榆科榉属的植物地理学

榉属是东亚—地中海间断分布局,分属于东亚植物区、地中海植物区及伊朗—土兰植物区。根据现存榉属植物的形态演化趋势、细胞学、孢粉学证据及其化石资料和古地质历史事件相结合分析,该属植物是第三纪温带森林的孑遗成分而且第三纪末期的喜马拉雅造山运动及第四纪的冰川作用是样属植物演化的主要动力。在欧洲,由于喜马拉雅造山运动及第四纪冰川作用的较强烈,使分布于此的榉属植物受到严厉的生存竞争,未能适应环境的物种遭受灭绝,少数进行适应性变异的物种在极端环境条件下生存了下来。而东亚地区由于自然环境相对较稳定,便成了榉属植物的避难所,因此也保留了榉属植物种较为古老的种类。     

A new species of Zelkova (Ulmaceae,Ulmoideae) with leaves and fruits from the Oligocene of South China and its biogeographical implications

A new fossil species of Zelkova is described from the Oligocene Ningming Formation of Guangxi, South China. Zelkova ningmingensis sp. nov. is characterized by leaves with craspedodromous venation pattern and drupaceous fruit type. The new species possesses elliptical to ovate leaves, bearing 7–12 pairs of secondary and simple toothed margin, as well as epidermal cells with straight or rounded anticlinal walls. The species is compared with extant and other fossil species hitherto reported of the genus. It is most similar to the living Zelkova schneideriana in the leaf gross morphology and epidermal characters, which may be suggested to be the ancestral type of Zelkova schneideriana. The discovery of Zelkova ningmingensis sp. nov. in Guangxi indicates that Zelkova has already existed in southern China as early as the Oligocene. In combination with Zelkova material from the Oligocene of Europe, it can be inferred that Eurasian Zelkova had begun to diversify by at least the Oligocene. Because China is the biodiversity centre of modern Zelkova, the fossil herein provides new insights into Zelkova biogeography.     

The mode of interaction between Vitis and Plasmopara viticola Berk. & Curt. Ex de Bary depends on the host species

In order to obtain insight into host responses to grapevine downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ), we compared pathogen development on a panel of Vitis species from North America, Asia and Europe. Leaf discs from different host species were inoculated in parallel, and the colonisation of the mesophyll was visualised by aniline blue staining and quantified with respect to infection incidence and mycelial growth. In parallel, the morphology of guard cells was screened for the presence of an internal cuticular rim after staining with acridine orange and using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. We observed three response patterns: (i) inhibition of pathogen development early after attachment of zoospores; (ii) successful colonisation of the mesophyll by the pathogen; and (iii) aberrant development, where the pathogen does not attach to guard cells, but produces hyphae on the leaf surface without formation of viable sporangiophores. Inhibition is observed in the North American and Siberian species, successful colonisation prevails in the European hosts, and surface hyphae are found on non-Siberian Asiatic species. We propose that the interaction between host and pathogen is under control of specific signals that have been subject to evolutionary diversification.     

Molecular systematics of the Asiatic Viverridae (Carnivora) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence analysis

Cytochrome b sequences of 15 species of Viverridae were used to investigate the systematic relationships of the Asiatic Viverridae and their affinities to African viverrid species. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining) supported the hypothesis of paraphyly of the subfamily Viverrinae, whereas the data suggests the monophyly of the two Viverridae subfamilies endemic to Asia. The Asiatic viverrids do not appear to have a unique origin. Results indicate that the Asiatic linsang is less closely related to the other Asiatic taxa, whereas the African civet ( Civettictis ) groups with the Asiatic civets ( Viverra , Viverricula ). The relationships between the three clades — civets, Paradoxurinae, Hemigalinae — cannot be firmly established, but they appear to be closely related together.     

福建武夷山的锈菌

福建武夷山锈菌区系基本上属于温带性质,温带型的种占60％以上,也有不少亚热带和热带型的种,本地区是温带和热带锈菌的交汇处。区系成分以东亚成分占显著地位,约占总种数的38.7％;中国特有种有14种,占9.3％;世界广布种占14％;尚有广布整个北半球的泛北极种类,分布欧亚大陆的种类以及亚洲和美洲间断分布的种类。本地区锈菌在种属组成上与日本和我国台湾省相近,已知种中分别有74％和60％以上与日本和我国台湾的种相同,说明它们同属一个区系。寄生在蕨类上被称作“活化石”的原始类型如拟夏孢锈(Uredinopsis)和明痂锈(Hyalopsora)在武夷山各采到了若干种,据此推测第四纪冰期武夷山地区可能也是古老生物的天然避难所之一。     

