,调查其萌发情况.结果表明:置于地表具翅种子田间无萌发,而去翅种子在次年6月开始萌发;2 cm埋深具翅种子在次年6月开始萌发,而去翅种子次年2月即能萌发,且其萌发均显著高于同期具翅种子(除10月外);与2 cm埋深相比,5 cm埋深种子萌发较早,其他则表现相似.随埋深的增加和埋藏时间延长,去翅种子田间萌发呈增长趋势,室内萌发率则逐渐减小,而具翅种子除6～10月外田间和室内萌发均逐渐增加.埋藏1年后,去翅种子死亡率显著高于具翅种子,去翅种子为23.0%,而具翅种子为10.0%.可见,果翅可显著抑制霸王种子在田间萌发,有利于种子的田间保存,从而避开不利环境在适宜条件下萌发以获得最佳建植率.     

预吸胀对绿豆种子脱水耐性的影响

绿豆 (Vignaradiata)种子的吸水曲线未出现明显的“平稳期”。种子萌发 5 0 %的时间和热时间分别为 11h和 11 5度天。在吸胀初期 ,种子的相对电导率迅速增加 ,然后下降。随着脱水时间的延长 ,预吸胀不同时间的绿豆种子的含水量和存活率、由存活种子产生的幼苗鲜重、胚根和下胚轴长度明显下降 ;而且随着预吸胀时间的增加 ,种子对脱水的敏感性显著加强 ;预吸胀种子的相对渗漏率在脱水初期缓慢增加 ,然后迅速增加 ,且预吸胀时间愈长 ,相对渗漏率增加的幅度愈大。结果表明预吸胀的绿豆种子的脱水耐性是逐渐丧失的 ;吸胀的能萌发的正常性种子的脱水敏感性可以作为研究种子顽拗性的一种模式系统     

果翅对梭梭属(Haloxylon)种子萌发行为的调控

种子萌发行为的受控机制是生殖生态学的重要研究内容。通过果翅存留实验研究了在不同贮藏时期果翅对梭梭和白梭梭种子萌发的影响。结果表明：①新成熟的梭梭种子具有高的萌发率（〉90％）。梭梭果翅对秋天新成熟的种子萌发有显著的抑制作用（萌发率〈50％）,使种子处于强迫休眠状态;果翅对种子萌发的抑制作用随着贮藏时间的推移逐渐降低,到翌年春天（4月）这种抑制作用已完全解除,果翅对梭梭种子的抑制主要是化学抑制。果翅对梭梭种子萌发行为的调控作用确保了种子在合适的时间萌发与种群的成功定居,也正是梭梭在荒漠地区广泛分布的主要原因。②新成熟的自梭梭种子萌发率为59．5％,贮藏1个月后达到80％。表明种子存在短时期的生理后熟现象。白梭梭果翅在每一贮藏时期对其种子的萌发都具有显著的抑制作用,翅＋种子（将果翅与种子剥离。一起放人培养皿中）也部分地抑制种子的萌发,因此,果翅对白梭梭种子萌发的抑制既有化学抑制也存在机械抑制。果翅对种子萌发的抑制,限制了白梭梭的分布。     

霸王果翅及其浸提液对种子萌发的影响

在室内控制条件下,研究了霸王果翅对其种子萌发及果翅浸提液对霸王、红砂与无芒隐子草3种荒漠植物种子萌发的影响.结果表明:(1)果翅可完全抑制霸王种子的萌发.具有完整果翅的霸王种子萌发率为0;剥去果翅后霸王种子萌发率最高达91%;果翅刺破后其发芽率为4O%;而将种子与剥离后的果翅一起培养,其发芽率为88%.(2)果翅浸提液在低浓度条件下(0.025 g/Ml)对3种供试种子的萌发率均无显著影响.但高浓度浸提液(>0.025 g/Ml)则均显著降低种子萌发率;不同浓度浸提液均显著降低3种种子的萌发速率,对其胚根生长亦存在显著抑制作用;但对胚芽生长的影响则表现为低浓度(0.025 g/Ml)具促进作用,而高浓度具抑制作用.研究表明,霸王果翅可引起种子休眠,其浸提液中的萌发抑制物是引起种子休眠的主要方式.     