不同混交比例对杉木和大叶榉幼苗功能性状的影响

了解林木功能性状在不同培育模式下的变异和关联,对揭示林木生态适应性及其生态功能具有重要意义。选取了亚热带地区两种常见人工林树种杉木、大叶榉幼苗为研究对象,设置4种不同栽培模式的盆栽试验：单一杉木（4C）,单一大叶榉（4Z）和杉木、大榉树3种混栽模式（1C3Z、2C2Z、3C1Z）,研究不同混交比例对其叶、茎、根功能性状的影响。结果表明：（1）杉木总叶面积、叶干物质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度在混栽模式下显著减小,而比叶面积显著增大;根长和比根长在不同处理间无显著差异;叶、茎、根生物量和单株总生物量在混栽模式下显著低于4C处理,不同混栽模式之间差异不显著。（2）大叶榉单叶面积在3C1Z处理下最高,总叶面积随大叶榉在树种组成中所占比例的降低而逐渐增大,比叶面积在不同处理间无显著差异,叶干物质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均在2C2Z处理下最大,而瞬时水分利用效率在2C2Z处理下最小;根长在3C1Z处理下显著增大,比根长在不同处理间无显著差异;叶、茎、根生物量和单株总生物量随大叶榉在树种组成中所占比例的降低而逐渐增大。综合来看,杉木和大叶榉混合处理中杉木种间竞争大于种内竞争,而大叶榉相反;随杉木在混栽处理中比例减少,其主要通过增加比叶面积,提高净光合速率,减少茎生物量积累来适应种间竞争关系;而大叶榉随其在混栽处理中比例的减少,显著增加叶面积和根长来提高资源利用率,减少地下资源分配,提高地上茎生物量积累。因此,树种混交比例将显著影响林木功能性状及其生物量积累,选择适宜混交比例对混交林可持续经营具有重要意义。     

Phylogeographical structure in Zelkova serrata in Japan and phylogeny in the genus Zelkova using the polymorphisms of chloroplast DNA

The genetic differentiation inherent in Zelkova serrata in Japan and the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula was examined by comparing a chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence over a 16?k baselength in 40 individual samples collected from an area covering the natural distribution range of Z. serrata in Japan and the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. We detected over 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the protein-coding and intergenic regions, and over 30 insertions/deletions in the intergenic region. From the polymorphisms detected in the cpDNA, 14 haplotypes were identified. These 14 haplotypes had cluster-like structures and genetic differentiation between the clusters was large. Closely related haplotypes existed in adjacent regions. One haplotype existed in both Japan and the Korean Peninsula. By comparison with other Zelkova species, Z. serrata is apparently distinct from European and East Asian Zelkova species and Z. serrata is closest to the Ulmus species in the genus Zelkova. The effects of the analyzed length of the cpDNA sequence on the detection of polymorphisms were analyzed by re-sampling simulation.     

Extended phylogeny of Aquilegia: the biogeographical and ecological patterns of two simultaneous but contrasting radiations

Studies of the North American columbines (Aquilegia, Ranunculaceae) have supported the view that adaptive radiations in animal-pollinated plants proceed through pollinator specialisation and floral differentiation. However, although the diversity of pollinators and floral morphology is much lower in Europe and Asia than in North America, the number of columbine species is similar in the three continents. This supports the hypothesis that habitat and pollinator specialisation have contributed differently to the radiation of columbines in different continents. To establish the basic background to test this hypothesis, we expanded the molecular phylogeny of the genus to include a representative set of species from each continent. Our results suggest that the diversity of the genus is the result of two independent events of radiation, one involving Asiatic and North American species and the other involving Asiatic and European species. The ancestors of both lineages probably occupied the mountains of south-central Siberia. North American and European columbines are monophyletic within their respective lineages. The genus originated between 6.18 and 6.57 million years (Myr) ago, with the main pulses of diversification starting around 3 Myr ago both in Europe (1.25–3.96 Myr ago) and North America (1.42–5.01 Myr ago). The type of habitat occupied shifted more often in the Euroasiatic lineage, while pollination vectors shifted more often in the Asiatic-North American lineage. Moreover, while allopatric speciation predominated in the European lineage, sympatric speciation acted in the North American one. In conclusion, the radiation of columbines in Europe and North America involved similar rates of diversification and took place simultaneously and independently. However, the ecological drivers of radiation were different: geographic isolation and shifts in habitat use were more important in Europe while reproductive isolation linked to shifts in pollinator specialisation additionally acted in North America.     

Restriction fragment length polymorphism of chloroplast DNAs in some species of fir (Abies sp.)