当归种子的生态学特性

当归种子在自然条件下,存放一年后,即失去发芽力,这一问题成为推广“立秋直播”新技术的严重障碍。为查明导致发芽力迅速下降的主要原因,探讨保持发芽力的有效措施,特对当归种子在自然条件下,发芽力的年变化,以及种子含水量(4—20%)、贮种温度(-10一33℃)和发芽温度(5—35℃)等对种子发芽力的影响进行了比较系统的试验分析。结果表明,当归种子属于“耐干藏种子类型”,高温和高湿是降低发芽力的主要因素。若将种子含水量降低到5—8%,并配合以较低的温度(15℃以下),发芽力则可长达三年以上。在当归产区,若能改“常温堆藏法”为“低温、干燥、密闭贮存法”,便可达到妥善保存当归种子的目的。     

青檀果内生真菌菌群的组成及多样性

为进一步了解我国古老特有的野生植物青檀内生真菌的组成特征,以安徽琅琊山自然保护区内的野生青檀果为研究对象,采用组织分离和形态学鉴定的方法对青檀果内生真菌进行了分离和鉴定.结果表明: 从500个组织块中共分离内生真菌428株,隶属于3目4科20属,未产孢的菌株暂归为无孢菌群(80株,18.7%).暗梗孢科和球壳孢科是青檀果内生真菌的优势科,分别占38.1%和32.9%,交链孢属和拟茎点霉属为其优势属,分别占27.1%和16.8%.青檀果不同部位内生真菌的组成存在差异,以种子中分离的内生真菌数量最多(19属181株,占42.3%),果翅中分离的内生真菌最少(7属88株,占20.6%).除了交链孢属为3个不同部位的共同优势属之外,拟茎点霉属和大茎点霉属分别是果柄和果翅的优势属.果柄和果翅内生真菌菌群的组成相似性最高(C_S=0.78),种子和果翅的相似性系数最低(C_S=0.50).分析显示,果柄与果翅在内生真菌菌群组成上无显著差异,而种子与果柄、种子与果翅在内生真菌菌群组成上均存在显著差异.     

花生种子萌发吸胀阶段冷害抗性的鉴定及耐冷种质的筛选

为更好地评价花生吸胀冷害抗性,本研究首先分析了常温条件下(25℃)和冷胁迫条件下(2℃)花生种子萌发过程中的吸水状况,结果表明不同基因型的花生吸胀阶段的持续时间基本一致,维持在浸种后0～12 h;冷胁迫能够使吸胀阶段初期的吸水速度显著下降,但对吸胀阶段的持续时间没有显著影响。对种子萌发3个生理阶段(吸胀、萌动、萌发阶段)分别进行冷害胁迫处理,结果表明吸胀阶段遭受的冷害胁迫对花生种子萌发影响较其他阶段严重。进一步的试验表明,吸胀阶段种子2℃冷胁迫12 h,能够更好地区分不同花生种质之间吸胀冷害抗性的差异,从而建立了花生种子吸胀冷害抗性的鉴定体系。利用该鉴定体系对64份花生种质的吸胀冷害抗性进行鉴定,以相对发芽率85%为阈值,筛选出了7份耐冷种质。本研究为花生耐冷育种及吸胀冷害抗性机制解析提供了技术鉴定体系和材料基础。     

苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子硬实特性与活力关系研究

以苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子为实验材料,在恒温25℃下吸胀,每24h取出吸胀种子,10d后未吸胀的种子为硬实种子(H),硬实种子用硫酸处理后恒温吸胀24h,与非硬实种子进行发芽试验和各项活力指标测定。结果显示:(1)每日内吸胀的种子数量随时间推移以一定比列下降,苦豆子非硬实种子吸胀速率较缓慢,第10天后吸胀率降到1%,披针叶黄华非硬实种子第3天后下降到1%,第9、10天突然上升后又下降到1%。(2)两种豆类种子都显示出硬实种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、脱氢酶、呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)均高于非硬实种子,而电导率、浸出液可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)均低于非硬实种子,缓慢吸胀的硬实种子活力指标高于快速吸胀的硬实种子。研究表明,硬实种子活力高于非硬实种子,硬实种子吸胀过程中存在吸胀损伤。而在非硬实种子中,根据以上活力指标判断,晚吸胀的种子比早吸胀的种子活力高。     

红花种子发芽生理和活力的研究

吸胀萌动的红花种子能在-1～0℃放置一周后正常生长,所测两个品种的耐盐幅度在含盐量1.2～2.0％范围。 随着吸水和萌发进程,种子中的ATP积蓄量迅速增长,吸胀8～14小时存在能量代谢的平稳阶段,此时正值吸水的滞缓期。吸胀种子的ATP水平是衡量种子活力、测定杂种优势的生化指标。 贮藏与人工老化过程中种子生活力(发芽力)的丧失很慢,但幼苗活力衰退迅速。萌发过程和苗期新疆无刺红花小粒种子活力高于大粒种子。 Th-5×Ac-1的杂交种子F_1与F_2存在“ATP优势”,F_1(当代杂种)表现尤其明显,为快速判断杂种优势提供了可能;杂种的活力指数(GS值)也明显高于亲本,因此也可以作为预测红花杂种优势的方法之一。     

霸王种子萌发的生理条件

霸王种子在25℃恒温和15～25℃变温条件下萌发状况好,种子活力高;光照或暗对种子萌发没有明显差异,霸王种子萌发时的需水量为种子重的8～9倍.其吸水速率一般为0.6～0.7g·h-1种子,6～8h吸胀达到饱和;种子发芽用纸床较好.     

Factors influencing seed germination of Salsola affinis (Chenopodiaceae), a dominant annual halophyte inhabiting the deserts of Xinjiang, China

Salsola affinis is a dominant annual inhabiting saline deserts of Xinjiang, China. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, winged perianths and NaCl on seed germination and on germination recovery from the effects of saline conditions after transfer to distilled water. Freshly harvested seeds could germinate equally well in light and darkness at 5–30 °C. Attached winged perianths significantly inhibited germination, removal enhanced germination. However, germination was not inhibited in the presence of detached winged perianths in any of the temperature treatments. We suggest that the winged perianth is a mechanical barrier for radicle emergence, not a barrier for water uptake; hence, it inhibited germination. Germination of seeds from which the perianth had been removed was not affected by NaCl at concentrations below 0.4 mol/l, but it was significantly decreased by NaCl at concentrations of 0.6–2.0 mol/l. No seeds germinated at 4.0 mol/l NaCl. Seeds incubated in NaCl at concentrations of 0.05–4.0 mol/l for 14 days recovered after being transferred to distilled water. However, germination was lower than that in the non-saline control, indicating that a portion of the NaCl-treated seeds may lose their ability to germinate.     

Seed germination,plant growth and physiological responses of Salsola ikonnikovii to short-term NaCl stress

Salsola ikonnikovii (Chenopodiaceae), a drought-tolerant plant species that is distributed in sand or light-saline soil in Xinjiang, China, produces seeds (fruits) with attached winged perianths. To study the role of the wing in seed germination under salt stress and to further investigate the growth and physiological responses of the plants to salt stress, the germination behaviour of S. ikonnikovii was determined after winged and non-winged seeds were treated with 0–1000 mmol · L^?1 NaCl. Several parameters of two-month old plants that had been treated with NaCl for three weeks were measured. The results revealed that the winged perianths limited germination but protected the seeds from salt damage. The growth of the plants was stimulated by lower concentrations of salt (≤100 mmol · L^?1 NaCl), while increasing salt concentrations inhibited growth. The level of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde increased significantly at high concentrations of salt. Correspondingly, concentrations of the osmolytes proline, betaine, and soluble sugars, and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) increased, but the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (carotenoids, glutathione) were significantly reduced at high salt concentrations. These results imply that osmotic adjustment and the antioxidative system may work synergistically to ensure that a plant grows normally under high salt concentrations.     

小五台山15种蒿属植物种子形态及萌发特性研究

在实验室条件下观察了小五台山15种蒿属（Artemisia L．）植物种子的基本形态特征,同时进行了种子吸水和发芽试验。结果表明：15种蒿属植物种子近于倒卵形或长卵形,大小差异明显,大籽蒿（A．sieversiana）种子千粒重最大为0．474g,猪毛蒿（A．scoparia）种子千粒重最小仅为0．047g,其余13种种子的千粒重为0．057～0．184g之间。种子吸水率和吸水量与是否有粘液溶出有明显的关系,有粘液溶出的旱生植物种子吸水速率快、吸水量大。15种蒿属植物种子均无明显休眠特性,多数萌发率大于70％,最高可达100％,只有红足蒿（A．rubripes）和魁蒿（A．princeps）萌发率不足50％。蒿属植物种子吸水和萌发特性显示出该属大部分种类能适应北方春季干旱少雨的气候特点,利用少量水可顺利萌发。     

Does perianth colour affect the seed germination of two desert shrubs under different storage periods and conditions?

Haloxylon salicornicum and Salsola vermiculata (Amaranthaceae) are two perennial shrubs producing fruits with differently coloured perianths (yellow vs pink) on separate individuals. To test the impact of different storage periods (four, eight and twelve months) and temperature conditions (freezing, room temperature and natural field temperatures) on the seed germination of the two seed categories, germination tests were carried out on both species. For both species, collected from wild plants in the Arabian desert (Qatar), seed germination was tested under two photoperiods (light 12/12; dark 24 hours) at 20/30°C for winged (intact) and de‐winged seeds. For each species, all the considered factors (perianth colour, wing presence, photoperiod, storage period and storage conditions) had significant effects on seed germination (p < 0.001), while the interactions among factors varied in their level of significance depending on the species. In both species, yellow seeds germinated considerably better than the pink ones, the presence of wings slowed the germination, and both storage period and temperature conditions highly influenced their germination ability. Our results indicate that seeds from different perianth colours have different germination strategies to delay their germination and distribute the species through time by escaping germination time by imposing some kind of after‐ripening or seed dormancy. The variation in storage time and storage conditions might help in extending their germination period, where one set of seeds germinate immediately, and the other set of seeds becomes dormant and thus contributes to the formation of a soil seed bank for the long‐term recruitment of seedlings. This study highlights an ecological advantageous strategy for these two species growing in the unpredictable desert habitat.     