Restriction fragment analysis of the chloroplast gene psbA was carried out in twelveAbies species native to Asia, Europe and North America using the four restriction enzymes. The pair of Asiatic representatives ofA. koreana andA. veitchii differed profoundly not only from each other but also with respect to the European and Northamerican species. The variation observed within the last mentioned groups of firs was mainly due to the different restriction profiles of the gene inA. alba andA. nordmanniana species of the former region as well as owing to its heterogenous nature in all the four species from North America. The RFLP data presented to far only partially correlate with the taxonomic status and hybridological relationships of the species concerned.     

A Mitochondrial Phylogeny and Biogeographical Scenario for Asiatic Water Shrews of the Genus Chimarrogale: Implications for Taxonomy and Low-Latitude Migration Routes

The six species and three subspecies in the genus Chimarrogale (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) are commonly referred to as Asiatic water shrews. The Chimarrogale are the most widely distributed group of Nectogaline shrews, extending throughout the Oriental region and Japan. Because of the limited numbers of specimens available for study, the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of this genus have not been comprehensively discussed. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to estimate phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among four Chimarrogale species, including all three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica. We also conducted a species delimitation analysis and tested two alternative migration scenarios in Asia through species distribution modeling and a reconstruction of the ancestral distribution. Here, we present the first proposed hypothesis regarding the Asiatic water shrew phylogeny and reveal ten putative species within the four recognized species. Distinct phylogenetic statuses of Chimarrogale phaeura, Chimarrogale platycephala, and Chimarrogale styani were confirmed. Chimarrogale himalayica was strongly supported as paraphyletic. We suggest that three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica should be reconsidered as distinct species. However, these suggestions must be considered with caution because only a single locus of a mtDNA gene was used. Four additional putative species, possibly distributed in central southwestern China and Taiwan, are currently undescribed; therefore, comprehensive morphological analyses are warranted to test their taxonomic statuses. The estimated molecular divergence times indicated that rapid speciation occurred during the early Pliocene, and current distribution patterns may have been affected by global cooling during the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Reconstruction of the ancestral distribution and species distribution modeling for Asiatic water shrews revealed a low-latitude migration route over which ancestral Chimarrogale migrated from Europe via Central Asia to their current distribution. Our results demonstrated that Asiatic water shrews could have evolved throughout the low-latitude migration route from Europe to East and Southeast Asia.     

A taxonomic revision of the genera Gerbera sect. Isanthus, Leibnitzia (in Asia), and Uechtritzia (Compositae, Mutisieae)

Hansen, H. V. 1988. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gerbera sect. Isanthus, Leibnitzia (in Asia), and Uechrrirzia (Compositae, Mutisieae). - Nord. J. Bot. 8: 61–76. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.
The Asiatic part of Compositae tribe Mutisieae subtribe Mutisiinae scapose group is revised. It includes one section of the genus Gerbera , sect. Isanthus with 6 species: G. maxima, G. raphanifolia, G. delavayi, G. henryi, G. nivea , and G. gossypina , the genus Leibnitzia with 4 species, L. anandria, L. knorringiana, L. nepalensis , and L. ruficoma , and the genus Uechtrirzia with 3 species, U. kokanica, U. armena , and U. lacei . The species are mainly distributed in the Himalaya Region and W. China (Yunnan), but some occur in S. USSR, and L. anandria is widespread; Leibnitzia probably also occurs in Central America with 2 endemic species. A distribution map showing the Asiatic range of Gerbera piloselloides (sect. Piloselloides ) is presented.     

浙江木犀科一新种——浙南木犀

该文描述了采自浙江南部的木犀属(Osmanthus Lour.)一新种——浙南木犀(O.austrozhejiangensis Z.H.Chen,W.Y.Xie et X.Liu),并附有线描图和彩色照片。该种在具聚伞花序,叶柄、小枝、苞片、花梗被柔毛等性状上接近于毛柄木犀(O.pubipedicellatus Chia ex H.T.Chang),不同之处在于叶片倒卵形、倒卵状椭圆形或椭圆形,长(5.5~)8~10(~13)cm,宽(2.2~)3~4.5(~5)cm,先端急尖或短渐尖,叶缘具尖锐细锯齿或全缘,侧脉8~10对,花较大,花冠管长2.2~2.3 mm,裂片长2.2~3.0 mm,花丝长1.3~1.5 mm,花药长约1.2 mm。该新种的发现为研究东亚木犀属自西南向东北方向迁移与演化提供了新的材料。     

Grasses of different C4 subtypes reveal leaf traits related to drought tolerance in their natural habitats: Changes in structure, water potential, and amino acid content