不同种源及基质对水青树种子萌发及幼苗初期生长的影响

通过对4个不同种源地的水青树种子进行形态与生理特征的研究,探讨了不同种源、基质及温度对水青树种子萌发和幼苗初期生长的影响,以了解该物种种群自然更新困难的原因。结果表明:(1)不同种源的种子,其千粒重、饱满度及形态学方面存在显著差异。(2)不同种源的种子的萌发率分别为:74.67%(雷波)、41%(马边)、67%(九寨沟)、0%(美姑),对应的发芽势分别为38.33%、10%、27.33%、0(P<0.01);(3)在不同的萌发基质中,腐殖土中的萌发率、萌发势及幼苗的长势均优于生境土和沙土,而沙土中种子的萌发与幼苗的生长最差,因此水青树生境地的土壤不是其自然更新的限制因素;(4)常温下不同基质中,水青树种子的萌发率均高于恒温条件,表明适宜的变温处理有利于种子萌发及幼苗存活;(5)综合分析可知,雷波的水青树种子品质较好,马边的则较差。     

内蒙古野生马蔺种质农艺性状遗传多样性研究

以收集自内蒙古11个盟市的20个野生马蔺种质材料为研究对象,通过对其13个农艺性状指标进行主成分分析、相关性分析和聚类分析,探讨不同种质间的亲缘关系、遗传变异特性及其原因,为马蔺的开发利用、资源保护和育种应用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)不同来源的马蔺种质农艺性状表现出不同程度的变异性,变异系数范围为9.72%~300.00%,变异系数较大的性状是千粒重、胚长和发芽率,变异系数较小的性状是株高和叶宽。(2)千粒重、发芽率、吸水率、胚长、胚乳长、种子长、生殖枝数、营养枝数、叶宽、株高10个主要性状是引起不同来源马蔺种质农艺性状分化的主要指标。(3)各农艺性状间存在不同程度的相关性,经度、纬度、海拔高度是引起马蔺种质变异的主要因素,胚长、千粒重、吸水率易受生态环境因子的影响。(4)来源不同的20个马蔺种质聚为4类,绝大多数种质材料表现出明显的地域性,经、纬度相近或小生境相似的种质聚为一类。     

野生秀丽四照花种子生物学特性及萌发研究

对野生秀丽四照花(Cornus hongkongensis subsp. elegans)种子的生物学特性进行观察测定,比较变温、低温层积、化学处理对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,秀丽四照花种子千粒重76.91 g,长5.81 mm、宽5.10 mm、厚3.99 mm。种子在整个试验过程中吸水率低于8%,说明有吸水性障碍的坚硬种皮抑制了种子萌发。变温条件下,温差较大的30 ℃/15 ℃处理对秀丽四照花种子萌发有较好的促进作用,萌发时滞短,萌发率和发芽势较高。秀丽四照花种子经30% NaOH浸泡10 min,可明显缩短萌发时间,但4 ℃低温层积处理对种子萌发没有显著效果。     

Effects of Ultrasonic Seed Treatment on Rice Performances under the Seawater Irrigation

Irrigation with desalinated seawater is an effective way to use ocean resources and save freshwater resources. However, seawater irrigation would cause yield loss of rice. In order to explore the effects of ultrasonic seed treatment on rice performances under seawater irrigation, the present study was conducted with three irrigation treatments (fresh water (SW0), ten times diluted seawater (SW1%, 0.34% salinity), and five times diluted seawater (SW2%, 0.68% salinity)) and two seed treatments (ultrasonic treated seeds (UT) and untreated seeds (CK)). Compared with SW0 + CK treatment, SW1 + CK and SW2 + CK treatments significantly decreased grain yield by 56.19% and 66.69%, spikelets per panicle by 30.11% and 55.80%, seed-setting rate by 23.05% and 18.87%, and 1000-grain weight by 4.55% and 14.50%, respectively. Seawater irrigation also significantly increased malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline contents and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Ultrasonic seed treatment significantly increased the grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate, and grain yield of rice under seawater irrigation. Compared with CK, UT treatment substantially reduced MDA content, SOD activity, and POD activity in SW1 and SW2 conditions. Furthermore, UT treatment significantly increased proline content and down-regulated proline dehydrogenase activity under seawater irrigation. We deduced that ultrasonic seed treatment enhanced the salinity tolerance of rice by inducing the proline accmulation. Our findings indicated that ultrasonic seed treatment could an effective strategy to promote rice productivity under seawater irrigation.