Three grasses (Poaceae) of different C(4) subtypes, Paspalum dilatatum (NADP-malic enzyme [ME]), Cynodon dactylon (NAD-ME) and Zoysia japonica (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), occur in natural habitats that differ in annual rainfall. Their leaf characteristics were studied to identify traits related to drought tolerance. Plants were grown in pots, and water deficit was gradually induced by withholding water. Leaves of Z. japonica had the greatest and P. dilatatum the lowest relative dry matter content. Transverse sections of leaves that developed during the water deficit showed little change compared to control leaves, consistent with low phenotypic plasticity. Anatomical features distinguished the three species, with xeromorphic characteristics most strongly represented in Z. japonica. The leaf relative water content (RWC) decreased with the soil water content similarly for the three grasses. However, at 80% RWC, the leaf water potential was -3.1 MPa for Z. japonica and only -1.3 MPa for P. dilatatum and C. dactylon. Soluble amino acids, especially proline, increased as RWC decreased in leaves of C. dactylon and Z. japonica. Phenylalanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine increased more in Z. japonica than in the other two species. The results provide evidence that C. dactylon and, especially, Z. japonica have evolved leaf traits better suited to arid habitats.     

Micro morphological Characteristics of Leaf Epidermis under Light Microscopy and Its Taxonomic Significance in Persea (Lauraceae) from America

Leaf epidermal micro morphological characters of 54 species belonging to genus Persea (Lauraceae) from America were comparatively studied by the means of light microscopy. It was shown that the leaf epidermal cells were usually regular bearing with straight or beaded anticlinal walls.Most of these species had unicellular trichomes uniformly distributed. The stomatal apparatus which were paracytic, only randomly presented in the areoles of abaxial epidermis for all sampled species, can be assigned into three types. The results showed that similar leaf epidermal characters can be found in the species with similar morphology. Nineteen characters were selected for PCA analysis, and the sampled species was divided into two clades. The characters of leaf epidermis were little different within a species but can vary among species. However, the multiple leaf epidermal characters including the shape of epidermal cells, the shape of stomatal apparatus, stomatal ledges and some distinct characters were relatively constant and taxonomically quite useful for the identification of some species with similar phenotypes.     

中国秋海棠属植物的叶表皮特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下,对中国秋海棠属(Begonia)植物7组52种2变种的叶表皮进行观察。结果表明秋海棠属植物叶表皮形态在属内组间具有较大的相似性,表皮细胞为多边形或近多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形,大多数种类表皮细胞内具有晶体,气孔器仅分布于下表皮,且以不等型为主。叶表皮综合特征,例如表皮细胞形状,表皮毛类型,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,气孔器形态以及与一些种类独有特征的组合,在种间,尤其在近缘种之间具有明显的差异。     

Leaf epidermal morphology of Zanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae) from China

Leaf epidermis characters in 40 of ca. 250 species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomata are anomocytic and exist only on the abaxial epidermis except in Z. nitidum, which also has stomata on the adaxial surface. The epidermal cells are usually polygonal or irregular in shape, with anticlinal walls straight, arched, repand, or sinuous. Under the SEM, the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim is nearly smooth, sinuolate or erose, and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis is smooth, striate, or sometimes striate to wrinkled. These data of leaf epidermis of Zanthoxylum demonstrated that there exist many common characters between subgen. Fagara and subgen. Zanthoxylum, sug-gesting a close relationship between the two subgenera. The utility of some characters in identifying some species of Zanthoxylum was also discussed.     

8种绿化树种光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

城市绿化不仅包含了园林绿化的美化作用,还具有重要的生态功能,其生态功能是通过植物的生理活动实现的。光合能力在种间和基因型间的变化很大,这些差异通常与代谢和(或)叶片的解剖结构的性质有关。本研究选择8种哈尔滨常见树种,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对叶净光合速率(P_n)、呼吸速率(R_d)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等进行测定,并利用显微镜观察测定叶片厚度、表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度,从而探讨叶片结构对光合生理的影响。结果表明:8个树种间叶片最大光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率、光饱和点差异显著(P <0.05);表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度差异显著(P <0.05)。虽然8个树种间光合能力和叶片解剖结构的差异较大,但分析发现其间也存在一定的相关性。其中,光饱和点与叶表皮厚度显著正相关(P <0.01),相关系数为0.78。胞间CO_2浓度与上表皮气孔密度显著负相关(P <0.05),相关系数为-0.65。而最大光合速率、呼吸速率、蒸腾速率和光补偿点与表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。胞间CO_2浓度与表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。光饱和点与栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。虽然对叶片结构对生理过程的影响的机理还需要进一步研究,但是我们认为叶片解剖结构的研究可以更好地理解生理指标的变化。